"We don't exist": A qualitative study of marginalization experienced by HIV-positive lesbian, bisexual, queer and transgender women in Toronto, Canada

Journal of the International AIDS Society

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2012, Pages

  Logie, Carmen H ^a,b   James, L Lana ^c   Tharao, Wangari ^c   Loutfy, Mona R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bisexual; Canada; Discrimination; HIV seropositivity; Lesbian; Qualitative; Stigma; Transgender; Women

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BISEXUALITY; CANADA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LESBIAN; LESBIAN BISEXUAL QUEER TRANSGENDER WOMEN; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RISK; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEXUAL MINORITY; SOCIAL EXCLUSION; SOCIAL STIGMA; THEMATIC ANALYSIS; TRANSGENDERISM; VIOLENCE; WELLBEING; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS; TRANSSEXUALISM;

ADULT; BISEXUALITY; CANADA; FEMALE; FOCUS GROUPS; HIV INFECTIONS; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; SOCIAL MARGINALIZATION; TRANSGENDERED PERSONS;

EID: 84871134643     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17582652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7448/IAS.15.2.17392     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Arend ED. The politics of invisibility: homophobia and low-income HIVpositive women who have sex with women. J Homosex. 2005;49(1):97-122. (Pubitemid 41197261)
2. Dworkin SL. Who is epidemiologically fathomable in the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Gender, sexuality, and intersectionality in public health. Cult Health Sex. 2005;7(6):615-23. (Pubitemid 41679154)
3. Marazzo JM. Dangerous assumptions: lesbians and sexual death. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(9):570-1.
4. Morrow KM, Allsworth JE. Sexual risk in lesbians and bisexual women. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc. 2002;6(1):159-65.
5. Richardson D. The social construction of immunity: HIV risk perception and prevention among lesbians and bisexual women. Cult Health Sex. 2000;2(1):33-49.
6. Higgins JA, Hoffman S, Dworkin SL. Rethinking gender, heterosexual men, and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(3): 435-45.
7. Landers S, Gruskin S. Gender, sex, and sexuality same, different, or equal? Am J Public Health. 2010;100(3):397.
8. Bauer GR, Welles SL. Beyond assumptions of negligible risk: sexually transmitted diseases and women who have sex with women. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(8):1282-6. (Pubitemid 32708870)
9. Marrazzo JM. Sexually transmitted infections in women who have sex with women: who cares? Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:330-2.
10. Pinto V, Tancredi M, Neto A, Buchalla C. Sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk behaviour among women who have sex with women. AIDS.2005;19(S4):S64-9. (Pubitemid 41668989)
11. Auerback JD, Parkhurst JO, Caceres CF. Addressing social drivers of HIV/AIDS for the long-term response: conceptual and methodological considerations. Glob Public Health. 2011;6(S3):S293-309.
12. Kippax SC, Holt M, Friedman SR. Bridging the social and the biomedical: engaging the social and political sciences in HIV research. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;14(S2):S1.
13. Logie C. The case for the World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health to address sexual orientation. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1243-6.
14. Meyer IH. Why lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender public health? Am J Public Health. 2001;91(6):856-9. (Pubitemid 32496719)
15. Fethers K, Marks C, Mindel A, Estcourt ES. Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviours in women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:345-9.
16. Friedman SR, Ompad DS, Maslow C, Young R, Case P, Hudson SM, et al. HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, and high-risk sexual and injection networks among young women injectors who have sex with women. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(6):902-6. (Pubitemid 38480217)
17. Bevier PJ, Chiasson MA, Heffernan RT, Castro KG. Women at a sexually transmitted disease clinic who reported same-sex contact: their HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(10):1366-71.
18. Bailey JV, Farquhar C, Owen C, Mangtani P. Sexually transmitted infections in women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect. 2004; 80:244-6. (Pubitemid 38746205)
19. Bauer GR, Jaram JI. Are lesbians really women who have sex with women (WSW)? Methodological concerns in measuring sexual orientation in health research. Women Health. 2008;48(4):383-408.
20. Young RM, Meyer IH. The trouble with 'MSM' and 'WSW': the erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(7):1144-9. (Pubitemid 40880861)
