Treatment and outcomes of an Australian cohort of outpatients with bipolar I or schizoaffective disorder over twenty-four months: Implications for clinical practice

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 12, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Kulkarni, Jayashri ^a   Filia, Sacha ^a   Berk, Lesley ^b,e,f   Filia, Kate ^a   Dodd, Seetal ^b,f   de Castella, Anthony ^a   Brnabic, Alan J M ^c   Lowry, Amanda J ^d   Kelin, Katarina ^d   Montgomery, William ^d   Fitzgerald, Paul B ^a   Berk, Michael ^b,e,f  

^a ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c OPTUM   (United States)

^d ELI LILLY AUSTRALIA PTY LTD   (Australia)

^e ORYGEN RESEARCH CENTRE   (Australia)

^f DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; HYPNOTIC AGENT; MOOD STABILIZER; OLANZAPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; LITHIUM CARBONATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; VALPROIC ACID;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL GLOBAL IMPRESSION SCALE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HAMILTON SCALE; HUMAN; MALE; MANIA; POLYPHARMACY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RELAPSE; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG MANIA RATING SCALE; AUSTRALIAN; BIPOLAR VERSION SEVERITY OF ILLNESS SCALE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; LONG TERM CARE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OUTPATIENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENCE RISK; REMISSION; SOCIAL DISABILITY; SOCIOECONOMICS; TREATMENT DURATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIMANIC AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; AUSTRALIA; BENZODIAZEPINES; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CARBAMAZEPINE; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LITHIUM CARBONATE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); OUTPATIENTS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENCE; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 84871017322     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-228     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Berk M, Dodd S, Malhi GS. 'Bipolar missed states': the diagnosis and clinical salience of bipolar mixed states. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005, 39:215-221.
2. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:543-552. 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543, 1931566, 17485606.
3. Goldney RD, Fisher LJ, Grande ED, Taylor AW, Hawthorne G. Bipolar I and II disorders in a random and representative Australian population. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005, 39:726-729. 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01657.x, 16050927.
4. Zutshi A, Eckert KA, Hawthorne G, Taylor AW, Goldney RD. Changes in the prevalence of bipolar disorders between 1998 and 2008 in an Australian population. Bipolar Disord 2011, 13:182-188. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00907.x, 21443572.
5. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease Study 1996, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
6. Buckley PF. Update on the treatment and management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. CNS Spectr 2008, 13:1-10.
7. Sachs GS. Unmet clinical needs in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003, 23:S2-S8.
8. Malhi GS, Adams D, Berk M. Is lithium in a class of its own? A brief profile of its clinical use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009, 43:1096-1104. 10.3109/00048670903279937, 20001408.
9. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Schaffer A, Parikh SV, Beaulieu S, O'Donovan C, MacQueen G, McIntyre RS, Sharma V, Ravindran A, Young LT, Young AH, Alda M, Milev R, Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Berk M, Ha K, Kapczinski F. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2009. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:225-255. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00672.x, 19419382.
10. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guidance [Internet]. Bipolar Disorder: the management of bipolar disorder in adults, children and adolescents, in primary and secondary care 2006, London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK), Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11822/, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
11. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2011, 378:1306-1315. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8, 21851976.
12. Freeman MP, Stoll AL. Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:12-21.
13. Malhi GS, Berk M. Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder: the role of atypical antipsychotics and experimental strategies. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002, 17:407-412. 10.1002/hup.437, 12457376.
14. Malhi GS, Adams D, Berk M. Medicating mood with maintenance in mind: bipolar depression pharmacotherapy. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11(Suppl 2):55-76.
15. Hilty DM, Leamon MH, Lim RF, Kelly RH, Hales RE. A review of bipolar disorder in adults. Psychiatry 2006, 3:43-55. 2963467, 20975827.
16. Baldessarini RJ, Perry R, Pike J. Factors associated with treatment nonadherence among US bipolar disorder patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008, 23:95-105. 10.1002/hup.908, 18058849.
17. Rush AJ, Crismon ML, Kashner TM, Toprac MG, Carmody TJ, Trivedi MH, Suppes T, Miller AL, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Witte BP, Shon SP, Rago WV, Altshuler KZ, TMAP Research Group Texas Medication Algorithm Project, phase 3 (TMAP-3): rationale and study design. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:357-369. 10.4088/JCP.v64n0402, 12716235, TMAP Research Group.
18. Kogan JN, Otto MW, Bauer MS, Dennehy EB, Miklowitz DJ, Zhang HW, Ketter T, Rudorfer MV, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Calabrese J, Sachs GS, STEP-BD Investigators Demographic and diagnostic characteristics of the first 1000 patients enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Bipolar Disord 2004, 6:460-469. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00158.x, 15541061, STEP-BD Investigators.
19. Goetz I, Tohen M, Reed C, Lorenzo M, Vieta E. Functional impairment in patients with mania: baseline results of the EMBLEM study. Bipolar Disord 2007, 9:45-52. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00325.x, 17391349.
20. Bauer MS, Kirk GF, Gavin C, Williford WO. Determinants of functional outcome and healthcare costs in bipolar disorder: a high-intensity follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2001, 65:231-241. 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00247-0, 11511403.
