Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 136, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 257-301

  Park, Crystal L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

cognitive processing; meaning making; stress; trauma; worldviews

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; COGNITION; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MENTAL FUNCTION; MENTAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; COGNITION; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MENTAL PROCESSES; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 77649217982     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018301     Document Type: Article

References (335)

1. Abbey A., and Halman L.J. The role of perceived control, attributions, and meaning in members of infertile couples' well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 14 (1995) 271-296
2. Affleck G., Tennen H., and Gershman K. Cognitive adaptations to high-risk infants: The search for mastery, meaning, and protection from future harm. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 89 (1985) 653-656
3. Affleck G., Tennen H., Urrows S., Higgins P., Abeles M., Hall C., and Newton C. Fibromyalgia and women's pursuit of personal goals: A daily process analysis. Health Psychology 17 (1998) 40-47
4. Agar E., Kennedy P., and King N.S. The role of negative cognitive appraisals in PTSD symptoms following spinal cord injuries. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34 (2006) 437-452
5. Aldwin C.M. Stress, coping, and development: An integrative approach (2007), Guilford, New York, NY
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (1994), Author, Washington, DC
7. Ano G., and Vasconcelles E. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology 61 (2005) 461-480
8. Armeli S., Gunthert K.C., and Cohen L.H. Stressor appraisals, coping, and post-event outcomes: The dimensionality and antecedents of stress-related growth. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 20 (2001) 366-395
9. Armour M. Meaning making in the aftermath of homicide. Death Studies 27 (2003) 519-540
10. Austin J.T., and Vancouver J.B. Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin 120 (1996) 338-375
11. Barsalou L.W. Cognitive and neural contributions to understanding the conceptual system. Current Directions in Psychological Science 17 (2008) 91-95
12. Baumeister R.F. Meanings in life (1991), Guilford, New York, NY
13. Baumeister R.F., Vohs K.D., and Funder D.C. Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: Whatever happened to actual behavior?. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2 (2007) 396-403
14. Beck J.G., Grant D.M., Read J.P., Clapp J.D., Coffey S.F., Miller L.M., and Palyo S.A. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22 (2008) 187-198
15. Block J. Assimilation, accommodation, and the dynamics of personality development. Child Development 53 (1982) 281-295
16. Bluck S., and Habermas T. Extending the study of autobiographical memory: Thinking back about life across the life span. Review of General Psychology 5 (2001) 135-147
17. Boals A., and Klein K. Word use in emotional narratives about failed romantic relationships and subsequent mental health. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 24 (2005) 252-268
18. Boehmer S., Luszczynska A., and Schwarzer R. Coping and quality of life after tumor surgery: Personal and social resources promote different domains of quality of life. Anxiety, Stress & Coping 20 (2007) 61-75
19. Boelen P.A., Kip H.J., Voorsluijs J.J., and van den Bout J. Irrational beliefs and basic assumptions in bereaved university students: A comparison study. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy 22 (2004) 111-129
20. Boersma S.N., Maes S., and Joekes K. Goal disturbance in relation to anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life after myocardial infarction. Quality of Life Research 14 (2005) 2265-2275
21. Boersma S.N., Maes S., and van Elderen T. Goal disturbance predicts health-related quality of life and depression 4 months after myocardial infarction. British Journal of Health Psychology 10 (2005) 615-630
22. Bonanno G.A., and Kaltman S. Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin 125 (1999) 760-776
23. Bonanno G.A., and Keltner D. The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing "on-line" measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition & Emotion 18 (2004) 431-444
24. Bonanno G.A., Papa A., Lalande K., Zhang N., and Noll J.G. Grief processing and deliberate grief avoidance: A prospective comparison of bereaved spouses and parents in the United States and the People's Republic of China. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73 (2005) 86-98
25. Bonanno G.A., Wortman C.B., Lehman D.R., Tweed R.G., Haring M., Sonnega J., and Nesse R.M. Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 1150-1164
26. Bonanno G.A., Wortman C.B., and Nesse R.M. Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood. Psychology and Aging 19 (2004) 260-271
27. Bower J.E., Kemeny M.E., Taylor S.E., and Fahey J.L. Cognitive processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 979-986
28. Bower J.E., Kemeny M.E., Taylor S.E., and Fahey J.L. Finding positive meaning and its association with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among participants in a bereavement-related disclosure intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 25 (2003) 146-155
29. Bramsen I., van der Ploeg H.M., van der Kamp L.J.T., and Adèr H.J. Exposure to traumatic war events and neuroticism: The mediating role of attributing meaning. Personality and Individual Differences 32 (2002) 747-760
30. Brandtstädter J. Searching for paths to successful development and aging: Integrating developmental and action-theoretical perspectives. In: Pulkkinen L., and Caspi A. (Eds). Paths to successful development: Personality in the life course (2002), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 380-408
31. Brandtstädter J. Adaptive resources in later life: Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment. In: Csikszentmihalyi M., and Csikszentmihalyi I.S. (Eds). A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (2006), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 143-164
32. Bressan P., Kramer P., and Germani M. Visual attentional capture predicts belief in a meaningful world. Cortex 44 (2008) 1299-1306
33. Bulman R.J., and Wortman C.B. Attributions of blame and coping in the "real world": Severe accident victims react to their lot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 351-363
34. Buunk A.P., and Gibbons F.X. Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 102 (2007) 3-21
35. Calhoun L.G., and Tedeschi R.G. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (2006), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
36. Carver C.S., and Scheier M.F. On the self-regulation of behavior (1998), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY
37. Carver C.S., and Scheier M.F. Scaling back goals and recalibration of the affect system are processes in normal adaptive self-regulation: Understanding "response shift" phenomena. Social Science & Medicine 50 (2000) 1715-1722
