Overview of large animal myocardial infarction models (review)

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

Volumn 99, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 365-381

  Lukacs E ^a   Magyari, B ^a   Toth L ^b   Petrási, Zs ^b   Repa, I ^b   Koller, A ^a,c   Horváth, Iván ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS   (Hungary)

^b SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS   (Hungary)

Author keywords

design; experimental models; myocardial infarction; relevance; reperfusion injury

Indexed keywords

CARDIAC IMAGING; CLOSED CHEST CATHETER BASED TECHNIQUE; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; EXPERIMENTAL CAT; EXPERIMENTAL DOG; EXPERIMENTAL PIG; HEART INFARCTION; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SHEEP; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION;

EID: 84871288725     PISSN: 0231424X     EISSN: 15882683     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1556/APhysiol.99.2012.4.1     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Abegunewardene N, Vosseler M, Gori T, Hoffmann N, Schmidt KH, Becker D, Kreitner K F, Petersen SE, Schreiber LM, Horstick G, Munzel T: Usefulness of MRI to differentiate between temporary and long-term coronary artery occlusion in a minimally invasive model of experimental myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 32, 1033-1041 (2009)
2. Abendschein DR, Tacker WA, Jr., Babbs CF: Protection of ischemic myocardium by whole-body hypothermia after coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Am. Heart. J. 96, 772-780 (1978)
3. Agress CM, Rosenberg MJ, Jacobs HI, Binder MJ, Schneiderman A, Clark WG: Protracted shock in the closed-chest dog following coronary embolization with graded microspheres. Am. J. Physiol. 170, 536-549 (1952)
4. Baks T, Cademartiri F, Moelker AD, van der Giessen WJ, Krestin GP, Duncker DJ, de Feyter PJ: Assessment of acute reperfused myocardial infarction with delayed enhancement 64-MDCT. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 188, W135-137 (2007)
5. Berg R, Mewes J: Sex differences in the structure of the normal porcine myocardial wall. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 107, 325-327 (1994)
6. Bitkover C, Hansson LO, Valen G, Vaage J: Effects of cardiac surgery on some clinically used infammation markers and procalcitonin. Scand. Cardiovasc. J. 34, 307-314 (2000)
7. Blumgart HL, Zoll PM, Freedberg AS, Gilligan DR: The experimental production of intercoronary arterial anastomoses and their functional signifcance. Circulation 1, 10-27 (1950)
8. Botvinick EH, Shames D, Lappin H, Tyberg JV, Townsend R, Parmley WW: Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial infarction with technetium 99m pyrophosphate. Circulation 52, 909-915 (1975)
9. Buckley NM, Gootman PM, Yellin EL, Brazeau P: Age-related cardiovascular effects of catecholamines in anesthetized piglets. Circ. Res. 45, 282-292 (1979)
10. Bush LR, Romson JL, Ash JL, Lucchesi BR: Effect of diltiazem on extent of ultimate myocardial injury resulting from temporary coronary artery occlusion in dogs. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4, 285-296 (1982)
11. Capone RJ, Most AS, Sydik PA: Precordial ST segment mapping. A sensitive technique for the evaluation of myocardial injury? Chest 67, 577-582 (1975)
12. Chazaud B, Hittinger L, Sonnet C, Champagne S, Le Corvoisier P, Benhaiem-Sigaux N, Unterseeh T, Su J, Merlet P, Rahmouni A, Garot J, Gherardi R, Teiger E: Endoventricular porcine autologous myoblast transplantation can be successfully achieved with minor mechanical cell damage. Cardiovasc. Res. 58, 444-450 (2003)
13. Choi SI, Jiang CZ, Lim KH, Kim ST, Lim CH, Gong GY, Lim TH: Application of breath-hold T2-weighted, frst-pass perfusion and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging for assessment of myocardial viability in a pig model. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 11, 476-480 (2000)
