Extreme sensitivity of graphene photoconductivity to environmental gases

Nature Communications

Volumn 3, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Docherty, Callum J ^a   Lin, Cheng Te ^b   Joyce, Hannah J ^a   Nicholas, Robin J ^a   Herz, Laura M ^a   Li, Lain Jong ^b   Johnston, Michael B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GRAPHENE; NITROGEN; OXYGEN;

ADSORPTION; ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT; GRAPHITE; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; PHOTOCHEMISTRY;

ABSORPTION; ADSORPTION; ARTICLE; CONDUCTANCE; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRONICS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GAS; PHOTOCONDUCTION; SYNTHESIS; TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 84870803346     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2235     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666-669 (2004).
2. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438, 197-200 (2005).
3. Geim, A. K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530-1534 (2009).
4. Bao, Q. & Loh, K. P. Graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broad optoelectronic devices. ACS Nano 6, 3677-3694 (2012).
5. Bae, S. et al. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 574-578 (2010).
6. Lin, Y. M., Jenkins, K. A., Valdes-garcia, A., Small, J. P., Farmer, D. B. & Avouris, P. Operation of graphene transistors at gigahertz frequencies. Nano Lett. 9, 422-426 (2009).
7. Wu, Y. Q. et al. High-frequency, scaled graphene transistors on diamond-like carbon. Nature 472, 74-78 (2011).
8. Lin, Y. M. et al. Wafer-scale graphene integrated circuit. Science 332, 1294-1297 (2011).
9. Li, X. S. et al. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312-1314 (2009).
10. Wang, H. N. et al. Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of hot optical phonons in graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 081917 (2010).
11. Klarskov, M. B. et al. Fast and direct measurements of the electrical properties of graphene using micro four-point probes. Nanotechnology 22, 445702 (2011).
12. Docherty, C. J. & Johnston, M. B. Terahertz properties of graphene. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 33, 797-815 (2012).
13. Dawlaty, J. M., Shivaraman, S., Chandrashekhar, M., Rana, F. & Spencer, M. G. Measurement of ultrafast carrier dynamics in epitaxial graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 042116 (2008).
14. Hale, P. J., Hornett, S. M., Moger, J., Horsell, D. W. & Hendry, E. Hot phonon decay in supported and suspended exfoliated graphene. Phys. Rev. B 83, 121404 (2011).
15. George, P. A. et al. Ultrafast optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy of the carrier relaxation and recombination dynamics in epitaxial graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 4248-4251 (2008).
16. Strait, J. H., Wang, H. N., Shivaraman, S., Shields, V., Spencer, M. & Rana, F. Very slow cooling dynamics of photoexcited carriers in graphene observed by optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 11, 4902-4906 (2011).
17. Choi, H. et al. Broadband electromagnetic response and ultrafast dynamics of few-layer epitaxial graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 172102 (2009).
18. Hwang, H. Y., Brandt, N. C., Hootan, F., Hsu, A. L., Kong, J. & Nelson., K. A. Nonlinear THz conductivity dynamics in CVD-grown graphene. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.4985 (2011).
19. Horng, J. et al. Drude conductivity of dirac fermions in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 83, 165113 (2011).
20. Lee, C., Kim, J. Y., Bae, S., Kim, K. S., Hong, B. H. & Choi, E. J. Optical response of large scale single layer graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071905 (2011).
21. Ferrari, A. C. et al. Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006).
22. Nair, R. R. et al. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320, 1308 (2008).
23. Gupta, A., Chen, G., Joshi, P., Tadigadapa, S. & Eklund., P. C. Raman scattering from high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films. Nano Lett. 6, 2667-2673 (2006).
24. Ulbricht, R., Hendry, E., Shan, J., Heinz, T. F. & Bonn, M. Carrier dynamics in semiconductors studied with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 543-586 (2011).
25. Grischkowsky, D., Keiding, S., van Exter, M. & Fattinger, C. Far-infrared timedomain spectroscopy with terahertz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Opt. Phys. 7, 2006-2015 (1990).
26. Ryzhii, V., Ryzhii, M. & Otsuji, T. Negative dynamic conductivity of graphene with optical pumping. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 083114 (2007).
27. Shi, Y. M., Fang, W. J., Zhang, K. K., Zhang, W. J. & Li, L. J. Photoelectrical response in single-layer graphene transistors. Small 5, 2005-2011 (2009).
28. Ito, J., Nakamura, J. & Natori, A. Semiconducting nature of the oxygen-adsorbed graphene sheet. J. Appl. Phys. 103, 113712 (2008).
29. Berashevich, J. & Chakraborty., T. Tunable band gap and magnetic ordering by adsorption of molecules on graphene. Phys. Rev. B 80, 033404 (2009).
30. Dai, J. Y. & Yuan, J. M. Adsorption of molecular oxygen on doped graphene: atomic, electronic, and magnetic properties. Phys. Rev. B 81, 165414 (2010).
31. Ando, T. The electronic properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes. NPG Asia Mater. 1, 17-21 (2009).
32. 2 substrate. Nano Lett. 10, 4944-4951 (2010).
33. Sato, Y., Takai, K. & Enoki, T. Electrically controlled adsorption of oxygen in bilayer graphene devices. Nano Lett. 11, 3468-3475 (2011).
34. Parkinson, P. et al. Carrier lifetime and mobility enhancement in nearly defect-free core-shell nanowires measured using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 9, 3349-3353 (2009).
35. Rana, F. Graphene terahertz plasmon oscillators. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7, 91-99 (2008).
36. Ryzhii, V., Satou, A. & Otsuji, T. Plasma waves in two-dimensional electron-hole system in gated graphene heterostructures. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 024509 (2007).
37. Ju, L. et al. Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 630-634 (2011).
38. Daas, B. K., Nomani, W. K., Daniels, K. M., Sudarshan, T. S., Koley, G. & Chandrashekhar, M. V. S. Molecular gas adsorption induced carrier transport studies of epitaxial graphene using IR reflection spectroscopy. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.4746 (2012).