Risk scores based on self-reported or available clinical data to detect undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

Volumn 98, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 369-385

  Brown, Nicola ^a,b   Critchley, Julia ^c   Bogowicz, Paul ^b   Mayige, Mary ^d   Unwin, Nigel ^e  

^a Asia Diabetes Foundation   (Hong Kong)

^b NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Tanzania)

^e UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES   (Jamaica)

Author keywords

Area under the curve; Mass screening; ROC curve; Systematic review; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ADULT; AGE; AGED; AMERICAN DIABETES RISK SCORE; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; AUSTRALIA; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY MASS; BRAZILIAN SIMPLE PREDICTION MODEL; CAMBRIDGE RISK SCORE; CHINA; CHINESE DIABETES RISK SCORE; CLINICAL STUDY; DANISH RISK SCORE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES RISK SCORE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIET; DPP QUESTIONNAIRE MODIFIED; DUTCH DIABETES RISK SCORE; ETHNICITY; EUROPE; FEMALE; GERMAN DIABETES RISK SCORE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INDIA; INDIAN DIABETES RISK SCORE; INDIAN RISK SCORE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE EAST; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OMAN DIABETES RISK SCORE; PATIENT SELF ASSESSMENT SCORE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REVIEW; ROTTERDAM PREDICTIVE MODEL; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIMPLIFIED DIABETES RISK SCORE; SMOKING; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOUTH AFRICA; SPANISH DIABETES RISK SCORE; SYMPTOM RISK QUESTIONNAIRE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TAIWAN; UNITED STATES; VALIDATION STUDY;

ADIPOSITY; AGE FACTORS; BODY MASS INDEX; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; RISK; SELF REPORT;