14. Corr PB, Pearle DL, Hinton JR, Roberts WC, Gillis RA: Site of myocardial infarction. A determinant of the cardiovascular changes induced in the cat by coronary occlusion. Circ. Res. 39, 840-847 (1976)
15. Crick SJ, Sheppard MN, Ho SY, Gebstein L, Anderson RH: Anatomy of the pig heart: comparisons with normal human cardiac structure. J. Anat. 193 (Pt 1), 105-119 (1998)
16. de Roos A, van Rossum AC, van der Wall E, Postema S, Doornbos J, Matheijssen N, van Dijkman PR, Visser FC, van Voorthuisen AE: Reperfused and nonreperfused myocardial infarction: diagnostic potential of Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 172, 717-720 (1989)
17. DeBoer LW, Nosta J, Kloner RA, Braunwald E: Studies of amiodarone during experimental myocardial infarction: benefcial effects on hemodynamics and infarct size. Circulation 65, 508-512 (1982)
18. Dib N, Diethrich EB, Campbell A, Gahremanpour A, McGarry M, Opie SR: A percutaneous swine model of myocardial infarction. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 53, 256-263 (2006)
19. Duncker DJ, Klassen CL, Ishibashi Y, Herrlinger SH, Pavek TJ, Bache RJ: Effect of temperature on myocardial infarction in swine. Am. J. Physiol. 270, H1189-1199 (1996)
20. Eldar M, Ohad D, Bor A, Varda-Bloom N, Swanson DK, Battler A: A closed-chest pig model of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 17, 1603-1609 (1994)
21. Fieno DS, Hillenbrand HB, Rehwald WG, Harris KR, Decker RS, Parker MA, Klocke FJ, Kim RJ, Judd RM: Infarct resorption, compensatory hypertrophy, and differing patterns of ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarctions of varying size. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 2124-2131 (2004)
22. Gallagher KP, Kumada T, Koziol JA, McKown D, Kemper WS, Ross J, Jr.: Signifcance of regional wall thickening abnormalities relative to transmural myocardial perfusion in anesthetized dogs. Circulation 62, 1266-1274 (1980)
23. Garcia-Dorado D, Theroux P, Elizaga J, Galinanes M, Solares J, Riesgo M, Gomez MJ, Garcia-Dorado A, Fernandez Aviles F: Myocardial reperfusion in the pig heart model: infarct size and duration of coronary occlusion. Cardiovasc. Res. 21, 537-544 (1987)
24. Garot J, Unterseeh T, Teiger E, Champagne S, Chazaud B, Gherardi R, Hittinger L, Gueret P, Rahmouni A: Magnetic resonance imaging of targeted catheter-based implantation of myogenic precursor cells into infarcted left ventricular myocardium. J. Am. Coll. Cardio. 41, 1841-1846 (2003)
25. Gavira JJ, Perez-Ilzarbe M, Abizanda G, Garcia-Rodriguez A, Orbe J, Paramo JA, Belzunce M, Rabago G, Barba J, Herreros J, Panizo A, de Jalon JA, Martinez-Caro D, Prosper F: A comparison between percutaneous and surgical transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts in a swine model of chronic myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. 71, 744-753 (2006)
26. Gerber BL, Rochitte CE, Melin JA, McVeigh ER, Bluemke DA, Wu KC, Becker LC, Lima JA: Microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling early after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 101, 2734-2741 (2000)
27. Glick G: Importance of the carotid sinus baroreceptors in the regulation of myocardial performance. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 1116-1123 (1971)
28. Gross DR (1994): Cardiovascular effects of inhalant anaesthetic agents. In: Gross DR. Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Second revised ed., Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, Vol. 153, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 235-301
29. Gross DR (1994): General principles of animal selection, preoperative care, preanesthesia, chemical restraint and analgesia. In: Gross DR. Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Second revised ed., Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, Vol. 153, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 421-461