38. Carver C.S., Scheier M.F., and Weintraub J.K. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 267-283
39. Chan T.H.Y., Ho R.T.H., and Chan C.L.W. Developing an outcome measurement for meaning-making intervention with Chinese cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 16 (2007) 843-850
40. Chandler M., Kennedy P., and Sandhu N. The association between threat appraisals and psychological adjustment in partners of people with spinal cord injuries. Rehabilitation Psychology 52 (2007) 470-477
41. Christie K.M., Meyerowitz B.E., Giedzinska-Simons A., Gross M., and Angus D.B. Predictors of affect following treatment decision-making for prostate cancer: Conversations, cognitive processing, and coping. Psycho-Oncology 18 (2009) 508-514
42. Chun C., Moos R.H., and Cronkite R.C. Culture: A fundamental context for the stress and coping paradigm. In: Wong P.T.P., and Wong L.C.J. (Eds). Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (2006), Spring, Dallas, TX 29-53
43. Clark L.F. Stress and the cognitive-conversational benefits of social interaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 12 (1993) 25-55
44. Clark L.F., Henry S.M., and Taylor D.M. Cognitive examination of motivation for childbearing as a factor in adjustment to infertility. In: Stanton A.L., and Dunkel-Schetter C. (Eds). Infertility: Perspectives from stress and coping research (1991), Plenum, New York, NY 157-180
45. Cleiren M.P.H.D. Bereavement and adaptation: A comparative study of the aftermath of death (1993), Hemisphere, Washington, DC
46. Collie K., and Long B.C. Considering "meaning" in the context of breast cancer. Journal of Health Psychology 10 (2005) 843-853
47. Cooper H. Psychological Bulletin: Editorial. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 3-9
48. Cooper J. Cognitive dissonance: Fifty years of a classic theory (2007), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
49. Cordova M.J., Cunningham L.L.C., Carlson C.R., and Andrykowski M.A. Social constraints, cognitive processing, and adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001) 706-711
50. Côté-Arsenault D. Threat appraisal, coping, and emotions across pregnancy subsequent to perinatal loss. Nursing Research 56 (2007) 108-116
51. Creamer M., Burgess P., and Pattison P. Reaction to trauma: A cognitive processing model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 452-459
52. Creswell J.D., Lam S., Stanton A.L., Taylor S.E., Bower J.E., and Sherman D.K. Does self-affirmation, cognitive processing, or discovery of meaning explain cancer-related health benefits of expressive writing?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (2007) 238-250
53. Crossley M.L. Narrative psychology, trauma and the study of self/identity. Theory & Psychology 10 (2000) 527-546
54. Currier J., Holland J., and Neimeyer R. Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: Toward a mediational model. Death Studies 30 (2006) 403-428
55. Dalgleish T. Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004) 228-260
56. Danhauer S.C., Carlson C.R., and Andrykowski M.A. Positive psychosocial functioning in later life: Use of meaning-based coping strategies by nursing home residents. Journal of Applied Gerontology 24 (2005) 299-318
57. Davis C., and MacDonald S. Threat appraisals, distress and the development of positive life changes after September 11th in a Canadian sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 33 (2004) 68-78
58. Davis C., and Morgan M. Finding meaning, perceiving growth, and acceptance of tinnitus. Rehabilitation Psychology 53 (2008) 128-138
59. Davis C.G., Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Larson J. Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 561-574
60. Davis C., Wortman C.B., Lehman D.R., and Silver R. Searching for meaning in loss: Are clinical assumptions correct?. Death Studies 24 (2000) 497-540
61. Degner L.F., Hack T., O'Neil J., and Kristjanson L.J. A new approach to eliciting meaning in the context of breast cancer. Cancer Nursing 26 (2003) 169-178
62. Denkers A., and Winkel F.W. Crime victims and their social network: A field study on the cognitive effects of victimisation, attributional responses and the victim-blaming model. International Review of Victimology 3 (1995) 309-322
63. De Ridder D., and Kuijer R. Reconsidering illness-related goals: Is discrepancy resolved by confronting emotions?. Psychology & Health 22 (2007) 107-122
64. Dirksen S.R. Search for meaning in long-term cancer survivors. Journal of Advanced Nursing 21 (1995) 628-633
65. Dittman-Kohli F., and Westerhof G.J. The personal meaning system in a life-span perspective. In: Reker G.T., and Chamberlain K. (Eds). Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life span (1999), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 107-122
66. Dollinger S.J. The need for meaning following disaster: Attributions and emotional upset. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12 (1986) 300-310
67. Donnelly D.A., and Murray E.J. Cognitive and emotional changes in written essays and therapy interviews. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 10 (1991) 334-350
68. Downey G., Silver R., and Wortman C. Reconsidering the attribution-adjustment relation following a major negative event: Coping with the loss of a child. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 925-940
69. Draucker C.B. Cognitive adaptation of female incest survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57 (1989) 668-670
70. DuHamel K.N., Manne S., Nereo N., Ostroff J., Martini R., Parsons S., and Redd W.H. Cognitive processing among mothers of children undergoing bone marrow/stem cell transplantation. Psychosomatic Medicine 66 (2004) 92-103
71. Ehlers A., and Clark D.M. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 319-345
72. Ehlers A., and Clark D.M. Predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Trauma memories and appraisals. In: Rothbaum B.O. (Ed). Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (2006), Guilford, New York, NY 39-55
73. Emmons R.A. Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1058-1068
74. Emmons R.A. Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In: Keyes C.L.M., and Haidt J. (Eds). Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (2003), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 105-128
75. Epstein S. The self-concept, the traumatic neurosis, and the structure of personality. In: Ozer D., Healy J.N., and Stewart A.J. (Eds). Perspectives in personality (1991), Kingsley, London, England 63-98
76. Esterling B.A., Antoni M.H., Fletcher M.A., Margulies S., and Schneiderman N. Emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (1994) 130-140
77. Eton D.T., Lepore S.J., and Helgeson V.S. Psychological distress in spouses of men treated for early-stage prostate carcinoma. Cancer 103 (2005) 2412-2418
78. Everly G.S.J., and Lating J.M. Personality-guided therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
79. Evers A.W., Kraaimaat F.W., van Lankveld W., Jongen P.J., Jacobs J.W., and Bijlsma J.W. Beyond unfavorable thinking: The Illness Cognition Questionnaire for chronic diseases. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001) 1026-1036
