메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1564-1570

Appetite hormones and the transition to hyperphagia in children with Prader-Willi syndrome

Author keywords

eating behaviour; ghrelin; insulin; leptin; PP; PYY

Indexed keywords

GHRELIN; GLUCOSE; LEPTIN; PANCREAS POLYPEPTIDE; PEPTIDE YY;

EID: 84871029043     PISSN: 03070565     EISSN: 14765497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.274     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (60)
  • 2
    • 1042267409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prader-Willi syndrome: Advances in its genetics, pathophysiology and treatment
    • Goldstone AP. Prader-Willi syndrome: advances in its genetics, pathophysiology and treatment. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004; 15: 12-20.
    • (2004) Trends Endocrinol Metab , vol.15 , pp. 12-20
    • Goldstone, A.P.1
  • 7
    • 0036103117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of, and risk factors for, physical Ill-health in people with Prader-Willi syndrome: A population-based study
    • Butler JV, Whittington JE, Holland AJ, Boer H, Clarke D, Webb T. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, physical Ill-health in people with Prader-Willi syndrome: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002; 44: 248-255.
    • (2002) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 248-255
    • Butler, J.V.1    Whittington, J.E.2    Holland, A.J.3    Boer, H.4    Clarke, D.5    Webb, T.6
  • 8
    • 33750627988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Butler MG. Management of obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006; 2: 592-593.
    • (2006) Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab , vol.2 , pp. 592-593
    • Butler, M.G.1
  • 9
    • 0141429092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paradox of Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic model of starvation
    • Holland A, Whittington J, Hinton E. The paradox of Prader-Willi syndrome: a genetic model of starvation. Lancet 2003; 362: 989-991.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 989-991
    • Holland, A.1    Whittington, J.2    Hinton, E.3
  • 10
    • 33746288477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamus, hormones, and hunger: Alterations in human obesity and illness
    • Goldstone AP. The hypothalamus, hormones, and hunger: alterations in human obesity and illness. Prog Brain Res 2006; 153: 57-73.
    • (2006) Prog Brain Res , vol.153 , pp. 57-73
    • Goldstone, A.P.1
  • 12
    • 0023188411 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of abnormal food-intake patterns in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and study of effects of naloxone
    • Zipf WB, Berntson GG. Characteristics of abnormal food-intake patterns in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and study of effects of naloxone. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46: 277-281.
    • (1987) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.46 , pp. 277-281
    • Zipf, W.B.1    Berntson, G.G.2
  • 14
  • 16
    • 0028852641 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its oxytocin neurons (putative satiety cells) in Prader-Willi syndrome: A study of five cases
    • Swaab DF, Purba JS, Hofman MA. Alterations in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its oxytocin neurons (putative satiety cells) in Prader-Willi syndrome: a study of five cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 573-579.
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.80 , pp. 573-579
    • Swaab, D.F.1    Purba, J.S.2    Hofman, M.A.3
  • 17
    • 33847346796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracranial abnormalities detected by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Miller JL, Couch JA, Schmalfuss I, He G, Liu Y, Driscoll DJ. Intracranial abnormalities detected by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143: 476-483.
    • (2007) Am J Med Genet A , vol.143 , pp. 476-483
    • Miller, J.L.1    Couch, J.A.2    Schmalfuss, I.3    He, G.4    Liu, Y.5    Driscoll, D.J.6
  • 21
    • 0019735952 scopus 로고
    • Blunted pancreatic polypeptide responses in children with obesity of Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Zipf WB, O'dorisio TM, Cataland S, Sotos J. Blunted pancreatic polypeptide responses in children with obesity of Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 52: 1264-1266.
    • (1981) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.52 , pp. 1264-1266
    • Zipf, W.B.1    O'Dorisio, T.M.2    Cataland, S.3    Sotos, J.4
  • 22
    • 0021048887 scopus 로고
    • Pancreatic polypeptide responses to protein meal challenges in obese but otherwise normal children and obese children with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Zipf WB, O'dorisio TM, Cataland S, Dixon K. Pancreatic polypeptide responses to protein meal challenges in obese but otherwise normal children and obese children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57:1074-1080.
    • (1983) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.57 , pp. 1074-1080
    • Zipf, W.B.1    O'Dorisio, T.M.2    Cataland, S.3    Dixon, K.4
  • 23
    • 0024322342 scopus 로고
    • Protein meal-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide secretion in Prader-Willi syndrome of adults
    • Tomita T, Greeley Jr G, Watt L, Doull V, Chance R. Protein meal-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide secretion in Prader-Willi syndrome of adults. Pancreas 1989; 4: 395-400.