30. Haessler R, Kuzume K, Chien GL, Wolff RA, Davis RF, Van Winkle DM: Anaesthetics alter the magnitude of infarct limitation by ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc. Res. 28, 1574-1580 (1994)
31. Harris AS: Delayed development of ventricular ectopic rhythms following experimental coronary occlusion. Circulation 1, 1318-1328 (1950)
32. He G, Zhang H, Wei H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Tang Y, Wei Y, Hu S: In vivo imaging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into myocardium using magnetic resonance imaging: a novel method to trace the transplanted cells. Int. J. Cardiol. 114, 4-10 (2007)
33. Hearse DJ, Sutherland FJ: Experimental models for the study of cardiovascular function and disease. Pharmacol. Res. 41, 597-603 (2000)
34. Helmius G: Myocardial infarction without coronary occlusion. A study with a new experimental method in sheep. Ups. J. Med. Sci. Suppl. 29, 1-28 (1980)
35. Hong H, Aksenov S, Guan X, Fallon JT, Waters D, Chen C: Remodeling of small intramyocardial coronary arteries distal to a severe epicardial coronary artery stenosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vas. Biol. 22, 2059-2065 (2002)
36. Hosenpud JD, Yung NN, Morton MJ: Left ventricular pressure-volume relations shift to the left after long-term loss of pericardial restraint. Circulation 68, 155-163 (1983)
37. Huang S Y, Lin JH, Lin EC, Yang PC, Tsou HL: Effects of birth season, breed, sex, and sire family on cardiac morphology determined in pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) by use of echocardiography. Comp. Med. 51, 545-549 (2001)
38. Huang Z, Ge J, Sun A, Wang Y, Zhang S, Cui J, Qian J, Zou Y: Ligating LAD with its whole length rather than diagonal branches as coordinates is more advisable in establishing stable myocardial infarction model of swine. Exp. Anim. 59, 431-439 (2010)
39. Iaizzo P (2009): Animal models in myocardial ischaemia, physiology and devices. In: Iaizzo P: Handbook of cardiac anatomy, physiology and devices, Second edition, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 235-301
40. Jacobson ED, Swan KG: Hydraulic occluder for chronic electromagnetic blood fow determinations. J. Appl. Physiol. 21, 1400-1402 (1966)
41. Jiga LP, Cristian H, Blidisel A, Sandra F, Nistor A, Hoinoiu B, Dornean V, Ionac M: Thoracoscopic approach of the internal mammary artery (IMA): a training model in pigs. Microsurgery 28, 375-379 (2008)
42. Karagueuzian HS, Fenoglio JJ, Jr., Weiss MB, Wit AL: Protracted ventricular tachicardia induced by premature stimulation of the canine heart after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Circ. Res. 44, 833-846 (1979)
43. Karsner HT, Dwyer JE: Studies in infarction: IV. Experimental bland infarction of the myocardium, myocardial regeneration and cicatrization. J. Med. Res. 34, 21-40 (1916)
44. Kersten JR, Schmeling TJ, Pagel PS, Gross GJ, Warltier DC: Isofurane mimics ischemic preconditioning via activation of K(ATP) channels: reduction of myocardial infarct size with an acute memory phase. Anesthesiology 87, 361-370 (1997)
45. Khouri EM, Gregg DE: An infatable cuff for zero determination in blood fow studies. J. Appl. Physiol. 23, 395-397 (1967)
46. Kim CB, Braunwald E: Potential benefts of late reperfusion of infarcted myocardium. The open artery hypothesis. Circulation 88, 2426-2436 (1993)
47. Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM: Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and refect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation 94, 3318-3326 (1996)
48. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Harris K, Chen EL, Simonetti O, Bundy J, Finn JP, Klocke FJ, Judd RM: Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100, 1992-2002 (1999)
49. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM: The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1445-1453 (2000)