80. Fabricatore A.N., Handal P.J., and Fenzel L.M. Personal spirituality as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and subjective well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology 28 (2000) 221-228
81. Fairbrother N., and Rachman S. PTSD in victims of sexual assault: Test of a major component of the Ehlers-Clark theory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 37 (2006) 74-93
82. Farran C.J., Miller B.H., Kaufman J.E., and Davis L. Race, finding meaning, and caregiver distress. Journal of Aging and Health 9 (1997) 316-333
83. Feeny N.C., and Foa E.B. Cognitive vulnerability to PTSD. In: Alloy L.B., and Riskind J.H. (Eds). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (2006), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 285-301
84. Ferguson E., Matthews G., and Cox T. The Appraisal of Life Events (ALE) Scale: Reliability and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology 4 (1999) 97-116
85. Ferrans C.E. Definitions and conceptual models of quality of life. In: Lipscomb J., Gotay C.C., and Snyder C. (Eds). Outcomes assessment in cancer: Measures, methods, and applications (2005), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 14-30
86. Festinger L. A theory of cognitive dissonance (1957), Row, Peterson, Oxford, England
87. Fife B. The measurement of meaning in illness. Social Science & Medicine 40 (1995) 1021-1028
88. Fife B.L. The role of constructed meaning in adaptation to the onset of life-threatening illness. Social Science & Medicine 61 (2005) 2132-2143
89. Filipp S.H. A three-stage model of coping with loss and trauma. In: Maercker A., Schützwohl M., and Solomon Z. (Eds). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A lifespan development perspective (1999), Hogrefe & Huber, Seattle, WA 43-78
90. Foa E.B., Ehlers A., Clark D.M., Tolin D.F., and Orsillo S.M. The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment 11 (1999) 303-314
91. Foa E.B., Huppert J.D., and Cahill S.P. Emotional processing theory: An update. In: Rothbaum B.O. (Ed). Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (2006), Guilford, New York, NY 3-24
92. Foa E.B., and Kozak M.J. Treatment of anxiety disorders: Implications for psychopathology. In: Tuma A.H., and Maser J.D. (Eds). Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 421-452
93. Foa E., and Kozak M. Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin 99 (1986) 20-35
94. Foa E.B., and Rauch S.A.M. Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (2004) 879-884
95. Folkman S. Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science & Medicine 45 (1997) 1207-1221
96. Folkman S., Lazarus R.S., Dunkel-Schetter C., DeLongis A., and Gruen R.J. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 992-1003
97. Folkman S., and Moskowitz J.T. Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 647-654
98. Folkman S., and Moskowitz J. Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology 55 (2004) 745-774
99. Folkman S., and Moskowitz J.T. Positive affect and meaning-focused coping during significant psychological stress. In: Hewstone M., Schut H.A.W., de Wit J.B.F., van den Bos K., and Stroebe M.S. (Eds). The scope of social psychology: Theory and applications (2007), Psychology Press, New York, NY 193-208
100. Ford M.E., and Nichols C.W. A taxonomy of human goals and some possible applications. In: Ford M.E., and Ford D.H. (Eds). Humans as self-constructing living systems: Putting the framework to work (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 289-311
101. Franklin K.M., Janoff-Bulman R., and Roberts J.E. Long-term impact of parental divorce on optimism and trust: Changes in general assumptions or narrow beliefs?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 743-755
102. Frazier P., Conlon A., and Glaser T. Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001) 1048-1055
103. Frazier P.A., Mortensen H., and Steward J. Coping strategies as mediators of the relations among perceived control and distress in sexual assault survivors. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52 (2005) 267-278
104. Frazier P., Tashiro T., Berman M., Steger M., and Long J. Correlates of levels and patterns of positive life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (2004) 19-30
105. Gangstad B., Norman P., and Barton J. Cognitive processing and posttraumatic growth after stroke. Rehabilitation Psychology 54 (2009) 69-75
106. Garratt G., Ingram R.E., Rand K.L., and Sawalani G. Cognitive processes in cognitive therapy: Evaluation of the mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 14 (2007) 224-239
107. Giese-Davis J., Conrad A., Nouriani B., and Spiegel D. Exploring emotion regulation and autonomic physiology in metastatic breast cancer patients: Repression, suppression, and restraint of hostility. Personality and Individual Differences 44 (2008) 226-237
108. Gignac M.A.M., and Gottlieb B.H. Caregivers' appraisals of efficacy in coping with dementia. Psychology and Aging 11 (1996) 214-225
109. Gilbert K.R. Taking a narrative approach to grief research: Finding meaning in stories. Death Studies 26 (2002) 223-239
110. Gillies J., and Neimeyer R.A. Loss, grief, and the search for significance: Toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology 19 (2006) 31-65
111. Ginzburg K. PTSD and world assumptions following myocardial infarction: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 74 (2004) 286-292
112. Glinder J.G., and Compas B.E. Self-blame attributions in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer: A prospective study of psychological adjustment. Health Psychology 18 (1999) 475-481
113. Gluhoski V.L., and Wortman C.B. The impact of trauma on world views. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 (1996) 417-429
114. Gortner E., Rude S.S., and Pennebaker J.W. Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy 37 (2006) 292-303
115. Gotay C.C. Why me? Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients and their mates at two stages in the disease process. Social Science & Medicine 20 (1985) 825-831
116. Graham J., Lobel M., Glass P., and Lokshina I. Effects of written anger expression in chronic pain patients: Making meaning from pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31 (2008) 201-212
117. Gray M.J., Maguen S., and Litz B.T. Schema constructs and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: du Toit P., Stein D., Riso L.P., and Young J. (Eds). Cognitive schemas and core beliefs in psychological problems: A scientist-practitioner guide (2007), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 59-92
118. Graybeal A., Sexton J.D., and Pennebaker J.W. The role of story-making in disclosure writing: The psychometrics of narrative. Psychology & Health 17 (2002) 571-581
119. Greenberg M.A. Cognitive processing of traumas: The role of intrusive thoughts and reappraisals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25 (1995) 1262-1295
120. Grossman F.K., Sorsoli L., and Kia-Keating M. A gale force wind: Meaning making by male survivors of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76 (2006) 434-443
121. Harvey J., Orbuch T., Chwalisz K., and Garwood G. Coping with sexual assault: The roles of account-making and confiding. Journal of Traumatic Stress 4 (1991) 515-531
