The Sun's global photospheric and coronal magnetic fields: Observations and models

Living Reviews in Solar Physics

Volumn 9, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Mackay, Duncan H ^a   Yeates, Anthony R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870530457     PISSN: 16144961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12942/lrsp-2012-6     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. Altschuler, M.D. and Newkirk Jr, G., 1969, "Magnetic Fields and the Structure of the Solar Corona. I: Methods of Calculating Coronal Fields", Solar Phys., 9, 131-149.
2. Aly, J.J. and Seehafer, N., 1993, "Coronal force-free magnetic field: Source-surface model", Solar Phys., 144, 243-254.
3. Antiochos, S.K., DeVore, C.R., Karpen, J.T. and Mikić, Z., 2007, "Structure and Dynamics of the Sun's Open Magnetic Field", Astrophys. J., 671, 936-946.
4. Antiochos, S.K., Linker, J.A., Lionello, R., Mikić, Z., Titov, V. and Zurbuchen, T.H., 2012, "The Structure and Dynamics of the Corona-Heliosphere Connection", Space Sci. Rev., 172, 169-185.
5. Arge, C.N. and Pizzo, V.J., 2000, "Improvement in the prediction of solar wind conditions using near-real time solar magnetic field updates", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10,465-10,480. page 24.)
6. Arge, C.N., Henney, C.J., Koller, J., Compeau, C.R., Young, S., MacKenzie, D., Fay, A. and Harvey, J.W., 2010, "Air Force Data Assimilative Photospheric Flux Transport (ADAPT) Model", in Twelfth International Solar Wind Conference, Saint-Malo, France, 21 - 26 June 2009, (Eds.) Maksimovic, M., Issautier, K., Meyer-Vernet, N., Moncuquet, M., Pantelli, F., vol. 1216 of AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 343-346, American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY.
7. Aulanier, G. and Démoulin, P., 1998, "3-D magnetic configurations supporting prominences. I. The natural presence of lateral feet", Astron. Astrophys., 329, 1125-1137.
8. Babcock, H.D., 1959, "The Sun's Polar Magnetic Field", Astrophys. J., 130, 364-365.
9. Babcock, H.D. and Livingston, W.C., 1958, "Changes in the Sun's Polar Magnetic Field", Science, 127, 1058.
10. Babcock, H.W. and Babcock, H.D., 1952, "Mapping the Magnetic Fields of the Sun", Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 64, 282.
11. Baliunas, S.L., Donahue, R.A., Soon, W.H., Horne, J.H., Frazer, J., Woodard-Eklund, L., Bradford, M., Rao, L.M., Wilson, O.C., Zhang, Q., Bennett, W., Briggs, J., Carroll, S.M., Duncan, D.K., Figueroa, D., Lanning, H.H., Misch, T., Mueller, J., Noyes, R.W., Poppe, D., Porter, A.C., Robinson, C.R., Russell, J., Shelton, J.C., Soyumer, T., Vaughan, A.H. and Whitney, J.H., 1995, "Chromospheric variations in main-sequence stars. II.", Astrophys. J., 438, 269-287.
12. Balogh, A., Smith, E.J., Tsurutani, B.T., Southwood, D.J., Forsyth, R.J. and Horbury, T.S., 1995, "The Heliospheric Magnetic Field Over the South Polar Region of the Sun", Science, 268, 1007-1010.
13. Baumann, I., Schmitt, D., Scḧussler, M. and Solanki, S.K., 2004, "Evolution of the large-scale magnetic field on the solar surface: A parameter study", Astron. Astrophys., 426, 1075-1091.
14. Baumann, I., Schmitt, D. and Scḧussler, M., 2006, "A necessary extension of the surface flux transport model", Astron. Astrophys., 446, 307-314.
15. Beer, J., Blinov, A., Bonani, G., Finkel, R.C., Hofmann, H.J., Lehmann, B., Oeschger, H., Sigg, A., Schwander, J., Staffelbach, T., Stauffer, B., Suter, M. and Ẅotfli, W., 1990, "Use of 10Be in polar ice to trace the 11-year cycle of solar activity", Nature, 347, 164-166.
16. Benz, A.O., 2008, "Flare Observations", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 5, lrsp-2008-1. URL (accessed 5 October 2012): http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2008-1
17. Bogdan, T.J. and Low, B.C., 1986, "The three-dimensional structure of magnetostatic atmospheres. II. Modeling the large-scale corona", Astrophys. J., 306, 271-283.
18. Braun, D.C. and Lindsey, C., 2001, "Seismic Imaging of the Far Hemisphere of the Sun", Astrophys. J. Lett., 560, L189-L192.
19. Cameron, R.H. and Scḧussler, M., 2007, "Solar Cycle Prediction Using Precursors and Flux Transport Models", Astrophys. J., 659, 801-811.
20. Cameron, R.H. and Scḧussler, M., 2010, "Changes of the Solar Meridional Velocity Profile During Cycle 23 Explained by Flows Toward the Activity Belts", Astrophys. J., 720, 1030-1032.
