The impact of the discourse of the "politics of protection": The case of the EU and UN policing and military missions to Chad (2007-2010)

African Security

Volumn 5, Issue 3-4, 2012, Pages 179-198

  Bono, Giovanna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chad; European union; Humanitarian interventions; Military interventions; Sudan; United nations

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871105738     PISSN: 19392206     EISSN: 19392214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2012.732889     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Anne Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 16, 41.
2. Philip Cunliffe, "Introduction," in Critical Perspectives on the Responsibility to Protect: Interrogating Theory And Practice, ed. Philip Cunliffe (London: Routledge, 2011), 1-8.
3. Alex. J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams, "The New Politics of Protection? Cote d'Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect," International Affairs 87, no. 4 (2011): 825-850.
4. Alex. J. Bellamy, "The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention," International Affairs 84, no. 4 (2008): 615-639, 630.
5. Francis Deng et al., Sovereign as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
6. David Chandler, "The Responsibility to Protect? Imposing the 'Liberal Peace,'" International Peacekeeping 11, no.1 (Spring 2004): 59-81.
7. Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect, 14.
8. Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect, 16.
9. Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect, 26.
10. Carlo Focarelli, "The Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention: Too Many Ambiguities for a Working Doctrine," Journal of Conflict and Security Law 13, no. 2 (2008): 191-213. See page 210.
11. Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect, 137.
12. Adam Branch, "The Irresponsibility of the Responsibility to Protect in Africa," in Critical Perspectives, ed. Philip Cunliffe (London: Routledge, 2011), 103-124, 114.
13. Adam Branch, "The Irresponsibility of the Responsibility to Protect in Africa," in Critical Perspectives, ed. Philip Cunliffe (London: Routledge, 2011), 114.
14. Adam Branch, "The Irresponsibility of the Responsibility to Protect in Africa," in Critical Perspectives, ed. Philip Cunliffe (London: Routledge, 2011), 119.
15. UNSC S/RES/1778 (2007), paragraph 1.
16. UNSC S/RES/1778 (2007), paragraph 5.
17. UNSC S/RES/1778 (2007), paragraph 6a.
18. UNSC S/RES/1778 (2007), paragraph 6a.
19. UNSC S/RES/1778 (2007), paragraph 9.
20. Mahmood Mamdani, Saviors and Survivors (London: Verso, 2009), 19-48.
21. Giovanna Bono, "The EU's Military Operation in Chad and the Central African Republic: An Operation to Save Lives," Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 5, no. 4 (March 2011): 23-42.
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29. Chapter 5, "French Military Power and Black Africa."
30. For a detailed analysis of the role of France in Chad
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33. Amnesty International, Tchad: l'heritag Habré (London: Amnesty International, 2001), 34.
34. François Xavier Vershave, Noire Silence: Qui arrêtera la Francafrique (Paris: Les Arenes, 2000), 336.
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38. Roland Marchal, "Understanding French Policy towards Chad and Sudan? A Difficult Task," Sudan Tribune, June 8, 2009.
39. Confidential information accessed in August 2007.
40. Bono, "The EU's Military Operation in Chad and the Central African Republic".
41. Hylke Dijkstra, "The Military Operation of the EU in Chad and the Central African Republic of Congo: Good Policy and Bad Politics," International Peacekeeping 17, no. 3 (June 2010): 395-407.
42. Bjoern H. Seibert, Operation EUFOR Tchad/RCA and the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy (Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010), http://www.scribd.com/doc/51743330/Operation-EUFOR-TCHAD-RCAand-the-EU-s-Common-Security-and-Defense-Policy (accessed November 17, 2011).
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45. An exception is the work of Berg, who argues that the impact was overall negative. See Berg, The Dynamics of the Conflict in the Tri-border Region of Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic. Note.