122. Hayes A.M., Beevers C.G., Feldman G.C., Laurenceau J., and Perlman C. Avoidance and processing as predictors of symptom change and positive growth in an integrative therapy for depression. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12 (2005) 111-122
123. Hayes A.M., Laurenceau J., Feldman G., Strauss J.L., and Cardaciotto L. Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review 27 (2007) 715-723
124. Heine S.J., Proulx T., and Vohs K.D. The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (2006) 88-110
125. Helgeson V.S., Lopez L., and Mennella C. Benefit finding among children and adolescents with diabetes. In: Park C.L., Lechner S., Antoni M.H., and Stanton A. (Eds). Medical illness and positive life change: Can crisis lead to personal transformation? (2009), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 65-86
126. Helgeson V.S., Reynolds K.A., and Tomich P.L. A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2006) 797-816
127. Hobfoll S.E., Dunahoo C.A., and Monnier J. Conservation of resources and traumatic stress. In: Freedy J.R., and Hobfoll S.E. (Eds). Traumatic stress: From theory to practice (1995), Plenum, New York, NY 29-47
128. Holland J.M., Currier J.M., and Neimeyer R.A. Meaning reconstruction in the first two years of bereavement: The role of sense-making and benefit-finding. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 53 (2006) 175-191
129. Horowitz M. Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. Archives of General Psychiatry 32 (1975) 1457-1463
130. Horowitz M.J. Stress-response syndromes: A review of posttraumatic and adjustment disorders. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 37 (1986) 241-249
131. Horowitz M.J. Person schemas. In: Horowitz M. (Ed). Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns (1992), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 13-32
132. Horowitz M.J., Wilner N., and Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 41 (1979) 209-218
133. Hunt M., Schloss H., Moonat S., Poulos S., and Wieland J. Emotional processing versus cognitive restructuring in response to a depressing life event. Cognitive Therapy and Research 31 (2007) 833-851
134. Ibrahim F.A., and Kahn H. Assessment of world views. Psychological Reports 60 (1987) 163-176
135. Jacobs L.M., Burns K., and Bennett Jacobs B. Trauma death: Views of the public and trauma professionals on death and dying from injuries. Archives of Surgery 143 (2008) 730-735
136. Janoff-Bulman R. Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition 7 (1989) 113-136
137. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma (1992), Free Press, New York, NY
138. Janoff-Bulman R., and Frantz C.M. The impact of trauma on meaning: From meaningless world to meaningful life. In: Power M.J., and Brewin C.R. (Eds). The transformation of meaning in psychological therapies: Integrating theory and practice (1997), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ 91-106
139. Janoff-Bulman R., and Frieze I.H. A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 1-17
140. Jeavons S., Greenwood K.M., and de L. Horne D.J. Accident cognitions and subsequent psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13 (2000) 359-365
141. Jim H.S., Richardson S.A., Golden-Kreutz D.M., and Andersen B.L. Strategies used in coping with a cancer diagnosis predict meaning in life for survivors. Health Psychology 25 (2006) 753-761
142. Jind L. Parents' adjustment to late abortion, stillbirth or infant death: The role of causal attributions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 44 (2003) 383-394
143. Joekes K., Maes S., Boersma S., and van Elderen T.M.T. Goal disturbance, coping, and psychological distress in partners of myocardial infarction patients: Taking account of the dyad. Anxiety, Stress & Coping 18 (2005) 255-267
144. Johnson-Vickberg S.M., Duhamel K.N., Smith M.Y., Manne S.L., Winkel G., Papadopoulos E.B., and Redd W.H. Global meaning and psychological adjustment among survivors of bone marrow transplant. Psycho-Oncology 10 (2001) 29-39
145. Joseph S., and Linley P.A. Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology 9 (2005) 262-280
146. Kaler M., Frazier P., Anders S., Tashiro T., Tornich P., Tennen H., and Park C. Assessing the psychometric properties of the World Asssumptions Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress 21 (2008) 326-332
147. Karoly P. A goal systems-self-regulatory perspective on personality, psychopathology, and change. Review of General Psychology 3 (1999) 264-291
148. Keese N.J., Currier J.M., and Neimeyer R.A. Predictors of grief following the death of one's child: The contribution of finding meaning. Journal of Clinical Psychology 64 (2008) 1145-1163
149. Kennedy-Moore E., and Watson J. How and when does emotional expression help?. Review of General Psychology 5 (2001) 187-212
150. King L.A., Hicks J.A., Krull J.L., and Del Gaiso A.K. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006) 179-196
151. Klein K., and Boals A. Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130 (2001) 520-533
152. Klinger E. Meaning and void: Inner experience and the incentives in people's lives (1977), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
153. Klinger E. The search for meaning in evolutionary perspective and its clinical implications. In: Wong P.T.P., and Fry P.S. (Eds). The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 27-50
154. Koltko-Rivera M.E. The psychology of worldviews. Review of General Psychology 8 (2004) 3-58
155. Koss M.P., and Figueredo A.J. Change in cognitive mediators of rape's impact on psychosocial health across 2 years of recovery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (2004) 1063-1072
156. Kross E., Ayduk O., and Mischel W. When asking "why" does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 709-715
157. Kubany E.S., and Manke F.P. Cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt: Conceptual bases and treatment outlines. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2 (1995) 27-61
158. Kuijer R.G., and de Ridder D.T.D. Discrepancy in illness-related goals and quality of life in chronically ill patients: The role of self-efficacy. Psychology & Health 18 (2003) 313-330
159. Lazarus R.S. Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist 46 (1991) 352-367
160. Lazarus R.S. Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine 55 (1993) 234-247
161. Lazarus R.S., and Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping (1984), Springer, New York, NY
162. Leary M.R., and Tangney J.P. The self as an organizing construct in the behavioral sciences. In: Leary M.R., and Tangney J.P. (Eds). Handbook of self and identity (2003), Guilford, New York, NY 3-14
163. Lee V., Cohen S.R., Edgar L., Laizner A.M., and Gagnon A.J. Clarifying "meaning" in the context of cancer research: A systematic literature review. Palliative and Supportive Care 2 (2004) 291-303
164. Lee V., Cohen S.R., Edgar L., Laizner A.M., and Gagnon A.J. Meaning-making intervention during breast or colorectal cancer treatment improves self-esteem, optimism, and self-efficacy. Social Science & Medicine 62 (2006) 3133-3145
165. Lehman D.R., Wortman C.B., and Williams A.F. Long-term effects of losing a spouse or child in a motor vehicle crash. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 218-231