21. Cameron, R.H., Jiang, J., Schmitt, D. and Scḧussler, M., 2010, "Surface Flux Transport Modeling for Solar Cycles 15-21: Effects of Cycle-Dependent Tilt Angles of Sunspot Groups", Astrophys. J., 719, 264-270.
22. Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D., Jiang, J. and I.sik, E., 2012, "Surface flux evolution constraints for flux transport dynamos", Astron. Astrophys., 542, A127.
23. Cargill, P.J., 2009, "Coronal Magnetism: Difficulties and Prospects", Space Sci. Rev., 144, 413-421.
24. Chen, P.F., 2011, "Coronal Mass Ejections: Models and Their Observational Basis", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 8, lrsp-2011-1. URL (accessed 5 October 2012): http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2011-1
25. Cohen, O., Sokolov, I.V., Roussev, I.I., Arge, C.N., Manchester IV, W.B., Gombosi, T.I., Frazin, R.A., Park, H., Butala, M.D., Kamalabadi, F. and Velli, M., 2007, "A Semiempirical Magnetohydrodynamical Model of the Solar Wind", Astrophys. J. Lett., 654, L163-L166.
26. Cohen, O., Drake, J.J., Kashyap, V.L., Hussain, G.A.J. and Gombosi, T.I., 2010, "The Coronal Structure of AB Doradus", Astrophys. J., 721, 80-89.
27. Contopoulos, I., Kalapotharakos, C. and Georgoulis, M.K., 2011, "Nonlinear Force-Free Reconstruction of the Global Solar Magnetic Field: Methodology", Solar Phys., 269, 351-365.
28. Cook, G.R., Mackay, D.H. and Nandy, D., 2009, "Solar Cycle Variations of Coronal Null Points: Implications for the Magnetic Breakout Model of Coronal Mass Ejections", Astrophys. J., 704, 1021-1035.
29. Cranmer, S.R., 2009, "Coronal Holes", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 6, lrsp-2009-3. URL (accessed 14 June 2012): http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2009-3
30. Dasi-Espuig, M., Solanki, S.K., Krivova, N.A., Cameron, R.H. and Penuela, T., 2010, "Sunspot group tilt angles and the strength of the solar cycle", Astron. Astrophys., 518, A7.
31. DeRosa, M.L. and Schrijver, C.J., 2006, "Consequences of large-scale flows around active regions on the dispersal of magnetic field across the solar surface", in SOHO 18/Gong 2006/HELAS I: Beyond the Spherical Sun, Proceedings of SOHO 18/GONG 2006/HELAS I, 7 - 11 August 2006, Sheffield, UK, (Ed.) Thompson, M., vol. SP-624 of ESA Special Publication, ESA, Noordwijk.
32. DeRosa, M.L., Schrijver, C.J., Barnes, G., Leka, K.D., Lites, B.W., Aschwanden, M.J., Amari, T., Canou, A., McTiernan, J.M., Régnier, S.and Thalmann, J.K., Valori, G., Wheatland, M.S., Wiegelmann, T., Cheung, M.C.M., Conlon, P.A., Fuhrmann, M., Inhester, B. and Tadesse, T., 2009, "A Critical Assessment of Nonlinear Force-Free Field Modeling of the Solar Corona for Active Region 10953", Astrophys. J., 696, 1780-1791.
33. DeVore, C.R., 1987, "The decay of the large-scale solar magnetic field", Solar Phys., 112, 17-35.
34. DeVore, C.R. and Antiochos, S.K., 2008, "Homologous Confined Filament Eruptions via Magnetic Breakout", Astrophys. J., 680, 740-756.
35. DeVore, C.R. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1987, "Simulations of the Sun's polar magnetic fields during sunspot cycle 21", Solar Phys., 108, 47-59.
36. DeVore, C.R., Sheeley Jr, N.R. and Boris, J.P., 1984, "The concentration of the large-scale solar magnetic field by a meridional surface flow", Solar Phys., 92, 1-14.
37. DeVore, C.R., Boris, J.P., Young Jr, T.R., Sheeley Jr, N.R. and Harvey, K.L., 1985a, "Numerical simulations of large-scale solar magnetic fields", Aust. J. Phys., 38, 999-1007.
38. DeVore, C.R., Sheeley Jr, N.R., Boris, J.P., Young Jr, T.R. and Harvey, K.L., 1985b, "Simulations of magnetic-flux transport in solar active regions", Solar Phys., 102, 41-49.
39. Dikpati, M. and Gilman, P.A., 2006, "Simulating and Predicting Solar Cycles Using a Flux-Transport Dynamo", Astrophys. J., 649, 498-514.
40. Dikpati, M., de Toma, G. and Gilman, P.A., 2006, "Predicting the strength of solar cycle 24 using a flux-transport dynamo-based tool", Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 5102, L05102.
41. Donati, J.-F., Collier Cameron, A., Semel, M., Hussain, G.A.J., Petit, P., Carter, B.D., Marsden, S.C., Mengel, M., Lopez Ariste, A., Jeffers, S.V. and Rees, D.E., 2003, "Dynamo processes and activity cycles of the active stars AB Doradus, LQ Hydrae and HR 1099", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 345, 1145-1186.