    • (1989) Pancreas , vol.4 , pp. 395-400
    • Tomita, T.1    Greeley Jr., G.2    Watt, L.3    Doull, V.4    Chance, R.5
  • 24
    • 0030447214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization ofalterations in glucose and insulin metabolism in Prader-Willi subjects
    • Schuster DP, Osei K, Zipf WB. Characterization ofalterations in glucose and insulin metabolism in Prader-Willi subjects. Metabolism 1996; 45: 1514-1520.
    • (1996) Metabolism , vol.45 , pp. 1514-1520
    • Schuster, D.P.1    Osei, K.2    Zipf, W.B.3
  • 28
    • 1942472985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of a normal meal-induced decrease in plasma ghrelin levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Bizzarri C, Rigamonti AE, Giannone G, Berardinelli R, Cella SG, Cappa M, et al. Maintenance of a normal meal-induced decrease in plasma ghrelin levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2004; 36: 164-169.
    • (2004) Horm Metab Res , vol.36 , pp. 164-169
    • Bizzarri, C.1    Rigamonti, A.E.2    Giannone, G.3    Berardinelli, R.4    Cella, S.G.5    Cappa, M.6
  • 29
    • 4344715570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preservation of insulin sensitivity and paucity of metabolic syndrome symptoms in Prader Willi syndrome adults: Preliminary data from the us multi-center study
    • Ht-171 08
    • Mogul HR, Lee PD, Whitman B, Zipf W, Frey M, Myers SE, et al. Preservation of insulin sensitivity and paucity of metabolic syndrome symptoms in Prader Willi syndrome adults: preliminary data from the us multi-center study. Obes Res 2004; 12: 171, Ht-08.
    • (2004) Obes Res , vol.12 , pp. 171
    • Mogul, H.R.1    Lee, P.D.2    Whitman, B.3    Zipf, W.4    Frey, M.5    Myers, S.E.6
  • 30
    • 17944374136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visceral adipose tissue and metabolic complications ofobesity are reduced in Prader-Willi syndrome female adults: Evidence for novel influences on body fat distribution
    • Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, Brynes AE, Bell JD, Frost G, Saeed N, et al. Visceral adipose tissue and metabolic complications ofobesity are reduced in Prader-Willi syndrome female adults: evidence for novel influences on body fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4330-4338.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 4330-4338
    • Goldstone, A.P.1    Thomas, E.L.2    Brynes, A.E.3    Bell, J.D.4    Frost, G.5    Saeed, N.6
  • 31
    • 0036181202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Goldstone AP, Brynes AE, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Frost G, Holland A, et al. Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 468-475.
    • (2002) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.75 , pp. 468-475
    • Goldstone, A.P.1    Brynes, A.E.2    Thomas, E.L.3    Bell, J.D.4    Frost, G.5    Holland, A.6
  • 32
    • 0037240916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Haqq AM, Farooqi IS, O'rahilly S, Stadler DD, Rosenfeld RG, Pratt KL, et al. Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 174-178.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 174-178
    • Haqq, A.M.1    Farooqi, I.S.2    O'Rahilly, S.3    Stadler, D.D.4    Rosenfeld, R.G.5    Pratt, K.L.6
  • 33
    • 0042885664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating ghrelin levels are suppressed by meals and octreotide therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Haqq AM, Stadler DD, Rosenfeld RG, Pratt KL, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, et al. Circulating ghrelin levels are suppressed by meals and octreotide therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3573-3576.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 3573-3576
    • Haqq, A.M.1    Stadler, D.D.2    Rosenfeld, R.G.3    Pratt, K.L.4    Weigle, D.S.5    Frayo, R.S.6
  • 34
    • 11144356346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance
    • Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, Brynes AE, Castroman G, Edwards R, Ghatei MA, et al. Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1718-1726.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 1718-1726
    • Goldstone, A.P.1    Thomas, E.L.2    Brynes, A.E.3    Castroman, G.4    Edwards, R.5    Ghatei, M.A.6
  • 36
    • 3142761626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperghrelinemia is a common feature of Prader-Willi syndrome and pituitary stalk interruption: A pathophysiological hypothesis
    • Tauber M, Conte AF, Moulin P, Molinas C, Delagnes V, Salles JP. Hyperghrelinemia is a common feature of Prader-Willi syndrome and pituitary stalk interruption: a pathophysiological hypothesis. Horm Res 2004; 62: 49-54.