166. Lepore S.J. Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 1030-1037
167. Lepore S.J. A social-cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer. In: Baum A., and Andersen B.L. (Eds). Psychosocial interventions for cancer (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 99-118
168. Lepore S.J., and Greenberg M.A. Mending broken hearts: Effects of expressive writing on mood, cognitive processing, social adjustment and health following a relationship breakup. Psychology & Health 17 (2002) 547-560
169. Lepore S.J., and Helgeson V.S. Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and mental health after prostate cancer. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 17 (1998) 89-106
170. Lepore S.J., and Kernan W.D. Searching for and making meaning after breast cancer: Prevalence, patterns, and negative affect. Social Science & Medicine 68 (2009) 1176-1182
171. Lepore S.J., Silver R.C., Wortman C.B., and Wayment H.A. Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 271-282
172. Lerner M. The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion (1980), Plenum, New York, NY
173. Lestideau O.T., and Lavallee L.F. Structured writing about current stressors: The benefits of developing plans. Psychology & Health 22 (2007) 659-676
174. Linville P.W. Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 663-676
175. Little B.R. Personal Projects Analysis [Computer software] (2009). http://www.brianrlittle.com/ppa/index.htm Retrieved from http://www.brianrlittle.com/ppa/index.htm
176. Low C.A., Stanton A.L., and Danoff-Burg S. Expressive disclosure and benefit finding among breast cancer patients: Mechanisms for positive health effects. Health Psychology 25 (2006) 181-189
177. Lutgendorf S.K., and Antoni M.H. Emotional and cognitive processing in a trauma disclosure paradigm. Cognitive Therapy and Research 23 (1999) 423-440
178. Lykins E.L., Segerstrom S.C., Averill A.J., Evans D.R., and Kemeny M.E. Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (2007) 1088-1099
179. Maes S., and Karoly P. Self-regulation assessment and intervention in physical health and illness: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review 54 (2005) 267-299
180. Magwaza A.S. Assumptive world of traumatized South African adults. Journal of Social Psychology 139 (1999) 622-630
181. Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2008). Do shattered worldviews lead to complicated grief? Prospective and longitudinal analyses. Unpublished manuscript.
182. Manne S., Ostroff J., Fox K., Grana G., and Winkel G. Cognitive and social processes predicting partner psychological adaptation to early stage breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology 14 (2009) 49-68
183. Martin L.L., and Tesser A. Some ruminative thoughts. In: Wyer R.S. (Ed). Advances in social cognition (1996), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 1-47
184. Matthews L.T., and Marwit S.J. Examining the assumptive worldviews of parents bereaved by accident, murder, and illness. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 48 (2004) 115-136
185. McGregor I., and Little B.R. Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 494-512
186. McIntosh D.N. Religion-as-schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 5 (1995) 1-16
187. McIntosh D.N., Silver R.C., and Wortman C.B. Religion's role in adjustment to a negative life event: Coping with the loss of a child. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 812-821
188. McLean K.C., and Pratt M.W. Life's little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology 42 (2006) 714-722
189. McMillen J.C., Smith E.M., and Fisher R.H. Perceived benefit and mental health after three types of disaster. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 (1997) 733-739
190. McMillen C., Zuravin S., and Rideout G. Perceived benefit from child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 (1995) 1037-1043
191. Mendoza-Denton R., and Hansen N. Networks of meaning: Intergroup relations, cultural worldviews, and knowledge activation principles. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1 (2007) 68-83
192. Michael S.T., and Snyder C.R. Getting unstuck: The roles of hope, finding meaning, and rumination in the adjustment to bereavement among college students. Death Studies 29 (2005) 435-458
193. Mischel W., and Morf C.C. The self as a psycho-social dynamic processing system: A meta- perspective on a century of the self in psychology. In: Leary M.R., and Tangney J.P. (Eds). Handbook of self and identity (2003), Guilford, New York, NY 15-43
194. Moore T., Norman P., Harris P.R., and Makris M. Cognitive appraisals and psychological distress following venous thromboembolic disease: An application of the theory of cognitive adaptation. Social Science & Medicine 63 (2006) 2395-2406
195. Moulds M.L., and Bryant R.A. Automatic versus effortful influences in the processing of traumatic material in acute stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research 28 (2004) 805-817
196. Murphy S.A., Johnson L.C., and Lohan J. Finding meaning in a child's violent death: A five-year prospective analysis of parents' personal narratives and empirical data. Death Studies 27 (2003) 381-404
197. Murray E.J., Lamnin A.D., and Carver C.S. Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8 (1989) 414-429
198. Nadeau J.W. Family construction of meaning. In: Neimeyer R.A. (Ed). Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 95-111
199. Neimeyer R.A. The language of loss: Grief therapy as a process of meaning reconstruction. In: Neimeyer R.A. (Ed). Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 261-292
200. Neimeyer R.A., Baldwin S.A., and Gillies J. Continuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: Mitigating complications in bereavement. Death Studies 30 (2006) 715-738
201. Neimeyer R.A., Prigerson H.G., and Davies B. Mourning and meaning. American Behavioral Scientist 46 (2002) 235-251
202. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Larson J. Coping with loss (1999), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
203. Nolen-Hoeksema S., McBride A., and Larson J. Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 855-862
204. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Morrow J. A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 115-121
205. O'Connor M. Making meaning of life events: Theory, evidence, and research directions for an alternative model. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 46 (2002) 51-75
206. Orbuch T.L., Harvey J.H., Davis S.H., and Merbach N.J. Account-making and confiding as acts of meaning in response to sexual assault. Journal of Family Violence 9 (1994) 249-264
207. Owen J., Klapow J., Roth D., Shuster J.L., Bellis M., Meredith R., and Tucker D.C. Randomized pilot of a self-guided Internet coping group for women with early-stage breast cancer. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 30 (2005) 54-64
208. Owens G.P., Pike J.L., and Chard K.M. Treatment effects of cognitive processing therapy on cognitive distortions of female child sexual abuse survivors. Behavior Therapy 32 (2001) 413-424
