A Five-Factor Model Framework for Understanding Childhood Personality Disorder Antecedents

Journal of Personality

Volumn 80, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1533-1563

  De Clercq, Barbara ^a   De Fruyt, Filip ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; CLASSIFICATION; CONTROL; EGO DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; STANDARD;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES;

EID: 84870660139     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: 14676494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00778.x     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Aelterman, N., Decuyper, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2010). Understanding obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in adolescence: A dimensional personality perspective. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 467-478.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th. ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Andershed, H., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Levander, S. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: A new assessment tool. In E. Blauw & L. Sheridan (Eds.), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives (pp. 131-158). The Hague: Elsevier.
7. Barry, C. T., & Wallace, M. T. (2010). Current considerations in the assessment of youth narcissism: Indicators of pathological and normative development. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 479-489.
8. Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735-770.
9. Bienvenu, O. J., Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). Low extraversion and high neuroticism as indices of genetic and environmental risk for social phobia, agoraphobia, and animal phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1714-1721.
10. Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1335-1353.
11. Bukowski, W. M., Schwartzman, A., Santo, J., Bagwell, C., & Adams, R. (2009). Reactivity and distortions in the self: Narcissism, types of aggression, and the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during early adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1249-1262.
12. Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453-484.
13. Cicchetti, D., & Crick, N. R. (2009). Precursors and diverse pathways to personality disorder in children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 683-685.
14. Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227-257.
15. Cohen, P. (2008). Child development and personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31, 477-493.
16. Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1996). Life values and adolescent mental health. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2005). The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 466-486.
18. Cole, P. M., Llera, S. J., & Pemberton, C. K. (2009). Emotional instability, poor emotional awareness, and the development of borderline personality. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1293-1310.
19. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and Five-Factor Inventory Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
20. Costa, P. T., & Widiger, T. A. (2002). Personality disorders and the Five-Factor Model of personality (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
21. Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P. R., Chen, H. N. A., Anglin, D. M., & Ehrensaft, M. (2009). Early maternal separation and the trajectory of borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1013-1030.
22. Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., Kasen, S., First, M. B., Gordon, K., etal. (2005). Self-reported personality disorder in the children in the community sample: Convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 30-52.
23. De Bolle, M., De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, M., & Benoit, Y. (2008). Self- and parental perspectives on quality of life in children with cancer. Journal of Psycho-social Oncology, 26, 35-47.
24. De Bolle, M., De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., Decuyper, M., Rosseel, Y., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Personality and psychopathology in Flemish referred children: Five perspectives of continuity. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 40, 269-285.
25. De Bolle, M., De Fruyt, F., & Decuyper, M. (2010). The Affect and Arousal Scales: Psychometric properties of the Dutch version and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Assessment, 17, 241-258.
26. De Clercq, B., Aelterman, N., De Pauw, S., De Bolle, M., Decuyper, M., & Tackett, J. L. (2010). Delineating childhood autism spectrum symptoms from a maladaptive trait perspective. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 529-536.
27. De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2003). Personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 269-292.
28. De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2004). A "little-five" lexically based perspective on personality disorder symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 479-499.
29. De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., Van Leeuwen, K., & Mervielde, I. (2006). The structure of maladaptive personality traits in childhood: A step toward an integrative developmental perspective for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 639-657.
30. De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., & Widiger, T. A. (2009). Integrating a developmental perspective in dimensional models of personality disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 154-162.
31. De Clercq, B., Rettew, D., Althoff, R. R., & De Bolle, M. (2012). Childhood personality types: Vulnerability and adaptation over time. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 716-722.
32. De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., De Fruyt, F., Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2008). Maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: The moderating effect of parenting. Journal of Personality, 76, 357-383.
33. De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., Van den Noortgate, W., De Bolle, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood personality pathology: Dimensional stability and change. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 853-869.
34. Decuyper, M., De Bolle, M., De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2011). Dimensional personality models and the assessment of callous-unemotional traits in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 681-701.
35. Decuyper, M., De Clercq, B., De Bolle, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Validation of FFM PD counts for screening personality pathology and psychopathy in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 587-605.
36. De Fruyt, F., Bartels, M., Van Leeuwen, K. G., De Clercq, B., Decuyper, M., & Mervielde, I. (2006). Five types of personality continuity in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 538-552.
37. De Fruyt, F., Mervielde, I., Hoekstra, H. A., & Rolland, J. P. (2000). Assessing adolescents' personality with the NEO PI-R. Assessment, 7, 329-345.
38. De Fruyt, F., Mervielde, I., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2002). The consistency of personality type classification across samples and five-factor measures. European Journal of Personality, 16, S57-S72.
39. De Pauw, S., & Mervielde, I. (2011). The role of temperament and personality in problem behaviors of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 277-291.
