The long-term consequences of military deployment: A 5-year cohort study of united kingdom reservists deployed to Iraq in 2003

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 176, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1177-1184

  Harvey, Samuel B ^a,b   Hatch, Stephani L ^a   Jones, Margaret ^a   Hull, Lisa ^a   Jones, Norman ^a   Greenberg, Neil ^a   Dandeker, Christopher ^a   Fear, Nicola T ^a   Wessely, Simon ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

anxiety; combat disorders; depression; Iraq; marriage; mental disorders; military personnel; post traumatic stress disorder

Indexed keywords

COHORT ANALYSIS; HEALTH RISK; LONG-TERM CHANGE; MARRIAGE; MENTAL HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGY; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAQ; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; MILITARY DEPLOYMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PARTICIPATION; SOLDIER; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; DIVORCE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 - 2011; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MILITARY PERSONNEL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

IRAQ;

EID: 84871215879     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws248     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Hosek J, ed. How is Deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan Affecting U.S. Service Members and their Families? An Overview of Early RAND Reseach on the Topic. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2011.
2. Department of Defense. Managing the Reserve Components as an Operational Force. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs; 2008.
3. National Audit Office, Ministry of Defence. Reserve Forces. London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office; 2006.
4. Dandeker C, Eversden-French C, Greenberg N, et al. Laying down their rifles: the changing influences on the retention of volunteer British Army Reservists returning from Iraq, 2003-2006. Armed Forces Soc. 2010;36(2):264-289.
5. Department of Defense. National Guard and Reserve Equipment Report for Fiscal Year 2011. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs; 2010.
6. La Bash HA, Vogt DS, King LA, et al. Deployment stressors of the Iraq War: insights from the mainstream media. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24(2):231-258.
7. Browne T, Hull L, Horn O, et al. Explanations for the increase in mental health problems in UK Reserve forces who have served in Iraq. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:484-489. (doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030544).
8. Hotopf M, Hull L, Fear NT, et al. The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: a cohort study. Lancet. 2006;367(9524):1731- 1741.
9. Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Riviere LA, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67(6):614-623.
10. Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW. Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA. 2007;298(18):2141-2148.
11. Vogt DS, Samper RE, King DW, et al. Deployment stressors and posttraumatic stress symptomatology: comparing active duty and National Guard/Reserve personnel from Gulf War I. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(1):66-74.
12. Harvey SB, Hatch SL, Jones M, et al. Coming home: social functioning and the mental health of UK Reservists on return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(9):666-672.
13. Sundin J, Fear NT, Iversen A, et al. PTSD after deployment to Iraq: conflicting rates, conflicting claims. Psychol Med. 2010;40(3):367-382.
14. Bliese PD, Wright K, Adler AB, et al. Timing of postcombat mental health assessments. Psychol Serv. 2007;4(3):141-148.
15. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, et al. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):13-22.
16. Hoge CW, Terhakopian A, Castro CA, et al. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(1):150-153.
17. Tanielian T, Jaycox LH, eds. Invisible Wounds of War. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Center for Military Health Policy Research; 2008.
18. Fear NT, Jones M, Murphy D, et al. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9728):1783-1797.
19. Goldberg D, Williams P. A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, United Kingdom: Nfer-Nelson; 1988.
20. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997;27(1): 191-197.
21. Goldberg DP, Oldehinkel T, Ormel J. Why GHQ threshold varies from one place to another. Psychol Med. 1998; 28(4):915-921.
22. Weathers F, Litz B, Herman D, et al. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, Validity and Diagnostic Utility. San Antonio, TX: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; 1993.
23. Babor TF, Higgens-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, et al. AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Geneva, Switzerland: Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, World Health Organization; 2001.
24. Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, et al. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(6):843-857.
25. StataCorp LP. Stata Release 10-User's Guide. College Station, TX: Stata Press, 2007.
26. Iversen A, Liddell K, Fear N, et al. Consent, confidentiality, and the Data Protection Act. BMJ. 2006;332(7534): 165-169.
27. Fear NT, Jones M, Murphy D, et al. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9728):1783-1797.
28. Smith TC, Ryan MA, Wingard DL, et al. New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ. 2008; 336(7640):366-371.
29. Wilson J, Jones M, Fear NT, et al. Is previous psychological health associated with the likelihood of Iraq War deployment? An investigation of the "healthy warrior effect." Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(11):1362-1369.
30. Hatch SL, Wadsworth M. Does adolescent affect impact adult social integration? Evidence from the British 1946 Birth Cohort. Sociology. 2008;42(1):155-177.
31. Zatzick DF, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(12):1690-1695.
32. Dohrenwend BP, Turner JB, Turse NA, et al. The psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: a revisit with new data and methods. Science. 2006;313(5789): 979-982.
33. Jones E, Wessely S. A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(2):164-175.
34. Smid GE, Mooren TT, van der Mast RC, et al. Delayed posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review, metaanalysis, and meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(11):1572-1582.
35. Miller KE, Rasmussen A. War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):7-16.