209. Pakenham K.I. Making sense of multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology 52 (2007) 380-389
210. Pakenham K.I. Making sense of caregiving for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS): The dimensional structure of sense making and relations with positive and negative adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 15 (2008) 241-252
211. Pakenham K.I. Making sense of illness or disability: The nature of sense making in multiple sclerosis (MS). Journal of Health Psychology 13 (2008) 93-105
212. Pakenham K.I. The nature of sense making in caregiving for persons with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation 30 (2008) 1263-1273
213. Pakenham K.I., Chiu J., Burnsall S., and Cannon T. Relations between social support, appraisal and coping and both positive and negative outcomes in young carers. Journal of Health Psychology 12 (2007) 89-102
214. Pakenham K.I., Sofronoff K., and Samios C. Finding meaning in parenting a child with Asperger syndrome: Correlates of sense making and benefit finding. Research in Developmental Disabilities 25 (2004) 245-264
215. Pals J.L. Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality 74 (2006) 1079-1110
216. Pargament K.I. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice (1997), Guilford, New York, NY
217. Pargament K.I. The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry 13 (2002) 168-181
218. Park C.L. Religion and meaning. In: Paloutzian R.F., and Park C.L. (Eds). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2005), Guilford, New York, NY 295-314
219. Park C.L. Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues 61 (2005) 707-729
220. Park C.L. Overview of theoretical perspectives. In: Park C.L., Lechner S., Antoni M.H., and Stanton A. (Eds). Positive life change in the context of medical illness: Can the experience of serious illness lead to transformation? (2008), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 11-30
221. Park C.L. Testing the meaning making model of coping with loss. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27 (2008) 970-994
222. Park C.L., and Blumberg C.J. Disclosing trauma through writing: Testing the meaning-making hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 26 (2002) 597-616
223. Park C.L., Cohen L.H., and Murch R. Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality 64 (1996) 71-105
224. Park C.L., Edmondson D., Fenster J.R., and Blank T.O. Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: The mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just-world beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 (2008) 863-875
225. Park C.L., and Fenster J.R. Stress-related growth: Predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23 (2004) 195-215
226. Park C.L., and Folkman S. Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology 1 (1997) 115-144
227. Park C.L., Folkman S., and Bostrom A. Appraisals of controllability and coping in caregivers and HIV+ men: Testing the goodness-of-fit hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001) 481-488
228. Park C.L., and Helgeson V.S. Growth following highly stressful life events: Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2006) 791-796
229. Park C.L., Malone M., Suresh D.P., Bliss D., and Rosen R. Coping, meaning in life, and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients. Quality of Life Research 17 (2008) 21-26
230. Park C.L., and McNamara P. Religion, meaning, and the brain. In: McNamara P. (Ed). Where God and science meet: How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion: Vol. 3. The psychology of religious experience (2006), Praeger/Greenwood, Westport, CT 82-104
231. Parkes C.M. Bereavement as a psychosocial transition: Processes of adaptation to change. In: Stroebe M.S., Stroebe W., and Hansson R.O. (Eds). Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (1993), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 91-101
232. Parkes C.M. Bereavement dissected: A re-examination of the basic components influencing the reaction to loss. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 38 (2001) 150-156
233. Patterson J.M., and Garwick A.W. Levels of meaning in family stress theory. Family Process 33 (1994) 287-304
234. Paulhus D.L., and Vazire S. The self-report method. In: Robins R.W., Fraley R.C., and Krueger R.F. (Eds). Handbook of research methods in personality (2007), Guilford, London, England 224-239
235. Peacock E.J., Wong P.T., and Reker G.T. Relations between appraisals and coping schemas: Support for the congruence model. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 25 (1993) 64-80
236. Pearlman L.A. Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (2003), Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA
237. Penley J.A., Tomaka J., and Wiebe J.S. The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 25 (2002) 551-603
238. Pennebaker J.W. Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications. Behaviour Research and Therapy 31 (1993) 539-548
239. Pennebaker J.W. Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 162-166
240. Pennebaker J.W., and Chung C.K. Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. In: Friedman H.S., and Silver R.C. (Eds). Foundations of health psychology (2007), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 263-284
241. Pennebaker J.W., Mayne T.J., and Francis M.E. Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 863-871
242. Pennebaker J., Mehl M.R., and Niederhoffer K.G. Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 47-77
243. Phelps L.F., Williams R.M., Raichle K.A., Turner A.P., and Ehde D.M. The importance of cognitive processing to adjustment in the first year following amputation. Rehabilitation Psychology 53 (2008) 28-38
244. Phillips III R.E., and Stein C.H. God's will, God's punishment, or God's limitations? Religious coping strategies reported by young adults living with serious mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology 63 (2007) 529-540
245. Plaks J.E., Grant H., and Dweck C.S. Violations of implicit theories and the sense of prediction and control: Implications for motivated person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 245-262
246. Pöhlmann K., Gruss B., and Joraschky P. Structural properties of personal meaning systems: A new approach to measuring meaning of life. Journal of Positive Psychology 1 (2006) 109-117
247. Prager E., and Solomon Z. Perceptions of world benevolence, meaningfulness, and self-worth among elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors and non-survivors. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal 8 (1995) 265-277
248. Pruitt L.D., and Zoellner L.A. The impact of social support: An analogue investigation of the aftermath of trauma exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22 (2008) 253-262
249. Rachman S. Emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy 18 (1980) 51-60
250. Rachman S. Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry 13 (2001) 164-171
251. Rasmussen H.N., Wrosch C., Scheier M.F., and Carver C.S. Self-regulation processes and health: The importance of optimism and goal adjustment. Journal of Personality 74 (2006) 1721-1747
252. Rector T., Kubo S., and Cohn J. The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Scale. Heart Failure 1 (1987) 196-209
