메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

Evaluating the road-effect zone on wildlife distribution in a rural landscape

Author keywords

Alaska; Alces alces; Disturbance; Ecological thresholds; Habitat selection; Moose; Off highway vehicles; Resource selection function; Road effect zone; Roads; Rural landscape; Wildlife distribution

Indexed keywords


EID: 84871307343     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21508925     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/ES10-00093.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0027528064 scopus 로고
    • Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data
    • Aebischer, N. J., P. A. Robertson, and R. E. Kenward. 1993. Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data. Ecology 74:1313-1325.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1313-1325
    • Aebischer, N.J.1    Robertson, P.A.2    Kenward, R.E.3
  • 3
    • 0028165202 scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: A review
    • Andren, H. 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71:355-366.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.71 , pp. 355-366
    • Andren, H.1
  • 4
    • 0036400618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browsing damage on pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. Contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) population in winter: Relation to habitat composition and road barriers
    • DOI 10.1080/028275802320435441
    • Ball, J. P., and J. Dahlgren. 2002. Browsing damage on pine (Pinus sylvestris and P-contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) population in winter: relation to habitat composition and road barriers. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 17:427-435. (Pubitemid 35197629)
    • (2002) Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 427-435
    • Ball, J.P.1    Dahlgren, J.2
  • 5
    • 34248559556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adapting to climate change: Social-ecological resilience in a Canadian western arctic community
    • Berkes, F., and D. Jolly. 2001. Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian western arctic community. Conservation Ecology 5:18.
    • (2001) Conservation Ecology , vol.5 , pp. 18
    • Berkes, F.1    Jolly, D.2
  • 6
    • 30644457310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A highway's road-effect zone for desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.020, PII S0140196305001588
    • Boarman, W. I., and M. Sazaki. 2006. A highway's road-effect zone for desert tortoises. Journal of Arid Environments 65:94-101. (Pubitemid 43087725)
    • (2006) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.65 , Issue.1 , pp. 94-101
    • Boarman, W.I.1    Sazaki, M.2
  • 7
    • 33646238252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of scale on interpreting life-history characteristics of ungulates and carnivores
    • Bowyer, R. T., and J. G. Kie. 2006. Effects of scale on interpreting life-history characteristics of ungulates and carnivores. Diversity and Distributions 12:244-257.
    • (2006) Diversity and Distributions , vol.12 , pp. 244-257
    • Bowyer, R.T.1    Kie, J.G.2
  • 8
    • 0005452582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in moose: Effects of habitat manipulation
    • Bowyer, R. T., B. M. Pierce, L. K. Duffy, and D. A. Haggstrom. 2001. Sexual segregation in moose: effects of habitat manipulation. Alces 37:109-122.
    • (2001) Alces , vol.37 , pp. 109-122
    • Bowyer, R.T.1    Pierce, B.M.2    Duffy, L.K.3    Haggstrom, D.A.4
  • 9
    • 0542396666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and synchrony of parturition in Alaskan moose: Long-term versus proximal effects of climate
    • Bowyer, R. T., V. Van Ballenberghe, and J. G. Kie. 1998. Timing and synchrony of parturition in Alaskan moose: long-term versus proximal effects of climate. Journal of Mammalogy 79:1332-1344. (Pubitemid 128485089)
    • (1998) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 1332-1344
    • Bowyer, R.T.1    Van Ballenberghe, V.2    Kie, J.G.3
  • 10
    • 33646249154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale for resource selection functions
    • Boyce, M. S. 2006. Scale for resource selection functions. Diversity and Distributions 12:269-276.
    • (2006) Diversity and Distributions , vol.12 , pp. 269-276
    • Boyce, M.S.1
  • 11
    • 0037202455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating resource selection functions
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00200-4, PII S0304380002002004
    • Boyce, M. S., P. R. Vernier, S. E. Nielsen, and F. K. A. Schmiegelow. 2002. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecological Modelling 157:281-300. (Pubitemid 35255420)
    • (2002) Ecological Modelling , vol.157 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 281-300
    • Boyce, M.S.1    Vernier, P.R.2    Nielsen, S.E.3    Schmiegelow, F.K.A.4
  • 13
    • 21444454363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental impacts of motorized off-highway vehicles
    • R. Buckley, editor. CABI Publishing
    • Buckley, R. 2004. Environmental impacts of motorized off-highway vehicles. Pages 83-97 in R. Buckley, editor. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism. CABI Publishing.