21. Biffin F, Tahtalian S, Filia K, Fitzgerald PB, De Castella AR, Filia S, Berk M, Dodd S, Callaly P, Berk L, Kelin K, Smith M, Montgomery W, Kulkarni J. The impact of age at onset of bipolar I disorder on functioning and clinical presentation. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2009, 21:191-196.
22. Kulkarni J, Berk M, Fitzgerald PB, de Castella AR, Montgomery W, Kelin K, Brnabic A, Granger RE, Dodd S. The Bipolar Comprehensive Outcomes Study (BCOS): baseline findings of an Australian cohort study. J Affect Disord 2008, 107:135-144. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.012, 17889373.
23. Berk M, Dodd S, Callaly P, Berk L, Fitzgerald P, de Castella AR, Filia S, Filia K, Tahtalian S, Biffin F, Kelin K, Smith M, Montgomery W, Kulkarni J. History of illness prior to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder. J Affect Disord 2007, 103:181-186. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.027, 17324469.
24. Dodd S, Kulkarni J, Berk L, Ng F, Fitzgerald PB, de Castella AR, Filia S, Filia K, Montgomery W, Kelin K, Smith M, Brnabic A, Berk M. A prospective study of the impact of subthreshold mixed states on the 24-month clinical outcomes of bipolar I disorder or schizoaffective disorder. J Affect Disord 2010, 124:22-28. 10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.027, 19944466.
25. Abrams DJ, Rojas DC, Arciniegas DB. Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008, 4:1089-1109. 2646642, 19337453.
26. Schillevoort I, de BA, Herings RM, Roos RA, Jansen PA, Leufkens HG. Risk of extrapyramidal syndromes with haloperidol, risperidone, or olanzapine. Ann Pharmacother 2001, 35:1517-1522.
27. Gomez JC, Sacristan JA, Hernandez J, Breier A, Ruiz CP, Anton SC, Fontova CE. The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs: results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO Study). Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of Olanzapine in Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2000, 61:335-343. 10.4088/JCP.v61n0503, 10847307.
28. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations Clinical development of atypical antipsychotics: research design and evaluation. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 12):10-16. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations.
29. Malhi GS, Green M, Fagiolini A, Peselow ED, Kumari V. Schizoaffective disorder: diagnostic issues and future recommendations. Bipolar Disord 2008, 10:215-230. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00564.x, 18199238.
30. Benson K, Hartz AJ. A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1878-1886. 10.1056/NEJM200006223422506, 10861324.
31. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Press, American Psychiatric Association.
32. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 20):22-33.
33. Spearing MK, Post RM, Leverich GS, Brandt D, Nolen W. Modification of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale for use in bipolar illness (BP): the CGI-BP. Psychiatry Res 1997, 73:159-171. 10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00123-6, 9481807.
34. Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978, 133:429-435. 10.1192/bjp.133.5.429, 728692.
35. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960, 23:56-62. 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56, 495331, 14399272.
36. Lam RW, Michalak EE, Swinson RP. Assessment Scales in Depression, Mania and Anxiety 2005, London and New York: Taylor and Francis.
37. Tohen M, Frank E, Bowden CL, Colom F, Ghaemi SN, Yatham LN, Malhi GS, Calabrese JR, Nolen WA, Vieta E, Kapczinski F, Goodwin GM, Suppes T, Sachs GS, Chengappa KR, Grunze H, Mitchell PB, Kanba S, Berk M. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Task Force report on the nomenclature of course and outcome in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:453-473. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00726.x, 19624385.
38. Tohen M, Stoll AL, Strakowski SM, Foedda GL, Mayer PV, Goodwin DS, Kolbrener ML, Madigan AM. The McLean first episode psychosis project: six-month recovery and recurrence outcome. Schizophrenia Bull 1992, 18:273-282.
39. The EuroQol Group EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990, 16:199-208. The EuroQol Group.
40. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992, 30:473-483. 10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002, 1593914.
41. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Friedman B, Nielsen E, Endicott J, McDonald-Scott P, Andreasen NC. The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 44:540-548. 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009, 3579500.
42. Jablensky A, McGrath J, Herman H, Castle D, Gureje O, Morgan V, Korten A, on behalf of the Low Prevalence Disorders Study Group People living with psychotic illness: an Australian Study. National Surv Ment Health Wellbeing Rep 1999, 4:1-22. on behalf of the Low Prevalence Disorders Study Group.
43. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology http://www.whocc.no/atcddd/indexdatabase/index.php.
44. D'Agostino RB. Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med 1998, 17:2265-2281. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B, 9802183.
45. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983, 70:41-55.
46. Simon J, Pilling S, Burbeck R, Goldberg D. Treatment options in moderate and severe depression: decision analysis supporting a clinical guideline. Br J Psychiatry 2006, 189:494-501. 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.014571, 17139032.
47. Labour Force, Australia, Dec 2005 http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/42C56B422C8DACF4CA25701A0079FFDA?opendocument.
48. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Rice JA, Keller MB. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:530-537. 10.1001/archpsyc.59.6.530, 12044195.
49. Baldessarini R, Henk H, Sklar A, Chang J, Leahy L. Psychotropic medications for patients with bipolar disorder in the United States: polytherapy and adherence. Psychiatr Serv 2008, 59:1175-1183. 10.1176/appi.ps.59.10.1175, 18832504.
50. Williams LJ, Brennan SL, Henry MJ, Berk M, Jacka FN, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA, Pasco JA. Area-based socioeconomic status and mood disorders: cross-sectional evidence from a cohort of randomly selected adult women. Maturitas 2011, 69:173-178. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.03.015, 21514078.
51. Berk M, Malhi GS. Should antipsychotics take pole position in mania treatment?. Lancet 2011, 378:1279-1281. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61060-X, 21851975.