253. Reis H.T., and Judd C.M. Handbook of research methods in personality and social psychology (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
254. Reker G.T., and Wong P.T.P. Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning. In: Birren J.E., and Bengtson V.L. (Eds). Emergent theories of aging (1988), Springer, New York, NY 214-246
255. Resick P.A., Galovski T.E., Uhlmansiek M.O., Scher C.D., Clum G.A., and Young-Xu Y. A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 (2008) 243-258
256. Rini C., Manne S., DuHamel K.N., Austin J., Ostroff J., Boulad F., and Redd W.H. Changes in mothers' basic beliefs following a child's bone marrow transplantation: The role of prior trauma and negative life events. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17 (2004) 325-333
257. Rivkin I.D., Gustafson J., Weingarten I., and Chin D. The effects of expressive writing on adjustment to HIV. AIDS and Behavior 10 (2006) 13-26
258. Roberts K.J., Lepore S.J., and Helgeson V.S. Social-cognitive correlates of adjustment to prostate cancer. Psycho-Oncology 15 (2006) 183-192
259. Roesch S.C., and Weiner B. A meta-analytic review of coping with illness: Do causal attributions matter?. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 50 (2001) 205-219
260. Roesch S.C., Weiner B., and Vaughn A.A. Cognitive approaches to stress and coping. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 15 (2002) 627-632
261. Rude S.S., Maestas K.L., and Neff K. Paying attention to distress: What's wrong with rumination?. Cognition & Emotion 21 (2007) 843-864
262. Russell C.S., White M.B., and Parker C. Why me? Why now? Why multiple sclerosis? Making meaning and perceived quality of life in a midwestern sample of patients with multiple sclerosis. Families, Systems, & Health 24 (2006) 65-81
263. Salsman J.M., Segerstrom S.C., Brechting E.H., Carlson C.R., and Andrykowski M.A. Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptomatology among colorectal cancer survivors: A 3-month longitudinal examination of cognitive processing. Psycho-Oncology 18 (2009) 30-41
264. Samios C., Pakenham K.I., and Sofronoff K. The nature of sense making in parenting a child with Asperger syndrome. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2 (2008) 516-532
265. Schiaffino K.M., and Revenson T.A. Why me? The persistence of negative appraisals over the course of illness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25 (1995) 601-618
266. Schneider T.R. Evaluations of stressful transactions: What's in an appraisal?. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 24 (2008) 151-158
267. Schottenbauer M.A., Rodriguez B.F., Glass C.R., and Arnkoff D.B. Religious coping research and contemporary personality theory: An exploration of Endler's (1997) integrative personality theory. British Journal of Psychology 97 (2006) 499-519
268. Schroevers M., Kraaij V., and Garnefski N. Goal disturbance, cognitive coping strategies, and psychological adjustment to different types of stressful life event. Personality and Individual Differences 43 (2007) 413-423
269. Schroevers M.J., Ranchor A.V., and Sanderman R. The role of age at the onset of cancer in relation to survivors' long-term adjustment: A controlled comparison over an eight-year period. Psycho-Oncology 13 (2004) 740-752
270. Schwartz L., and Drotar D. Effects of written emotional disclosure on caregivers of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 29 (2004) 105-118
271. Schwartzberg S.S., and Janoff-Bulman R. Grief and the search for meaning: Exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 10 (1991) 270-288
272. Sears S.R., Stanton A.L., and Danoff-Burg S. The Yellow Brick Road and the Emerald City: Benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology 22 (2003) 487-497
273. Segerstrom S.C., Stanton A.L., Alden L.E., and Shortridge B.E. Multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: What's on your mind, and how, and how much?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 909-921
274. Silver R., Boon C., and Stones M. Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 81-101
275. Silver R.C., Holman E.A., McIntosh D.N., Poulin M., and Gil-Rivas V. Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002) 1235-1244
276. Singer J.L., and Salovey P. Organized knowledge structures and personality: Person schemas, self schemas, prototypes, and scripts. In: Horowitz M.J. (Ed). Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns (1991), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 33-79
277. Skaggs B.G., and Barron C.R. Searching for meaning in negative events: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53 (2006) 559-570
278. Skaggs B.G., Yates B.C., Hertzog M., Barron C.R., Norman J., and Pozehl B. Meaning in heart disease: Measuring the search for meaning. Journal of Nursing Measurement 15 (2007) 145-160
279. Skinner E.A., Edge K., Altman J., and Sherwood H. Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 216-269
280. Sloan D.M., Marx B.P., Epstein E.M., and Lexington J.M. Does altering the writing instructions influence outcome associated with written disclosure?. Behavior Therapy 38 (2007) 155-168
281. Smith C.A., and Lazarus R.S. Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition & Emotion 7 (1993) 233-269
282. Smyth J.M., Hockemeyer J.R., and Tulloch H. Expressive writing and post-traumatic stress disorder: Effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity. British Journal of Health Psychology 13 (2008) 85-93
283. Sneed N.V., Paul S., Michel Y., Vanbakel A., and Hendrix G. Evaluation of 3 quality of life measurement tools in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Critical Care 30 (2001) 332-340
284. Sobel A.A., Resick P.A., and Rabalais A.E. The effect of cognitive processing therapy on cognitions: Impact statement coding. Journal of Traumatic Stress 22 (2009) 205-211
285. Solomon Z., Iancu I., and Tyano S. World assumptions following disaster. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27 (1997) 1785-1798
286. Stanton A., Danoff-Burg S., Cameron C., Bishop D., Collins C., and Kirk S. Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000) 875-882
287. Stanton A.L., Danoff-Burg S., and Huggins M.E. The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: Hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho-Oncology 11 (2002) 93-102
288. Stanton A.L., Kirk S.B., Cameron C.L., and Danoff-Burg S. Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 1150-1169
289. Steger, M. F. (in press). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
290. Stein C.H., Abraham K.M., Bonar E.E., McAulifee C.E., Fogo W.R., and Potokar D.N. Making meaning from personal loss: Religious, benefit finding, and goal-oriented attributions. Journal of Loss and Trauma 14 (2009) 83-100
291. Stroebe W., Schut H., and Stroebe M.S. Grief work, disclosure and counseling: Do they help the bereaved. Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 395-414
292. Stroebe W., and Stroebe M.S. Does "grief work" work?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59 (1991) 479-482
293. Sweeney K. Crisis decision theory: Decisions in the face of negative events. Psychological Bulletin 134 (2008) 61-76