    • (2004) Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism , pp. 83-97
    • Buckley, R.1
  • 15
    • 0033903925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of vehicle traffic on wildlife in Denali National Park
    • Burson, S. L., J. L. Belant, K. A. Fortier, and W. C. Tomkiewicz. 2000. The effect of vehicle traffic on wildlife in Denali National Park. Arctic 53:146-151. (Pubitemid 30597691)
    • (2000) Arctic , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 146-151
    • Burson III, S.L.1    Belant, J.L.2    Fortier, K.A.3    Tomkiewicz III, W.C.4
  • 16
    • 41049102398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components of Grizzly Bear habitat selection: Density, habitats, roads, mortality risk
    • Ciarniello, L. M., M. S. Boyce, D. C. Heard, and D. R. Seip. 2007. Components of Grizzly Bear habitat selection: density, habitats, roads, mortality risk. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:1446-1457.
    • (2007) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.71 , pp. 1446-1457
    • Ciarniello, L.M.1    Boyce, M.S.2    Heard, D.C.3    Seip, D.R.4
  • 17
    • 0036272999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00554.x
    • Creel, S., J. E. Fox, A. Hardy, J. Sands, B. Garrott, and R. O. Peterson. 2002. Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk. Conservation Biology 16:809-814. (Pubitemid 34592935)
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 809-814
    • Creel, S.1    Fox, J.E.2    Hardy, A.3    Sands, J.4    Garrott, B.5    Peterson, R.O.6
  • 18
    • 26844432246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors
    • DOI 10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04263.x
    • Dussault, C., J. P. Ouellet, R. Courtois, J. Huot, L. Breton, and H. Jolicoeur. 2005. Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors. Ecography 28:619-628. (Pubitemid 41445287)
    • (2005) Ecography , vol.28 , Issue.5 , pp. 619-628
    • Dussault, C.1    Quellet, J.-P.2    Courtois, R.3    Huot, J.4    Breton, L.5    Jolicoeur, H.6
  • 19
    • 69149100429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the road-effect zone: Threshold effects of a motorway on anuran populations in Ontario, Canada
    • Eigenbrod, F., S. J. Hecnar, and L. Fahrig. 2009. Quantifying the road-effect zone: threshold effects of a motorway on anuran populations in Ontario, Canada. Ecology and Society 14:24.
    • (2009) Ecology and Society , vol.14 , pp. 24
    • Eigenbrod, F.1    Hecnar, S.J.2    Fahrig, L.3
  • 20
    • 0034951411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How much habitat is enough?
    • DOI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00208-1, PII S0006320700002081
    • Fahrig, L. 2001. How much habitat is enough? Biological Conservation 100:65-74. (Pubitemid 32602333)
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.100 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-74
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 21
    • 69149083747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of roads on animal abundance: An empirical review and synthesis
    • Fahrig, L., and T. Rytwinski. 2009. Effects of roads on animal abundance: an empirical review and synthesis. Ecology and Society 14:21.
    • (2009) Ecology and Society , vol.14 , pp. 21
    • Fahrig, L.1    Rytwinski, T.2
  • 22
    • 33845464475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and mortality of black-tailed deer in a managed forest landscape
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1403:RFAMOB]2.0.CO;2
    • Farmer, C. J., D. K. Person, and R. T. Bowyer. 2006. Risk factors and mortality of Black-Tailed Deer in a managed forest landscape. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:1403-1415. (Pubitemid 44907108)
    • (2006) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.70 , Issue.5 , pp. 1403-1415
    • Farmer, C.J.1    Person, D.K.2    Bowyer, R.T.3
  • 23
    • 33646418114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic Bay, Canada
    • Ford, J. D., B. Smit, and J. Wandel. 2006. Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: a case study from Arctic Bay, Canada. Global Environmental Change 16:145-160.