21. Keiswetter S, Brotemarkle B. Culturally competent care for HIV-infected transgender persons in the inpatient hospital setting: the role of the clinical nurse leader. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010;21(3):272-7.
22. UNAIDS. UNAIDS action framework: Universal access for Men who have Sex with Men and Transgender People. Switzerland, Geneva: UNAIDS; 2009.
23. Herbst JH, Jacobs ED, Finlayson TJ, McKleroy VS, Neumann MS, Crepaz N. Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviours of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(1):1-17. (Pubitemid 351143456)
24. Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Guzman R, Katz M. HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention. Am J Public Health. 2001; 91(6):915-21. (Pubitemid 32499259)
25. Nemoto T, Operario D, Keatley J, Han L, Soma T. HIV risk behaviors among male to-female transgender persons of color in San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(7):1193-9. (Pubitemid 38857322)
26. Thornhill L, Klein P. Creating environments of care with transgender communities. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010;21(3):230-9.
27. Wilson EC, Garofalo R, Harris RD, Herrick A, Martinez M, Martinez J, Belzer M. Transgender female youth and sex work: HIV risk and a comparison of life factors related to engagement in sex work. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(5):902-13.
28. Clements-Nolle K, Guzman R, Harris SG. Sex trade in a male-to-female transgender population: psychosocial correlates of inconsistent condom use. Sex Health. 2008;5(1):49-54. (Pubitemid 351301116)
29. Operario D, Soma T, Underhill K. Sex work and HIV status among transgender women: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48(1):97-103. (Pubitemid 351600862)
30. Sevelius JM, Carrico A, Johnson MO. Antiretroviral therapy adherence among transgender women living with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010;21(3):256-64.
31. Bauer GR, Hammond R, Travers R, Kaay M, Hohenadel KM, Boyce M. I don't think this is theoretical; this is our lives': how erasure impacts health care for transgender people. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009;20(5):348-61.
32. UNAIDS. Reducing HIV Stigma and Discrimination: a critical part of national AIDS programmes; 2007.
33. Herek GM. Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: theory and practice. J Soc Issues. 2007;63(4):905-25.
34. Fish J. Far from mundane: theorising heterosexism for social work education. Social Work Education. 2008;27(2):182-93.
35. Herek GM. Thinking about AIDS and stigma: a psychologist's perspective. J Law Med Ethics. 2002;30(4):594-607. (Pubitemid 39302520)
36. Serano J. Whipping girl: a transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Emeryville, Seal 2007.
37. Bowleg L. When black-lesbian-woman black lesbian woman: the methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles. 2008;59:312-25.
38. Collins PH. Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2000.
39. Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Univ Chic Leg Forum. 1989;139-67.
40. Parker R, Aggleton P. HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action. Soc Sci Med. 2003; 57(1):13-24. (Pubitemid 36566516)
41. Logie CH, James L, Tharao W, Loutfy MR. HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation and sex work: a qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Med. 2011;8(11):1001124.
42. Creswell J. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc; 1998.
43. Kruger KA, Casey MA. Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications; 2009.
44. Morgan DL. The focus group guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998.
45. Mertens DM. Research and evaluation in education and psychology: integrating diversity within quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc; 2005.
46. Trochim WMK, Donnelly JP. The research methods knowledge base. 3rd ed. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning; 2008.
47. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res. Psych. 2006;3:77-101.
48. Sumartojo E. Structural factors in HIV prevention: concepts, examples, and implications for research. AIDS. 2000;14(1):S3-10.
49. Amaro H, Raj A. On the margins: the realities of power and women's HIV risk reduction strategies. Sex Roles. 2000;42(7/8):723-49.
50. Lane SD, Rubinstein RA, Keefe RH, Webster N, Cibula DA, Rosenthal A, et al. Structural violence and racial disparity in HIV transmission. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2004;15(3):319-35. (Pubitemid 39207525)
51. Shannon K, Kerr T, Allinott S, Chettiar J, Shoveller J, Tyndall MW. Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(4):911-21. (Pubitemid 351178923)