294. Tait R., and Silver R.C. Coming to terms with major negative life events. In: Uleman J.S., and Bargh J.A. (Eds). Unintended thought: The limits of awareness, intention, and control (1989), Guilford, New York, NY 351-382
295. Tan G., Jensen M.P., Thornby J., and Anderson K.O. Ethnicity, control appraisal, coping, and adjustment to chronic pain among black and white Americans. Pain Medicine 6 (2005) 18-28
296. Taylor S.E. Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist 38 (1983) 1161-1171
297. Taylor S.E., Wood J.V., and Lichtman R.R. It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 19-40
298. Tennen H., and Affleck G. Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. In: Snyder C.R., and Lopez S.J. (Eds). Handbook of positive psychology (2002), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 584-597
299. Tennen H., Affleck G., Armeli S., and Carney M. A daily process approach to coping: Linking theory, research, and practice. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 626-636
300. Thompson S.C. Finding positive meaning in a stressful event and coping. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 6 (1985) 279-295
301. Thompson S.C. The search for meaning following a stroke. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 12 (1991) 81-96
302. Thompson S., and Janigian A. Life schemes: A framework for understanding the search for meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 7 (1988) 260-280
303. Tolstikova K., Fleming S., and Chartier B. Grief, complicated grief, and trauma: The role of the search for meaning, impaired self-reference, and death anxiety. Illness, Crisis & Loss 13 (2005) 293-313
304. Tomaka J., Blascovich J., Kibler J., and Ernst J.M. Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 63-72
305. Tomich P.L., and Helgeson V.S. Five years later: A cross-sectional comparison of breast cancer survivors with healthy women. Psycho-Oncology 11 (2002) 154-169
306. Treynor W., Gonzalez R., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 27 (2003) 247-259
307. Tunaley J.R., Slade P., and Duncan S.B. Cognitive processes in psychological adaptation to miscarriage: A preliminary report. Psychology & Health 8 (1993) 369-381
308. Tweed R.G., and Conway III L.G. Coping strategies and culturally influenced beliefs about the world. In: Wong P.T.P., and Wong L.C.J. (Eds). Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (2006), Spring, Dallas, TX 133-153
309. Uleman J.S. When do unconscious goals cloud our minds?. In: Wyers Jr. R.S. (Ed). Ruminative thoughts (1996), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 165-176
310. Ullrich P.M., and Lutgendorf S.K. Journaling about stressful events: Effects of cognitive processing and emotional expression. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 24 (2002) 244-250
311. Updegraff J.A., and Marshall G.N. Predictors of perceived growth following direct exposure to community violence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005) 538-560
312. Updegraff J.A., Silver R.C., and Holman E.A. Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: Results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (2008) 709-722
313. Uren T.H., and Wastell C.A. Attachment and meaning-making in perinatal bereavement. Death Studies 26 (2002) 279-308
314. Vallacher R.R., and Wegner D.M. What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review 94 (1987) 3-15
315. van der Veek S., Kraaij V., Van Koppen W., Garnefski N., and Joekes K. Goal disturbance, cognitive coping and psychological distress in HIV-infected persons. Journal of Health Psychology 12 (2007) 225-230
316. Walker B.M., and Winter D.A. The elaboration of personal construct psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007) 453-477
317. Watkins E.R. Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing. Behaviour Research & Therapy 42 (2004) 1037-1052
318. Watkins E.R. Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin 134 (2008) 163-206
319. Westling E., Garcia K., and Mann T. Discovery of meaning and adherence to medications in HIV-infected women. Journal of Health Psychology 12 (2007) 627-635
320. Westphal M., and Bonanno G.A. Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: Different sides of the same coin or different coins?. Applied Psychology: An International Review 56 (2007) 417-427
321. White C.A. Meaning and its measurement in psychosocial oncology. Psycho-Oncology 13 (2004) 468-481
322. White K., and Lehman D.R. Looking on the bright side: Downward counterfactual thinking in response to negative life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31 (2005) 1413-1424
323. Willebrand M., Andersson G., and Ekselius L. Prediction of psychological health after an accidental burn. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 57 (2004) 367-374
324. Williams R.M., Davis M.C., and Millsap R.E. Development of the Cognitive Processing of Trauma Scale. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 9 (2002) 349-360
325. Winje D. Cognitive coping: The psychological significance of knowing what happened in the traumatic event. Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 (1998) 627-643
326. Wood W., and Conway M. Subjective impact, meaning making, and current and recalled emotions for self-defining memories. Journal of Personality 74 (2006) 811-845
327. Wortman C.B. Coping with victimization: Conclusions and implications for future research. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 195-221
328. Wortman C.B., and Silver R.C. Coping with irrevocable loss. In: VandenBos G.R., and Bryant B.K. (Eds). Cataclysms, crises, and catastrophes: Psychology in action (1987), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 185-235
329. Wortman C.B., and Silver R.C. The myths of coping with loss revisited. In: Stroebe M.S., Hansson R.O., Stroebe W., and Schut H. (Eds). Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 405-429
330. Wright M.O., Crawford E., and Sebastian K. Positive resolution of childhood sexual abuse experiences: The role of coping, benefit-finding and meaning-making. Journal of Family Violence 22 (2007) 597-608
331. Wrosch C., Heckhausen J., and Lachman M.E. Goal management across adulthood and old age: The adaptive value of primary and secondary control. In: Mroczek D.K., and Little T.D. (Eds). Handbook of personality development (2006), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 399-421
332. Wrosch C., Scheier M.F., Carver C.S., and Schulz R. The importance of goal disengagement in adaptive self-regulation: When giving up is beneficial. Self and Identity 2 (2003) 1-20
333. Wu L., Bonanno G., DuHamel K., Redd W.H., Rini C., Austin J., and Manne S. Pre-bereavement meaning and post-bereavement distress in mothers of children who underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. British Journal of Health Psychology 13 (2008) 419-433
334. Zakowski S.G., Valdimarsdottir H.B., and Bovbjerg D.H. Emotional expressivity and intrusive cognitions in women with family histories of breast cancer: Application of a cognitive processing model. British Journal of Health Psychology 6 (2001) 151-165
335. Zebrack B.J. Cancer survivor identity and quality of life. Cancer Practice 8 (2000) 238-242