    • (2006) Global Environmental Change , vol.16 , pp. 145-160
    • Ford, J.D.1    Smit, B.2    Wandel, J.3
  • 24
    • 0034127377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States
    • Forman, R. T. T. 2000. Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology 14:31-35.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 31-35
    • Forman, T.R.T.1
  • 26
    • 0032441690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roads and their major ecological effects
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.207
    • Forman, R. T. T., and L. E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:207-231. (Pubitemid 29033031)
    • (1998) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.29 , pp. 207-231
    • Forman, R.T.T.1    Alexander, L.E.2
  • 27
    • 0342749445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (U.S.A.) suburban highway
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99088.x
    • Forman, R. T. T., and R. D. Deblinger. 2000. The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14:36-46. (Pubitemid 30187740)
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-46
    • Richard, T.1    Forman, T.2    Deblinger, R.D.3
  • 28
    • 0003023163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological effects of roads: Toward three summary indices and an overview for North America
    • K. Canters, editor. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Delft, Netherlands
    • Forman, R. T. T., D. S. Friedman, D. Fitzhenry, J. D. Martin, A. S. Chen, and L. E. Alexander. 1997. Ecological effects of roads: toward three summary indices and an overview for North America. Pages 40-54 in K. Canters, editor. Habitat Fragmentation and Infrastructure. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Delft, Netherlands.
    • (1997) Habitat Fragmentation and Infrastructure , pp. 40-54
    • Forman, T.R.T.1    Friedman, D.S.2    Fitzhenry, D.3    Martin, J.D.4    Chen, A.S.5    Alexander, L.E.6
  • 30
    • 20444466913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.03.023, PII S0006320705001679
    • Gaines, W. L., A. L. Lyons, J. F. Lehmkuhl, and K. J. Raedeke. 2005. Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the Northern Cascades, Washington. Biological Conservation 125:411-425. (Pubitemid 40817433)
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.125 , Issue.4 , pp. 411-425
    • Gaines, W.L.1    Lyons, A.L.2    Lehmkuhl, J.F.3    Raedeke, K.J.4
  • 31
    • 0036816394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sampling effort based on GPS telemetry on home-range size estimations
    • Girard, I., J. P. Ouellet, R. Courtois, C. Dussault, and L. Breton. 2002. Effects of sampling effort based on GPS telemetry on home-range size estimations. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:1290-1300. (Pubitemid 35456707)
    • (2002) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.66 , Issue.4 , pp. 1290-1300
    • Girard, I.1    Ouellet, J.-P.2    Courtois, R.3    Dussault, C.4    Breton, L.5
  • 34
    • 16844381983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept and utility of 'ecological thresholds' in biodiversity conservation
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.037
    • Huggett, A. J. 2005. The concept and utility of 'ecological thresholds' in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 124:301-310. (Pubitemid 40483232)
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.124 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-310
    • Huggett, A.J.1
  • 35
    • 0037084779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing habitat fragmentation by minor rural roads through traffic calming
    • DOI 10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00215-8, PII S0169204601002158
    • Jaarsma, C. F., and G. P. A. Willems. 2002. Reducing habitat fragmentation by minor rural roads through traffic calming. Landscape and Urban Planning 58:125-135. (Pubitemid 34206926)
    • (2002) Landscape and Urban Planning , vol.58 , Issue.2-4 , pp. 125-135
    • Jaarsma, C.F.1    Willems, G.P.A.2
  • 37
    • 33646272322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource selection functions based on use-availability data: Theoretical motivation and evaluation methods
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[347:RSFBOU]2.0.CO;2
    • Johnson, C. J., S. E. Nielsen, E. H. Merrill, L. L. McDonald, and M. S. Boyce. 2006. Resource selection functions based on use-availability data: theoretical motivation and evaluation methods. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:347-357. (Pubitemid 43736900)
    • (2006) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 347-357
    • Johnson, C.J.1    Nielsen, S.E.2    Merrill, E.H.3    McDonald, T.L.4    Boyce, M.S.5
  • 38
    • 1942489320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative approach to conservation planning: Using resource selection functions to map the distribution of mountain caribou at multiple spatial scales
    • DOI 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00899.x
    • Johnson, C. J., D. R. Seip, and M. S. Boyce. 2004. A quantitative approach to conservation planning: using resource selection functions to map the distribution of mountain caribou at multiple spatial scales. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:238-251. (Pubitemid 38492493)
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 238-251
    • Johnson, C.J.1    Seip, D.R.2    Boyce, M.S.3
  • 39
    • 0003065196 scopus 로고