40. De Raad, B. (2000). The Big Five personality factors: The psycholexical approach to personality. Gottingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber.
41. Durrett, C., & Westen, C. (2005). The structure of axis II disorders in adolescents: A cluster- and factor analytic investigation of DSM-IV categories and criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 440-461.
42. Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Edwards, A., Kupfer, A. S., etal. (2009). Predictors of withdrawal: Possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 815-838.
43. Esterberg, M. L., Goulding, S. M., & Walker, E. F. (2011). Cluster A personality disorders: Schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid personality disorders in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 681-701.
44. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
45. Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1355-1381.
46. Geiger, T. C., & Crick, N. R. (2001). A developmental psychopathology perspective on vulnerability to personality disorders. In R. E. Ingram & J. M. Price (Eds.), Vulnerability to psychopathology (pp. 57-102). New York: Guilford Press.
47. Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
48. Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Reynolds, E. K., Bagge, C. L., Latzman, R. D., Daughters, S. B., etal. (2009). Extending extant models of the pathogenesis of borderline personality disorder to childhood borderline personality symptoms: The roles of affective dysfunction, disinhibition, and self- and emotion-regulation deficits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1263-1291.
49. Hale, W. J., Klimstra, T. A., & Meeus, W. J. (2010). Is the generalized anxiety disorder symptom of worry just another form of neuroticism? A 5-year longitudinal study of adolescents from the general population. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 942-948.
50. Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Vernon, P. A., & Jackson, D. N.(1996). Heritability of personality disorder traits: A twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 438-444.
51. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Skodol, A. E., Hamagami, F., & Brook, J. S. (2000). Age-related change in personality disorder trait levels between early adolescence and adulthood: A community-based longitudinal investigation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 265-275.
52. Kimonis, E. R., & Frick, P. J. (2010). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder grown up. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 244-254.
53. Kobak, R., Zajac, K., & Smith, C. (2009). Adolescent attachment and trajectories of hostile-impulsive behavior: Implications for the development of personality disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 839-851.
54. Kohnstamm, G. A., Halverson, C. F., Jr., Mervielde, I., & Havill, V. L. (1998). Parental descriptions of child personality: Developmental antecedents of the Big Five? Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Krueger, R. F. (2005). Continuity of axes I and II: Toward a unified model of personality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 233-261.
56. Krueger, R. F., & Eaton, N. R. (2010). Personality traits and the classification of mental disorders: Toward a more complete integration in DSM-5 and an empirical model of psychopathology. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 97-118.
57. Livesley, J. L. (2003). Introduction to the special feature on personality, personality disorder, and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 87-89.
58. Lynam, D. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Raine, A., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2005). Adolescent psychopathy and the Big Five: Results from two samples. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 431-443.
59. Martel, M. M., Goth-Owens, T., Martinez-Torteya, C., & Nigg, J. T. (2010). A person-centered personality approach to heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 186-196.
60. Martel, M. M., Nikolas, M., Jernigan, K., Friderici, K., & Nigg, J. T. (2010). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 633-643.
61. Matthies, S., Tebartz van Elst, L., Feige, B., Fischer, D., Scheel, C., Krogmann, E., etal. (2011). Severity of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-A risk factor for personality disorders in adult life? Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 101-114.
62. McCrae, R. R., Löckenhoff, C. E., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2005). A step toward DSM-V: Cataloguing personality-related problems in living. European Journal of Personality, 19, 269-286.
63. McMahon, R. J., Witkiewitz, K., Kotler, J. S., & the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010). Predictive validity of callous-unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple social outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 752-763.
64. Mervielde, I., De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2005). Temperament, personality, and developmental psychopathology as childhood antecedents of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 171-201.
65. Mervielde, I., & De Fruyt, F. (1999). Construction of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (HiPIC). In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe: Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Personality Psychology (pp. 107-127). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
66. Mervielde, I., & De Fruyt, F. (2002). Assessing children's traits with the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five assessment (pp. 129-146). Gottingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber.
67. Mervielde, I., De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2009). Hiërarchische Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijst voor Kinderen [Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children]: Handleiding. Amsterdam: Hogrefe.
68. Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2008). Personality characteristics associated with persistent ADHD in late adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 165-173.
69. Nestadt, G., Costa, P. T., Hsu, F. C., Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., & Eaton, W. W. (2008). The relationship between the five-factor model and latent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition personality disorder dimensions. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 98-105.
70. New, A. S., Goodman, M., Triebwasser, J., & Siever, L. J. (2008). Recent advances in the biological study of personality disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31, 441-461.
71. Nigg, J. T., John, O. P., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Willcutt, E. G., Hinshaw, S. P., etal. (2002). Big Five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: Links between personality traits and clinical symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 451-469.