    • (2004) Horm Res , vol.62 , pp. 49-54
    • Tauber, M.1    Conte, A.F.2    Moulin, P.3    Molinas, C.4    Delagnes, V.5    Salles, J.P.6
  • 37
    • 4043161192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between fasting plasma ghrelin levels and age, body mass index (BMI) BMI percentiles, and 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles in Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Paik KH, Jin DK, Song SY, Lee JE, Ko SH, Song SM, et al. Correlation between fasting plasma ghrelin levels and age, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentiles, and 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3885-3889.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3885-3889
    • Paik, K.H.1    Jin, D.K.2    Song, S.Y.3    Lee, J.E.4    Ko, S.H.5    Song, S.M.6
  • 38
    • 18844416580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting and post-prandial hyperghrelinemia in Prader-Willi syndrome is partially explained by hypoinsulinemia, and is not due to peptide YY 3-36 deficiency or seen in hypothalamic obesity due to craniopharyngioma
    • Goldstone AP, Patterson M, Kalingag N, Ghatei MA, Brynes AE, Bloom SR, et al. Fasting and post-prandial hyperghrelinemia in Prader-Willi syndrome is partially explained by hypoinsulinemia, and is not due to peptide YY 3-36 deficiency or seen in hypothalamic obesity due to craniopharyngioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2681-2690.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 2681-2690
    • Goldstone, A.P.1    Patterson, M.2    Kalingag, N.3    Ghatei, M.A.4    Brynes, A.E.5    Bloom, S.R.6
  • 40
    • 33646388384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of acylated ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test is correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity in children with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Paik KH, Choe YH, Park WH, Oh YJ, Kim AH, Chu SH, et al. Suppression of acylated ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test is correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1876-1881.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 1876-1881
    • Paik, K.H.1    Choe, Y.H.2    Park, W.H.3    Oh, Y.J.4    Kim, A.H.5    Chu, S.H.6
  • 41
    • 34447115717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptide YY, cholecystokinin, insulin and ghrelin response to meal did not change, but mean serum levels of insulin is reduced in children with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Paik KH, Jin DK, Lee KH, Armstrong L, Lee JE, Oh YJ, et al. Peptide YY, cholecystokinin, insulin and ghrelin response to meal did not change, but mean serum levels of insulin is reduced in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 436-441.
    • (2007) J Korean Med Sci , vol.22 , pp. 436-441
    • Paik, K.H.1    Jin, D.K.2    Lee, K.H.3    Armstrong, L.4    Lee, J.E.5    Oh, Y.J.6
  • 42
    • 33847337967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma obestatin and ghrelin levels in subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Butler MG, Bittel DC Plasma obestatin and ghrelin levels in subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143: 415-421.
    • (2007) Am J Med Genet A , vol.143 , pp. 415-421
    • Butler, M.G.1    Bittel, D.C.2
  • 43
    • 33846236838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A lesser postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with low fasting and a blunted postprandial PYY response
    • Gimenez-Palop O, Gimenez-Perez G, Mauricio D, Gonzalez-Clemente JM, Potau N, Berlanga E, et al. A lesser postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with low fasting and a blunted postprandial PYY response. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66: 198-204.
    • (2007) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.66 , pp. 198-204
    • Gimenez-Palop, O.1    Gimenez-Perez, G.2    Mauricio, D.3    Gonzalez-Clemente, J.M.4    Potau, N.5    Berlanga, E.6
  • 44
    • 77149142591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children with Prader-Willi syndrome exhibit more evident meal-induced responses in plasma ghrelin and peptideYY levels than obese and lean children
    • Bizzarri C, Rigamonti AE, Luce A, Cappa M, Cella SG, Berini J, et al. Children with Prader-Willi syndrome exhibit more evident meal-induced responses in plasma ghrelin and peptideYY levels than obese and lean children. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162: 499-505.
    • (2010) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.162 , pp. 499-505
    • Bizzarri, C.1    Rigamonti, A.E.2    Luce, A.3    Cappa, M.4    Cella, S.G.5    Berini, J.6
  • 45
    • 36249013117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered distribution of adiponectin isoforms in children with prader-willi syndrome (Pws): Association with insulin sensitivity and circulating satiety peptide hormones
    • Haqq AM, Muehlbauer M, Svetkey LP, Newgard CB, Purnell JQ, Grambow SC, et al. Altered distribution of adiponectin isoforms in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (Pws): association with insulin sensitivity and circulating satiety peptide hormones. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67: 944-951.