    • The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference
    • Johnson, D. H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61:65-71.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 65-71
    • Johnson, D.H.1
  • 41
    • 12144266865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and interpretation of logistic regression in habitat-selection studies
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0774:UAIOLR]2.0.CO;2
    • Keating, K. A., and S. Cherry. 2004. Use and interpretation of logistic regression in habitatselection studies. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:774-789. (Pubitemid 40107285)
    • (2004) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 774-789
    • Keating, K.A.1    Cherry, S.2
  • 42
    • 0036165089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: Effects on spatial distribution of mule deer
    • Kie, J. G., R. T. Bowyer, M. C. Nicholson, B. B. Boroski, and E. R. Loft. 2002. Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: effects on spatial distribution of mule deer. Ecology 83:530-544. (Pubitemid 34122462)
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , Issue.2 , pp. 530-544
    • Kie, J.G.1    Terry Bowyer, R.2    Nicholson, M.C.3    Boroski, B.B.4    Loft, E.R.5
  • 43
    • 0034014373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat factors affecting vulnerability of moose to predation by wolves in southeastern British Columbia
    • Kunkel, K. E., and D. H. Pletscher. 2000. Habitat factors affecting vulnerability of moose to predation by wolves in southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:150-157. (Pubitemid 30236680)
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.78 , Issue.1 , pp. 150-157
    • Kunkel, K.E.1    Pletscher, D.H.2
  • 44
  • 50
    • 76549115896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling grizzly bear habitats in the Yellowhead Ecosystem of Alberta: Taking autocorrelation seriously
    • Nielson, S. E., M. S. Boyce, G. B. Stenhouse, and R. H. M. Munro. 2002. Modeling grizzly bear habitats in the Yellowhead Ecosystem of Alberta: taking autocorrelation seriously. Ursus 13:45-56.
    • (2002) Ursus , vol.13 , pp. 45-56
    • Nielson, S.E.1    Boyce, M.S.2    Stenhouse, G.B.3    Munro, R.H.M.4
  • 52
    • 33645101316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for analyzing responses of wildlife to human disturbance
    • Preisler, H. K., A. A. Ager, and M. J. Wisdom. 2006. Statistical methods for analyzing responses of wildlife to human disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:164-172.
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.43 , pp. 164-172
    • Preisler, H.K.1    Ager, A.A.2    Wisdom, M.J.3
  • 53
    • 0028977599 scopus 로고
    • The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads
    • Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, C. ter Braak, and J. Thissen. 1995. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:187-202.
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.32 , pp. 187-202
    • Reijnen, R.1    Foppen, R.2    Ter Braak, C.3    Thissen, J.4
  • 54
    • 0242401955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression and point pattern models of moose distribution in relation to habitat distribution and human influence in Ida-Viru county, Estonia
    • DOI 10.1078/1617-1381-00046, Biodiversity of European Landscapes
    • Remm, K., and A. Luud. 2003. Regression and point pattern models of moose distribution in relation to habitat distribution and human influence in Ida-Viru County, Estonia. Journal for Nature Conservation 11:197-211. (Pubitemid 37400138)
    • (2003) Journal for Nature Conservation , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-211
    • Remm, K.1    Luud, A.2
  • 55
    • 39749143155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Center for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
    • Rodgers, A. R., A. P. Carr, H. L. Beyer, L. Smith, and J. G. Kie. 2007. HRT: Home Range Tools for ArcGIS. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Center for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
    • (2007) HRT: Home Range Tools for ArcGIS
    • Rodgers, A.R.1    Carr, A.P.2    Beyer, H.L.3    Smith, L.4    Kie, J.G.5
  • 56
    • 49749086874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grizzly bears and forestry I: Road vegetation and placement as an attractant to grizzly bears
    • Roever, C. L., M. S. Boyce, and G. B. Stenhouse. 2008. Grizzly bears and forestry I: road vegetation and placement as an attractant to grizzly bears. Forest Ecology and Management 256:1253-1261.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.256 , pp. 1253-1261
    • Roever, C.L.1    Boyce, M.S.2    Stenhouse, G.B.3
  • 57
    • 33646686400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter habitat selection of mule deer before and during development of a natural gas field
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[396:WHSOMD]2.0.CO;2
    • Sawyer, H., R. M. Nielson, F. Lindzey, and L. L. McDonald. 2006. Winter habitat selection of mule deer before and during development of a natural gas field. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:396-403. (Pubitemid 43736905)
    • (2006) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 396-403
    • Sawyer, H.1    Nielson, R.M.2    Lindzey, F.3    McDonald, L.L.4
  • 59
    • 27944502923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catch per unit effort for moose: A new approach using weibull regression