EID: 84870665909     PISSN: 01688227     EISSN: 18728227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Whiting D., Guariguata L., Weil C., Shaw J. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011, 94:311-321.
2. International Diabetes Federation IDF Diabetes Atlas 2011, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, Available from http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas [accessed December 2011]. 5th ed.
3. Engelgau M., Narayan K., Herman W. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000, 23:1563-1580.
4. Pickup J., Williams G. Textbook of diabetes 1 2003, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
5. Wareham N., Griffin S. Should we screen for type 2 diabetes? Evaluation against National Screening Committee criteria. BMJ 2001, 322:986-988.
6. Genuth S., Kahn R. A step backward - or is it forward?. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1093-1096.
7. Glumer C., Yuyun M., Griffin S., Farewell D., Spiegelhalter D., Kinmonth A., et al. What determines the cost-effectiveness of diabetes screening?. Diabetologia 2006, 49:1536-1544.
8. Gillies N., Abrams K., Lambert P., Cooper N., Sutton A., Hsu R., et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta analysis. BMJ 2007, 334:299.
9. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J., Valle T., Hamalainen H., Ilanne-Parikka P., et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1343-1350.
10. Perreault L., Ma Y., Dagogo-Jack S., Horton E., Marrero D., Crandall J., et al. Sex differences in diabetes risk and the effect of intensive lifestyle modification in the Diabetes Prevention Programme. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1416-1421.
11. Schwarz P., Peltonen M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes - lessons we have learnt for implementation. Horm Metab Res 2007, 39:636-641.
12. Lloyd-Jones D., Wilson P., Larson M., Beiser A., Leip E., D'Agostino R., et al. Framingham risk score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2004, 94:20-24.
13. Brindle P., Beswick A., Fahey T., Ebrahim S. Accuracy and impact of risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart 2006, 92:1752-1759.
14. Griffin S.J., Little P.S., Hales C.N., Kinmonth A.L., Wareham N.J. Diabetes risk score: towards earlier detection of type 2 diabetes in general practice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000, 16:164-171.
15. Lindstrom J., Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:725-731.
16. Noble D., Mathur R., Dent T., Meads C., Greenhalgh T. Risk models and scores for type 2 diabetes: systematic review. BMJ 2011, 343.
17. Buijsse B., Simmons R., Griffin S., Schulze M. Risk assessment tools for identifying individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Epidemiol Rev 2011, 33:46-62.
18. Royle P., Bain L., Waugh N. Systematic reviews of epidemiology in diabetes: finding the evidence. BMC Med Res Methodol 2005, 5:1-6.
19. Greenhalgh T., Peacock R. Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources. BMJ 2005, 331:1064-1065.
20. Liberati A., Altman D., Tetzlaff J., Mulrow C., Gotzsche P., Loannidis J., et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009, 6:e1000100.
21. Whiting P., Rutjes A., Reitsma J., Bossuty P., Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003, 3:1-13.
22. Whiting P., Weswood M., Rutjes A., Reitsma J., Bossuyt P., Kleijnen J. Evaluation of QUADAS, a tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006, 6:9.
23. The World Bank. Available from: [accessed December 2011]. http://www.worldbank.org/.
24. Zamora J., Abraira V., Muriel A., Khan K., Coomarasamy A. Meta-DiSc: a software for meta-analysis of test accuracy data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006, 6:31.
25. Moher D., Schulz K., Altman D. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials. Lancet 2001, 357:1191-1194.
26. Gao W., Dong Y., Pang Z., Nan H., Wang S., Ren J., et al. A simple Chinese risk score for undiagnosed diabetes. Diabet Med 2010, 27:274-281.
27. Rathmann W., Martin S., Haastert B., Icks A., Holle R., Lowel H., et al. Performance of screening questionnaires and risk scores for undiagnosed diabetes: the KORA Survey 2000. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:436-441.
28. Lin J.W., Chang Y.C., Li H.Y., Chien Y.F., Wu M.Y., Tsai R.Y., et al. Cross-sectional validation of diabetes risk scores for predicting diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease in Taiwanese. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:2294-2296.
29. Witte D., Shipley M., Marmot M., Brunner E. Performance of existing risk scores in screening for undiagnosed diabetes: an external validation study. Diabet Med 2010, 27:46-53.
30. Bergmann A., Li J., Wang L., Schulze J., Bornstein S.R., Schwarz P.E.H. A simplified Finnish diabetes risk score to predict type 2 diabetes risk and disease evolution in a German population. Horm Metab Res 2007, 39:677-682.
31. Hanif M.W., Valsamakis G., Dixon A., Boutsiadis A., Jones A.F., Barnett A.H., et al. Detection of impaired glucose tolerance and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in UK South Asians: an effective screening strategy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008, 10:755-762.
32. Al Khalaf M., Eid M., Alhajry K., Doi S., Thalib L. Screening for diabetes in Kuwait and evaluation of risk scores. East Mediterr Health J 2010, 16:725-731.
33. Glumer C., Vistisen D., Borch-Johnsen K., Colagiuri S. DETECT-2 collaboration risk scores for type 2 diabetes can be applied in some populations but not all. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:410-414.
34. Ruige J.B., de Neeling J.N., Kostense P.J., Bouter L.M., Heine R.J. Performance of an NIDDM screening questionnaire based on symptoms and risk factors. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:491-496.