50. Kirschner R, Toth L, Varga-Szemes A, Simor T, Suranyi P, Kiss P, Ruzsics B, Toth A, Baker R, Brott BC, Litovsky S, Elgavish A, Elgavish GA: Differentiation of acute and four-week old myocardial infarct with Gd(ABE-DTTA)-enhanced CMR. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 12, 22 (2010)
51. Kirschner R, Varga-Szemes A, Brott BC, Litovsky S, Elgavish A, Elgavish GA, Simor T: Quantifcation of myocardial viability distribution with Gd(DTPA) bolus-enhanced, signal intensity-based percent infarct mapping. Magn. Reson. Imaging 29, 650-658 (2011)
52. Kirschner R, Varga-Szemes A, Simor T, Suranyi P, Kiss P, Ruzsics B, Brott BC, Elgavish A, Elgavish GA: Acute infarct selective MRI contrast agent. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 28, 285-293 (2011)
53. Kloner RA: Does reperfusion injury exist in humans? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 21, 537-545 (1993)
54. Kohn F, Sharif AR, Simianer H: Modeling the growth of the Goettingen minipig. J. Anim. Sci. 85, 84-92 (2007)
55. Kordenat RK, Kezdi P, Stanley EL: A new catheter technique for producing experimental coronary thrombosis and selective coronary visualization. Am. Heart J. 83, 360-364 (1972)
56. Kornowski R, Hong MK, Gepstein L, Goldstein S, Ellahham S, Ben-Haim SA, Leon MB: Preliminary animal and clinical experiences using an electromechanical endocardial mapping procedure to distinguish infarcted from healthy myocardium. Circulation 98, 1116-1124 (1998)
57. Kornowski R, Leon MB, Fuchs S, Vodovotz Y, Flynn MA, Gordon DA, Pierre A, Kovesdi I, Keiser JA, Epstein SE: Electromagnetic guidance for catheter-based transendocardial injection: a platform for intramyocardial angiogenesis therapy. Results in normal and ischemic porcine models. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 1031-1039 (2000)
58. Kren L, Meluzin J, Pavlovsky Z, Mayer J, Kala P, Groch L, Hornacek I, Rauser P, Vlasin M: Experimental model of myocardial infarction: Histopathology and reperfusion damage revisited. Pathol. Res. Pract. 206, 647-650 (2010)
59. Krombach GA, Kinzel S, Mahnken AH, Gunther RW, Buecker A: Minimally invasive close-chest method for creating reperfused or occlusive myocardial infarction in swine. Invest. Radiol. 40, 14-18 (2005)
60. Leiman BC, Katz J, Butler BD: Mechanisms of succinylcholine-induced arrhythmias in hypoxic or hypoxic: hypercarbic dogs. Anesth. Analg. 66, 1292-1297 (1987)
61. Lima JA, Judd RM, Bazille A, Schulman SP, Atalar, Zerhouni EA: Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms. Circulation 92, 1117-1125 (1995)
62. Markovitz LJ, Savage EB, Ratcliffe MB, Bavaria JE, Kreiner G, Iozzo RV, Hargrove WC, 3rd, Bogen DK, Edmunds LH, Jr.: Large animal model of left ventricular aneurysm. An. Thorac. Surg. 48, 838-845 (1989)
63. Maroko PR, Kjekshus JK, Sobel BE, Watanabe T, Covell JW, Ross J, Jr., Braunwald E: Factors infuencing infarct size following experimental coronary artery occlusions. Circulation 43, 67-82 (1971)
64. Maxwell MP, Hearse DJ, Yellon DM: Species variation in the coronary collateral circulation during regional myocardial ischaemia: a critical determinant of the rate of evolution and extent of myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. 21, 737-746 (1987)
65. Michaelsson M, Ho SY (2000): Introduction: Normal hearts-a comparison. In: Congenital heart malformations in mammals. Imperial College Press, Singapore, pp. 421-461
66. Myers DD, Jr.: Nonhuman primate models of thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 129 Suppl. 2, S65-69 (2012)
67. Naslund U, Haggmark S, Johansson G, Marklund SL, Reiz S: A closed-chest myocardial occlusion-reperfusion model in the pig: techniques, morbidity and mortality. Eur. Heart J. 13, 1282-1289 (1992)
68. Naslund U, Haggmark S, Johansson G, Pennert K, Reiz S, Marklund SL: Effects of reperfusion and superoxide dismutase on myocardial infarct size in a closed chest pig model. Cardiovasc. Res. 26, 170-178 (1992)
