PTSD as meaning violation: Testing a cognitive worldview perspective

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 66-73

  Park, Crystal L ^a   Mills, Mary Alice ^a   Edmondson, Donald ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

belief violation; cognitive perspective; meaning; trauma; trauma appraisals

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870660905     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018792     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Adams, R., & Boscarino, J. (2006). Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after disaster: The impact of exposure and psychosocial resources. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 485-493.
2. Agar, E., Kennedy, P., & King, N. S. (2006). The role of negative cognitive appraisals in PTSD symptoms following spinal cord injuries. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 437-452.
3. Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716-723.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Arbuckle, J. L. (2007). Amos 16.0 user's guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
7. Bentler, P., & Chou, C. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16, 78-117.
8. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
9. Brewin, C., & Holmes, E. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 339-376.
10. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
11. Cleiren, M. P. H. D. (1993). Bereavement and adaptation: A comparative study of the aftermath of death. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
12. Clohessy, S., & Ehlers, A. (1999). PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 251-265.
13. Dalgleish, T. (2004). Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 228-260.
14. Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (1999). Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 809-829.
15. Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1063-1084.
16. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
17. Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413-431.
18. Ehlers, A., & Steil, R. (1995). Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A cognitive approach. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 217-249.
19. Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2006). Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1699-1716.
20. Epstein, S. (1991). The self-concept, the traumatic neurosis, and the structure of personality. In D. J. Ozer, J. M. Healy, & A. J. Stewart (Eds.), Perspectives in personality (Vol. 3, pp. 63-98). London, England: King-sley.
21. Fairbrother, N., & Rachman, S. (2006). PTSD in victims of sexual assault: A test of a major component of the Ehlers-Clark theory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37, 74-93.
22. Field, E. L., Norman, P., & Barton, J. (2008). Cross-sectional and prospective associations between cognitive appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following stroke. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 62-70.
23. Foa, E., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of PTSD: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445-451.
24. Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303-314.
25. Foa, E. B., & Riggs, D. S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. In J. Oldham, M. B. Riba, & A. Tasman (Eds.), American psychiatric press review of psychiatry (Vol. 12, pp. 273-303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
26. Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
27. Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualisation of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155-176.
28. Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes (2nd ed.). Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
29. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
30. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113-136.
31. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York, NY: Free Press.
32. Jind, L. (2001). Do traumatic events influence cognitive schemata? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 113-120.
33. Kangas, M., Henry, J. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2005). Predictors of posttrau-matic stress disorder following cancer. Health Psychology, 24, 579-585.
34. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
35. Kubany, E., Hayes, S., Leisen, M., Owens, J., Kaplan, A., Watson, S., & Burns, K. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12, 210-224.
36. Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512.
37. Mayou, R., Bryant, B., & Ehlers, A. (2001). Prediction of psychological outcomes one year after a motor vehicle accident. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1231-1238.
38. McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
39. Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Simons, R. F., & Foa, E. B. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed college students: The role of trauma-related cognitions, gender, and negative affect. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 1039-1049.
40. Newman, E., Riggs, D. S., & Roth, S. (1997). Thematic resolution, PTSD, and complex PTSD: The relationship between meaning and trauma-related diagnoses. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 197-213.
41. O'Donnell, M. L., Elliott, P., Wolfgang, B. J., & Creamer, M. (2007). Posttraumatic appraisals in the development and persistence of posttrau-matic stress symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 173-182.
42. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73.
43. Park, C. L. (2008). Testing the meaning making model of coping with loss. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 970-994.
44. Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 257-301.
45. Park, C. L., & Edmondson, D. (2009). Assessment of meaning making. Unpublished manuscript.
46. Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., Fenster, J. R., & Blank, T. O. (2008). Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: The mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just world beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 863-875.
47. Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). The role of meaning in the context of stress and coping. General Review of Psychology, 1, 115-144.
48. Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1990). The Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, 6, 227-236.
49. Peters, C. L. O., & Enders, C. (2002). A primer for the estimation of structural equation models in the presence of missing data: Maximum likelihood algorithms. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 11, 81-95.
50. Pyevich, C. M., Newman, E., & Daleiden, E. (2003). The relationship among cognitive schemas, job-related traumatic exposure, and posttrau-matic stress disorder in journalists. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 325-328.
51. Rauch, S., & Foa, E. (2006). Emotional processing theory (EPT) and exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36, 61-65.
52. Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., Price, J. L., & Chard, K. M. (2007). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans' Affairs.
53. Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims: A treatment manual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
54. Silver, R., Boon, C., & Stones, M. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81-101.
55. van der Veek, S., Kraaij, V., Van Koppen, W., Garnefski, N., & Joekes, K. (2007). Goal disturbance, cognitive coping and psychological distress in HIV-infected persons. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 225-230.
56. Varra, E. M., Pearlman, L. A., Brock, K. J., & Hodgson, S. T. (2008). Factor analysis of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale: A measure of cognitive schema disruption related to traumatic stress. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 7, 185-196.