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[1112:CPUEFM]2.0.CO;2
    • Schmidt, J. I., J. M. V. Hoef, J. A. K. Maier, and R. T. Bowyer. 2005. Catch per unit effort for moose: a new approach using weibull regression. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:1112-1124. (Pubitemid 41681633)
    • (2005) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 1112-1124
    • Schmidt, J.I.1    Ver Hoef, J.M.2    Maier, J.A.K.3    Bowyer, R.T.4
  • 61
    • 0033999438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of human settlement on the density of moose in northern Alberta
    • Schneider, R. R., and S. Wasel. 2000. The effect of human settlement on the density of moose in northern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:513-520. (Pubitemid 30221445)
    • (2000) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , Issue.2 , pp. 513-520
    • Schneider, R.R.1    Wasel, S.2
  • 62
    • 18444372992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting locations of moose-vehicle collisions in Sweden
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01013.x
    • Seiler, A. 2005. Predicting locations of moose-vehicle collisions in Sweden. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:371-382. (Pubitemid 40641091)
    • (2005) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 371-382
    • Seiler, A.1
  • 63
    • 41049097353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Displacement of Mountain Caribou from winter habitat by snowmobiles
    • Seip, D. R., C. J. Johnson, and G. S. Watts. 2007. Displacement of Mountain Caribou from winter habitat by snowmobiles. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:1539-1544.
    • (2007) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.71 , pp. 1539-1544
    • Seip, D.R.1    Johnson, C.J.2    Watts, G.S.3
  • 66
    • 48249111946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management
    • Shephard, B., and J. Whittington. 2006. Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management. Ecology and Society 11:1.
    • (2006) Ecology and Society , vol.11 , pp. 1
    • Shephard, B.1    Whittington, J.2
  • 67
    • 1842509233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in moose Alces alces: An experimental manipulation of foraging behaviour
    • Spaeth, D. F., R. T. Bowyer, T. R. Stephenson, and P. S. Barboza. 2004. Sexual segregation in moose Alces alces: an experimental manipulation of foraging behaviour. Wildlife Biology 10:59-72. (Pubitemid 38427350)
    • (2004) Wildlife Biology , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-72
    • Spaeth, D.F.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Stephenson, T.R.3    Barboza, P.S.4
  • 68
    • 51249101915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate flight responses to human disturbance: A review and meta-analysis
    • Stankowich, T. 2008. Ungulate flight responses to human disturbance: a review and meta-analysis. Biological Conservation 141:2159-2173.
    • (2008) Biological Conservation , vol.141 , pp. 2159-2173
    • Stankowich, T.1
  • 70
    • 33646709484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study designs and tests for comparing resource use and availability II
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[324:SDATFC]2.0.CO;2
    • Thomas, D. L., and E. J. Taylor. 2006. Study designs and tests for comparing resource use and availability II. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:324-336. (Pubitemid 43736898)
    • (2006) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 324-336
    • Thomas, D.L.1    Taylor, E.J.2
  • 71
    • 0034072217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x
    • Trombulak, S. C., and C. A. Frissell. 2000. Review of the ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14:18-30. (Pubitemid 30187738)
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-30
    • Trombulak, S.C.1    Frissell, C.A.2
  • 73
    • 84899464167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USFS. USDA Forest Service, Yakutat, Alaska, USA
    • USFS. 2009. Yakutat Access Travel Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Yakutat, Alaska, USA.
    • (2009) Yakutat Access Travel Management Plan
  • 74
    • 0002802413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics
    • A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, editors. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Van Ballenberghe, V., and W. B. Ballard. 1998. Population dynamics. Pages 223-245 in A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, editors. Ecology and Management of the North American Moose. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1998) Ecology and Management of the North American Moose , pp. 223-245
    • Van Ballenberghe, V.1    Ballard, W.B.2
  • 75
    • 11244319271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in ecological and social-ecological systems: A developing database
    • Walker, B. and J. Meyers. 2004. Thresholds in ecological and social-ecological systems: a developing database. Ecology and Society 9:3.
    • (2004) Ecology and Society , vol.9 , pp. 3
    • Walker, B.1    Meyers, J.2
  • 76
    • 0035039785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska
    • Yost, A. C., and R. G. Wright. 2001. Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska. Arctic 54:41-48. (Pubitemid 32442559)
    • (2001) Arctic , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-48
    • Yost, A.C.1    Wright, R.G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.