69. Papp L, Allo G, Szabo Z, Juhasz-Nagy A: Natural history of acute regional myocardial ischaemia revealed by infrared thermography in the canine heart. Acta Morphol. Hung. 33, 123-142 (1985)
70. Perez de Prado A, Cuellas-Ramon C, Regueiro-Purrinos M, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Perez-Martinez C, Altonaga JR, Garcia-Iglesias MJ, Orden-Recio MA, Garcia-Marin JF, Fernandez-Vazquez F: Closed-chest experimental porcine model of acute myocardial infarction-reperfusion. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 60, 301-306 (2009)
71. Peukert D, Laule M, Kaufels N, Schnorr J, Taupitz M, Hamm B, Dewey M: A minimally invasive method for induction of myocardial infarction in an animal model using tungsten spirals. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 25, 529-535 (2009)
72. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E: Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation 81, 1161-1172 (1990)
73. Price HL, Ohnishi ST: Effects of anesthetics on the heart. Fed. Proc. 39, 1575-1579 (1980)
74. Reffelmann T, Sensebat O, Birnbaum Y, Stroemer E, Hanrath P, Uretsky BF, Schwarz ER: A novel minimal-invasive model of chronic myocardial infarction in swine. Coron. Artery Dis. 15, 7-12 (2004)
75. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB: The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 56, 786-794 (1977)
76. Roger VL, Weston SA, Gerber Y, Killian JM, Dunlay SM, Jaffe AS, Bell MR, Kors J, Yawn BP, Jacobsen SJ: Trends in incidence, severity, and outcome of hospitalized myocardial infarction. Circulation 121, 863-869 (2010)
77. Saeed M, Martin AJ, Saloner D, Do L, Wilson M: Noninvasive MR characterization of structural and functional components of reperfused infarct. Acta Radiol. 51, 1093-1102 (2010)
78. Saeed M, Weber O, Lee R, Do L, Martin A, Saloner D, Ursell P, Robert P, Corot C, Higgins CB: Discrimination of myocardial acute and chronic (scar) infarctions on delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with intravascular magnetic resonance contrast media. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48, 1961-1968 (2006)
79. Salazar AE: Experimental myocardial infarction. Induction of coronary thrombosis in the intact closed-chest dog. Circ. Res. 9, 1351-1356 (1961)
80. Sapru HN, Krieger AJ: Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of some anesthetics in the decerebrate rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 53, 151-158 (1979)
81. Savage RM, Guth B, White FC, Hagan AD, Bloor CM: Correlation of regional myocardial blood fow and function with myocardial infarct size during acute myocardial ischemia in the conscious pig. Circulation 64, 699-707 (1981)
82. Schuleri KH, Boyle AJ, Centola M, Amado LC, Evers R, Zimmet JM, Evers KS, Ostbye KM, Scorpio DG, Hare JM, Lardo AC: The adult Gottingen minipig as a model for chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction: focus on cardiovascular imaging and regenerative therapies. Comp. Med. 58, 568-579 (2008)
83. Schulz R, Post H, Vahlhaus C, Heusch G: Ischemic preconditioning in pigs: a graded phenomenon: its relation to adenosine and bradykinin. Circulation 98, 1022-1029 (1998)
84. Shell WE, Kjekshus JK, Sobel BE: Quantitative assessment of the extent of myocardial infarction in the conscious dog by means of analysis of serial changes in serum creatine phosphokinase activity. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 2614-2625 (1971)
85. Shofti R, Zaretzki A, Cohen E, Engel A, Bar-El Y: The sheep as a model for coronary artery bypass surgery. Lab. Anim. 38, 149-157 (2004)
86. Simor T, Suranyi P, Ruzsics B, Toth A, Toth L, Kiss P, Brott BC, Varga-Szemes A, Elgavish A, Elgavish GA: Percent infarct mapping for delayed contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging to quantify myocardial viability by Gd(DTPA). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 32, 859-868 (2010)