35. Ramachandran A., Snehalatha C., Vijay V., Wareham N., Colagiuri S. Derivation and validation of diabetes risk score for urban Asian Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005, 70:63-70.
36. Al-Lawati J.A., Tuomilehto J. Diabetes risk score in Oman: a tool to identify prevalent type 2 diabetes among Arabs of the Middle East. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007, 77:438-444.
37. Heikes K.E., Eddy D.M., Arondekar B., Schlessinger L. Diabetes Risk Calculator: a simple tool for detecting undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes [see comment]. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1040-1045.
38. Bang H., Edwards A., Bomback A., Ballantyne C., Brillon D., Callahan M., et al. Development and validation of a patient self-assessment score for diabetes risk. Ann Intern Med 2009, 151:775-783.
39. Bindraban N.R., van Valkengoed I.G.M., Mairuhu G., Holleman F., Hoekstra J.B.L., Michels B.P.J., et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the performance of a risk score among Hindustani Surinamese, African Surinamese and ethnic Dutch: a cross-sectional population-based study. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:271.
40. Spijkerman A.M.W., Yuyun M.F., Griffin S.J., Dekker J.M., Nijpels G., Wareham N.J. The performance of a risk score as a screening test for undiagnosed hyperglycemia in ethnic minority groups: data from the 1999 health survey for England. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:116-122.
41. Korhonen P.E., Jaatinen P.T., Aarnio P.T., Kantola I.M., Saaresranta T. Waist circumference home measurement - a device to find out patients in cardiovascular risk. Eur J Public Health 2009, 19:95-99.
42. Heldgaard P.E., Griffin S.J. Routinely collected general practice data aids identification of people with hyperglycaemia and metabolic syndrome. Diabet Med 2006, 23:996-1002.
43. Leeflang M., Moons K., Reitsma J., Zwinderman A. Bias in sensitivity and specificity caused by data-driven selection of optimal cutoff values: mechanisms, magnitude, and solutions. Clin Chem 2008, 54:729-737.
44. Spijkerman A., Griffin S., Dekker J., Nijpels G., Wareham N.J. What is the risk of mortality for people who are screen positive in a diabetes screening programme but who do not have diabetes on biochemical testing? Diabetes screening programmes from a public health perspective. J Med Screen 2002, 9:187-190.
45. Mohan V., Goldhaber-Fiebert J., Radha V., Gokulakrishman K. Screening with OGTT alone or in combination with the Indian diabetes risk score or genotyping of TCF7L2 to detect undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Indian J Med Res 2011, 133:294-299.
46. Mohan V., Deepa R., Deepa M., Somannavar S., Datta M. A simplified Indian Diabetes Risk Score for screening for undiagnosed diabetic subjects. J Assoc Phys India 2005, 53:759-763.
47. Herman W., Smith P., Thompson T., Engelgau M., Aubert R. A new and simple questionnaire to identify people at increased risk for undiagnosed diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995, 18:382-387.
48. Pires de Sousa A.G., Pereira A.C., Marquezine G.F., Marques do Nascimento-Neto R., Freitas S.N., de C Nicolato R.L., et al. Derivation and external validation of a simple prediction model for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Brazilian urban population. Eur J Epidemiol 2009, 24:101-109.
49. Park P.J., Griffin S.J., Sargeant L., Wareham N.J. The performance of a risk score in predicting undiagnosed hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:984-988.
50. Glumer C., Carstensen B., Sandbaek A., Lauritzen T., Jorgensen T., Borch-Johnsen K., et al. A Danish diabetes risk score for targeted screening: the Inter99 study. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:727-733.
51. Glumer C., Borch-Johnsen K., Colagiuri S. Can a screening programme for diabetes be applied to another population?. Diabet Med 2005, 22:1234-1238.
52. Franciosi M., De Berardis G., Rossi M.C., Sacco M., Belfiglio M., Pellegrini F., et al. Use of the diabetes risk score for opportunistic screening of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: the IGLOO (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Long-Term Outcomes Observational) study. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1187-1194.
53. Saaristo T., Peltonen M., Lindstrom J., Saarikoski L., Sundvall J., Eriksson J., et al. Cross-sectional evaluation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score: a tool to identify undetected type 2 diabetes, abnormal glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2005, 2:67-72.
54. Schulze M., Hoffman K., Boeing H., Linseisen J., Rohrmann S., Mohlig M., et al. An accurate risk score based on anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle factors to predict the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:510-515.
55. Bann C., Ruige J., Stolk R., Witteman J., Dekker J., Heine R., et al. Performance of a predictive model to identify undiagnosed diabetes in a health care setting. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:213-219.
56. Li J., Bergmann A., Reimann M., Bornstein S.R., Schwarz P.E.H. A more simplified Finnish diabetes risk score for opportunistic screening of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in a German population with a family history of the metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2009, 41:98-103.
57. Cabrera de Leon A., Coello S.D., Rodriguez Perez M.D.C., Medina M.B., Almeida Gonzalez D., Diaz B.B., et al. A simple clinical score for type 2 diabetes mellitus screening in the Canary Islands. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008, 80:128-133.