72. O'Connor, B. P. (2005). A search for consensus on the dimensional structure of personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 323-345.
73. Piedmont, R. L., Sherman, M. F., & Sherman, N. C. (2012). Maladaptively high and low openness: The case for experiential permeability. Journal of Personality, 80, 1641-1668.
74. Prinzie, P., & Dekovic, M. (2008). Continuity and change of childhood personality characteristics through the lens of teachers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 82-88.
75. Prinzie, P., Onghena, P., & Hellinckx, W. (2005). Parent and child personality traits and children's externalizing problem behavior from age 4 to 9 years: A cohort-sequential latent growth curve analysis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Journal of Developmental Psychology, 51, 335-366.
76. Putnam, F. W., Helmers, K., & Horowitz, L. A. (1995). Hypnotizability and dissociativity in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 645-655.
77. Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2008). Genetics of personality disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31, 421-440.
78. Rettew, D. C. (2000). Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: Putting the personality back into personality disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8(6), 283-297.
79. Ross, S. R., Lutz, C. J., & Bailley, S. E. (2002). Positive and negative symptoms of schizotypy and the five-factor model: A domain and facet level analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 53-72.
80. Salekin, R. T., Debus, S. A., & Barker, E. D. (2010). Adolescent psychopathy and the five factor model: Domain and facet analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 501-514.
81. Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326-1342.
82. Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085.
83. Schotte, C. K. W., De Doncker, D. A. M., Dmitruk, D., Van Mulders, I., D'Haenen, H., & Cosyns, P. (2004). The ADP-IV questionnaire: Differential validity and concordance with the semi-structured interview. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 405-419.
84. Schotte, C. K. W., De Doncker, D., Vankerckhoven, C., Vertommen, H., & Cosyns, P. (1998). Self-report assessment of the DSM-IV personality disorders. Measurement of trait and distress characteristics: the ADP-IV. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1179-1188.
85. Shaffer, D., Widiger, T. A., & Pincus, H. A. (1998). DSM-IV child disorders, part II: Final overview. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, W. Davis, etal. (Eds.), DSM-IV sourcebook (Vol. 4, pp. 963-977). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
86. Shiner, R. (1998). How shall we speak of children's personalities in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 308-332.
87. Shiner, R. L. (2009). The development of personality disorders: Perspectives from normal personality development in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 715-734.
88. Tackett, J. L. (2010). Measurement and assessment of child and adolescent personality pathology: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 463-466.
89. Tackett, J. L., Balsis, S., Oltmanns, T. F., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). A unifying perspective on personality pathology across the life span: Developmental considerations for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 687-713.
90. Tackett, J. L., Silberschmidt, A. L., Krueger, R. F., & Sponheim, S. R. (2008). A dimensional model of personality disorder: Incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 454-459.
91. Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., De Castro, B. O., & Stegge, H. (2009). What makes narcissists bloom? A framework for research on the etiology and development of narcissism. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1233-1247.
92. Thomas, A., Chess, L. A., Birch, H. G., Herzig, M. E., & Korn, S. (1963). Behavioral individuality in early childhood. New York: New York University Press.
93. Trapnell, P. D., & Wiggins, J. S. (1990). Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 781-790.
94. Trull, T. J., & Durrett, C. A. (2005). Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 355-380.
95. Tyrer, P. (2005). Temporal change: The third dimension of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 573-580.
96. van den Akker, A. L., Dekovic, M., & Prinzie, P. (2010). Transitioning to adolescence: How changes in personality and overreactive parenting predict adolescent adjustment problems. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 151-163.
97. Van Hoecke, E., De Fruyt, F., De Clercq, B., Hoebeke, P., & Vande Walle, J. (2006). Internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in children with nocturnal and diurnal enuresis: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 460-468.
98. Van Leeuwen, K. G., Mervielde, I., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2004). Child personality and parental behavior as moderators of problem behavior: Variable- and person-centered approaches. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1028-1046.
99. Waaktaar, T., & Torgersen, S. (2010). How resilient are resilience scales? The Big Five outperform resilience scales in predicting adjustment in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 157-163.
100. Walton, K. E., Ormel, J., & Krueger, R. F. (2011). The dimensional nature of externalizing behaviors in adolescence: Evidence from a direct comparison of categorical, dimensional and hybrid models. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 553-561.
101. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Chmielewski, M. (2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality, 76, 1545-1585.
102. Widiger, T. A. (2010). Cluster A personality symptomatology in youth. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 551-556.
103. Widiger, T. A., & Clark, L. A. (2000). Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 946-963.
104. Widiger, T. A., De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood antecedents of personality disorder: An alternative perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 771-791.
105. Widiger, T. A., & Lowe, J. R. (2007). Five-factor model assessment of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 16-29.
106. Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 110-130.
107. Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In P. T. Costa & T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 89-99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.