87. Sinusas AJ, Trautman KA, Bergin JD, Watson DD, Ruiz M, Smith WH, Beller GA: Quantifcation of area at risk during coronary occlusion and degree of myocardial salvage after reperfusion with technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile. Circulation 82, 1424-1437 (1990)
88. Smith G, Thorburn J, Vance JP, Brown DM: The effects of ketamine on the canine coronary circulation. Anaesthesia 34, 555-561 (1979)
89. Suzuki Y, Lyons JK, Yeung AC, Ikeno F: In vivo porcine model of reperfused myocardial infarction: in situ double staining to measure precise infarct area/area at risk. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 71, 100-107 (2008)
90. Sylven C, Sarkar N, Insulander P, Kenneback G, Blomberg P, Islam K, Drvota V: Catheter-based transendocardial myocardial gene transfer. J. Interv. Cardiol. 15, 7-13 (2002)
91. Tallheden T, Nannmark U, Lorentzon M, Rakotonirainy O, Soussi B, Waagstein F, Jeppsson A, Sjogren-Jansson E, Lindahl A, Omerovic E: In vivo MR imaging of magnetically labeled human embryonic stem cells. Life Sci. 79, 999-1006 (2006)
92. Tennant R: Studies in the pathology of vascular disease: studies on experimental coronary occlusion. Yale J. Biol. Med. 9, 60-64.8 (1936)
93. Traber DL, Wilson RD, Priano L: A detailed study of the cardiopulmonary response to ketamine and its blockade by atropine. South Med. J. 63, 1077-1081 (1970)
94. Tsagalou EP, Anastasiou-Nana MI, Charitos E, Siafakas CX, Drakos SG, Ntalianis A, Terrovitis JV, Mavrikakis EM, Doufas A, Nanas JN: Time course of fbrillation and defbrillation thresholds after an intravenous bolus of amiodarone-an experimental study. Resuscitation 61, 83-89 (2004)
95. Uriuda Y, Wang QD, Hatori N, Nordlander R, Sjoquist PO, Mattsson C, Ryden L: Coronary thrombosis/thrombolysis in pigs: effects of heparin, ASA, and the thrombin inhibitor inogatran. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 39, 81-89 (1998)
96. van der Spoel TI, Jansen of Lorkeers SJ, Agostoni P, van Belle E, Gyongyosi M, Sluijter J P, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, Chamuleau SA: Human relevance of pre-clinical studies in stem cell therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large animal models of ischaemic heart disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 91, 649-658 (2011)
97. Verdouw PD, van den Doel MA, de Zeeuw S, Duncker DJ: Animal models in the study of myocardial ischaemia and ischaemic syndromes. Cardiovasc. Res. 39, 121-135 (1998)
98. Weaver ME, Pantely GA, Bristow JD, Ladley HD: A quantitative study of the anatomy and distribution of coronary arteries in swine in comparison with other animals and man. Cardiovasc. Res. 20, 907-917 (1986)
99. Weiss ES, Ahmed SA, Welch MJ, Williamson R, Ter-Pogossian MM, Sobel BE: Quantifcation of infarction in cross sections of canine myocardium in vivo with positron emission transaxial tomography and 11C-palmitate. Circulation 55, 66-73 (1977)
100. Wolf T, Gepstein L, Dror U, Hayam G, Shofti R, Zaretzky A, Uretzky G, Oron U, Ben-Haim SA: Detailed endocardial mapping accurately predicts the transmural extent of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 1590-1597 (2001)
101. Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Barouch LA, Schulman SP, Blumenthal RS, Lima JA: Prognostic signifcance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97, 765-772 (1998)
102. Wyatt HL, Meerbaum S, Heng MK, Rit J, Gueret P, Corday E: Experimental evaluation of the extent of myocardial dyssynergy and infarct size by two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 63, 607-614 (1981)
103. Zhou L, Chen BP, Kluger J, Fan C, Chow MS: Effects of amiodarone and its active metabolite desethylamiodarone on the ventricular defbrillation threshold. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31, 1672-1678 (1998)