    • (2007) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.67 , pp. 944-951
    • Haqq, A.M.1    Muehlbauer, M.2    Svetkey, L.P.3    Newgard, C.B.4    Purnell, J.Q.5    Grambow, S.C.6
  • 48
    • 78650885904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in childhood: Heightened insulin sensitivity relative to body mass index
    • Haqq AM, Muehlbauer MJ, Newgard CB, Grambow S, Freemark M. The metabolic phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in childhood: heightened insulin sensitivity relative to body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: E225-E232.
    • (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.96
    • Haqq, A.M.1    Muehlbauer, M.J.2    Newgard, C.B.3    Grambow, S.4    Freemark, M.5
  • 49
    • 33845515071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing rates of genetic subtypes of Prader-Willi syndrome in the UK
    • Whittington JE, Butler JV, Holland AJ. Changing rates of genetic subtypes of Prader-Willi syndrome in the UK. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 127-130.
    • (2007) Eur J Hum Genet , vol.15 , pp. 127-130
    • Whittington, J.E.1    Butler, J.V.2    Holland, A.J.3
  • 50
    • 42949165649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-, peri-and postnatal complications in Prader-Willi syndrome in a UK sample
    • Whittington JE, Butler JV, Holland AJ. Pre-, peri-and postnatal complications in Prader-Willi syndrome in a UK sample. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84: 331-336.
    • (2008) Early Hum Dev , vol.84 , pp. 331-336
    • Whittington, J.E.1    Butler, J.V.2    Holland, A.J.3
  • 52
    • 0021813187 scopus 로고
    • Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man
    • Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412-419.
    • (1985) Diabetologia , vol.28 , pp. 412-419
    • Matthews, D.R.1    Hosker, J.P.2    Rudenski, A.S.3    Naylor, B.A.4    Treacher, D.F.5    Turner, R.C.6
  • 53
    • 43049130474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monogenic human obesity
    • Farooqi IS. Monogenic human obesity. Front Horm Res 2008; 36: 1-11.
    • (2008) Front Horm Res , vol.36 , pp. 1-11
    • Farooqi, I.S.1
  • 54
    • 0035393437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sim1 haploin-sufficiency causes hyperphagia, obesity and reduction of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
    • Michaud JL, Boucher F, Melnyk A, Gauthier F, Goshu E, Levy E, et al. Sim1 haploin-sufficiency causes hyperphagia, obesity and reduction of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10: 1465-1473.
    • (2001) Hum Mol Genet , vol.10 , pp. 1465-1473
    • Michaud, J.L.1    Boucher, F.2    Melnyk, A.3    Gauthier, F.4    Goshu, E.5    Levy, E.6
  • 55
    • 33745612078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new case of interstitial 6q16.2 deletion in a patient with Prader-Willi-like phenotype and investigation of sim1 gene deletion in 87 patients with syndromic obesity
    • Varela MC, Simoes-Sato AY, Kim CA, Bertola DR, De Castro CI, Koiffmann CP. A new case of interstitial 6q16.2 deletion in a patient with Prader-Willi-like phenotype and investigation of sim1 gene deletion in 87 patients with syndromic obesity. Eur J Med Genet 2006; 49: 298-305.
    • (2006) Eur J Med Genet , vol.49 , pp. 298-305
    • Varela, M.C.1    Simoes-Sato, A.Y.2    Kim, C.A.3    Bertola, D.R.4    De Castro, C.I.5    Koiffmann, C.P.6
  • 56
  • 57
    • 79955554996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global deficits in development, function, and gene expression in the endocrine pancreas in a deletion mouse model of Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Stefan M, Simmons RA, Bertera S, Trucco M, Esni F, Drain P, et al. Global deficits in development, function, and gene expression in the endocrine pancreas in a deletion mouse model of Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300: E909-E922.
    • (2011) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.300
    • Stefan, M.1    Simmons, R.A.2    Bertera, S.3    Trucco, M.4    Esni, F.5    Drain, P.6
  • 59
    • 4043096513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatostatin infusion lowers plasma ghrelin without reducing appetite in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Tan TM, Vanderpump M, Khoo B, Patterson M, Ghatei MA, Goldstone AP. Somatostatin infusion lowers plasma ghrelin without reducing appetite in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4162-4165.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 4162-4165
    • Tan, T.M.1    Vanderpump, M.2    Khoo, B.3    Patterson, M.4    Ghatei, M.A.5    Goldstone, A.P.6
  • 60
    • 0033050867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body fat determined by skinfold measurements is elevated despite underweight in infants with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome
    • Eiholzer U, Blum WF, Molinari L. Body fat determined by skinfold measurements is elevated despite underweight in infants With Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 222-225.
    • (1999) J Pediatr , vol.134 , pp. 222-225
    • Eiholzer, U.1    Blum, W.F.2    Molinari, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.