Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States

Conservation Biology

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 31-35

  Forman, Richard T T ^a  

^a HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CONSERVATION PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; ROAD;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034127377     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99299.x     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. Canters, K., editor. 1997. Habitat fragmentation & infrastructure. Ministry of Transportation, Public Works and Water Management, Delft, The Netherlands.
2. Ellenberg, H., K. Muller, and T. Stottele. 1991. Strassen-Okologie. Pages 19-115 in Okologie und strasse. Broschurenreihe de Deutschen Strassenliga, Bonn, Germany.
3. Forman, R. T. T. 1995. Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
4. Forman, R. T. T. 1999. Horizontal processes, roads, suburbs, societal objectives, and landscape ecology. Pages 35-53 in Landscape ecological analysis: issues and applications. Springer-Verlag, New York.
5. Forman, R. T. T., and L. E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:207-231.
6. Forman, R. T. T., and R. D. Deblinger. 1998. The ecological road-effect zone for transportation planning, and a Massachusetts highway example. Pages 78-96 in G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, and J. Berry, editors. Proceedings of the international conference on wildlife ecology and transportation. Publication FL-ER-69-98. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee.
7. Forman, R. T. T., and R. D. Deblinger. 1999. The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14:36-46.
8. Forman, R. T. T., and A. M. Hersperger. 1996. Road ecology and road density in different landscapes, with international planning and mitigation solutions. Pages 1-22 in G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler and J. Berry, editors. Trends in addressing transportation related wildlife mortality. Publication FL-ER-58-96. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee.
9. Forman, R. T. T., D. S. Friedman, D. Fitzhenry, J. D. Martin, A. S. Chen, and L. E. Alexander. 1997. Ecological effects of roads: toward three summary indices and an overview for North America. Pages 40-54 in K. Canters, editor. Habitat fragmentation and infrastructure. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Delft, The Netherlands.
10. Harris, L. D., T. S. Hoctor, and S. E. Gergel. 1996. Landscape processes and their significance to biodiversity conservation. Pages 319-347 in O. Rhodes Jr., R. Chesser, and M. Smith, editors. Population dynamics in ecological space and time. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
11. National Research Council. 1997. Toward a sustainable future: addressing the long-term effects of motor vehicle transportation on climate and ecology. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
12. Reijnen, M. J. S. M., G. Veenbaas, and R. P. B. Foppen. 1995. Predicting the effects of motorway traffic on breeding bird populations. Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Delft, The Netherlands.
13. Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, C. ter Braak, and J. Thissen. 1995. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:187-202.
14. Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, and H. Meeuwsen. 1996. The effects of car traffic on the density of breeding birds in Dutch agricultural grasslands. Biological Conservation 75:255-260.
15. van der Zande, A. N., W. J. ter Keurs, and W. J. van der Weijden. 1980. The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat - evidence of a long distance effect. Biological Conservation 18:299-321.