46. Bono, "The EU's Military Operation in Chad and the Central African Republic"; confidential interviews in N'Djamena, May 2011.
47. Ligue Tchadienne des droits de l'homme, Rapport sur la droit humaine suite auxévènement des 02 et 03 février 2008 a N'Djamena et leur consequences (N'Djamena: Ligue Tchadienne des droits de l'homme, March 2008).
48. Amnesty International, Double Misfortune: Deepening Human Rights Crisis in Chad (London: Amnesty International, 2008), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR20/007/2008/en/7060dfb4-bd46-11dd-857f-c5541b902dd7/afr200072008en.pdf
49. Ligue Tchadienne des droits de l'homme, Rapport sur la droit humaine suite auxévènement des 02 et 03 février 2008 a N'Djamena et leur conséquences; Amnesty International, Double Misfortune. Note.
50. International Crisis Group, Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre? (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2006),11-13, 18-20.
51. Confidential interviews with EU officials, November 2010 and May 2011.
52. International Crisis Group, Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre? 1.
53. Interview with EU officials; Amnesty International, Double Misfortune.
54. "La France 2em client de la France," La Voix 022 (October 2009): 13-20.
55. European Commission, République du Tchad-Communaté européenne. Document de Stratégie pays et programme indicatif national pour le période 2008-2011.
56. Confidential Interview, N'Jamena, May 2011.
57. Convention de financement entre la Commission Europeenne et la Republique du Tchad, Projet d' appui à la réforme es forces de sécurité intérieure au Tchad. Part I and 2 (Brussels: European Commission, December 2009), 8-22.
58. Convention de financement entre la Commission Europeenne et la Republique du Tchad, Projet d' appui à la réforme es forces de sécurité intérieure au Tchad. Part I and 2 (Brussels: European Commission, December 2009), 7.
59. Délégation de l'Union européenne au Tchad, Instrument européen pour la démocratie et le droits de l'homme. Lignes directrices a l'intention des demandeurs (N'Djamena: EC, November 2010)
60. Interview with civil society organisations, N'Djamena, 2011.
61. Boubacar N'Diaye, "Francophone Africa and Security Sector Transformation: plus ça change," African Security 2, no. 1 (2009): 1-28.
62. Interview with UN security sector official, May 2011.
63. Interview material, N'Djamena, May 2011.
64. Interview, N'Djamena
65. Jérôme Tubiana, Renouncing the Rebels: Local and Regional Dimension of Chad-Sudan Rapproachment, Small Arms Survey, (Geneva: Gradute Institute of International Development Studies, 2011) 48-50.
66. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1778 (2007), September 25, 2007, S/RES/1778, paragraph 2(a) and 5.
67. Paragraph 2(e-g).
68. Amnesty International, No Place for Us Here': Violence against Refugee Women in Eastern Chad (London: Amnesty International), 24, 84-88, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR20/008/2009/en/a6cc4610-016f-439b-987d-4cb128679751/afr200082009eng.pdf
69. United Nations Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General on Children in Armed Conflict in Chad," UN document S/2008/523, August 7, 2008, p. 4.
70. International Crisis Group, Tchad, un nouveau, cadre de Résolution du Conflit, Rapport Afrique, No 144, (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 24 September 2008).
71. International Crisis Group, Tchad: au delà de l'apaisement (Brussels: International Crisis Group, August 2010), 9.
72. United Nations, "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in CAR and Chad," UN document S/2009/359, July 14, 2009, p. 22.
73. Amnesty International, "No Place for Us," 24.
74. Interview, N'Djamena, May 2011.
75. Interview, N'Djamena, May 2011.
76. UNSC S/2011/278, paragraph 16.
77. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, "Bulletin d'Information Humanitaire (20 April-25 May 2011)," May 25, 2011.
78. UNSC, "Report of the UN Secretary-General on the Protection of Civilians in Chad," April 29, 2011.
79. UNSC S/2011/278, paragraph 6, 11-14.
80. UNSC S/2011/278, paragraph 24, paragraph 26.