42. Donati, J.-F., Morin, J., Delfosse, X., Forveille, T., Far'es, R., Moutou, C. and Jardine, M.M., 2009, "Largescale magnetic topologies of cool stars", in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, Proceedings of the 15th Cambridge Workshop, St. Andrews (Scotland), 21 - 25 July 2008, (Ed.) Stempels, E., vol. 1094 of AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 130-139, American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY.
43. Downs, C., Roussev, I.I., van der Holst, B., Lugaz, N., Sokolov, I.V. and Gombosi, T.I., 2010, "Toward a Realistic Thermodynamic Magnetohydrodynamic Model of the Global Solar Corona", Astrophys. J., 712, 1219-1231.
44. Durrant, C.J., 1989, "Linear force-free magnetic fields and coronal models", Aust. J. Phys., 42, 317-329.
45. Durrant, C.J., 2002, "Polar magnetic fields - Filaments and the zero-flux contour", Solar Phys., 211, 83-102.
46. Durrant, C.J. and Wilson, P.R., 2003, "Observations and Simulations of the Polar Field Reversals in Cycle 23", Solar Phys., 214, 23-39.
47. Durrant, C.J., Kress, J.M. and Wilson, P.R., 2001, "The Evolution of Trailing Plumes from Active Regions", Solar Phys., 201, 57-69.
48. Durrant, C.J., Turner, J. and Wilson, P.R., 2002, "Bipolar Magnetic Fields Emerging at High Latitudes", Solar Phys., 211, 103-124.
49. Durrant, C.J., Turner, J.P.R. and Wilson, P.R., 2004, "The Mechanism involved in the Reversals of the Sun's Polar Magnetic Fields", Solar Phys., 222, 345-362.
50. Duvall Jr, T.L., 1979, "Large-scale solar velocity fields", Solar Phys., 63, 3-15.
51. Eddy, J.A., 1976, "The Maunder Minimum", Science, 192, 1189-1202.
52. Edmondson, J.K., Lynch, B.J., Antiochos, S.K., De Vore, C.R. and Zurbuchen, T.H., 2009, "Reconnection-Driven Dynamics of Coronal-Hole Boundaries", Astrophys. J., 707, 1427-1437.
53. Edmondson, J.K., Antiochos, S.K., DeVore, C.R., Lynch, B.J. and Zurbuchen, T.H., 2010, "Interchange Reconnection and Coronal Hole Dynamics", Astrophys. J., 714, 517-531.
54. Fares, R., Donati, J.-F., Moutou, C., Bohlender, D., Catala, C., Deleuil, M., Shkolnik, E., Collier Cameron, A., Jardine, M.M. and Walker, G.A.H., 2009, "Magnetic cycles of the planet-hosting star ?? Bootis - II. A second magnetic polarity reversal", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 398, 1383-1391.
55. Feng, X., Yang, L., Xiang, C., Jiang, C., Ma, X., Wu, S.T., Zhong, D. and Zhou, Y., 2012, "Validation of the 3D AMR SIP-CESE Solar Wind Model for Four Carrington Rotations", Solar Phys., 279, 69.
56. Fisk, L.A., 1996, "Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: Implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes", J. Geophys. Res., 1011, 15,547- 15,554.
57. Fisk, L.A. and Schwadron, N.A., 2001, "The Behavior of the Open Magnetic Field of the Sun", Astrophys. J., 560, 425-438.
58. Fisk, L.A. and Zurbuchen, T.H., 2006, "Distribution and properties of open magnetic flux outside of coronal holes", J. Geophys. Res., 111, A09115.
59. Forbes, T.G., Linker, J.A., Chen, J., Cid, C., Kóta, J., Lee, M.A., Mann, G., Mikić, Z., Potgieter, M.S., Schmidt, J.M., Siscoe, G.L., Vainio, R., Antiochos, S.K. and Riley, P., 2006, "CME Theory and Models", Space Sci. Rev., 123, 251-302.
60. Fr̈ohlich, C. and Lean, J., 1998, "The Sun's total irradiance: Cycles, trends and related climate change uncertainties since 1976", Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4377-4380.
61. Gaizauskas, V., 1998, "Filament Channels: Essential Ingredients for Filament Formation", in New Perspectives on Solar Prominences, IAU Colloq. 167, Aussois, France, April 28 -May 4, 1997, (Eds.) Webb, D.F., Schmieder, B., Rust, D.M., vol. 150 of ASP Conference Series, pp. 257-264, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.
62. Gaizauskas, V., 2008, "Development of Flux Imbalances in Solar Activity Nests and the Evolution of Filament Channels", Astrophys. J., 686, 1432-1446.
63. Gaizauskas, V., Harvey, K.L., Harvey, J.W. and Zwaan, C., 1983, "Large-scale patterns formed by solar active regions during the ascending phase of cycle 21", Astrophys. J., 265, 1056-1065.
64. Gibson, S.E. and Bagenal, F., 1995, "Large-scale magnetic field and density distribution in the solar minimum corona", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19,865-19,880.
65. Gizon, L. and Rempel, M., 2008, "Observation and Modeling of the Solar-Cycle Variation of the Meridional Flow", Solar Phys., 251, 241-250.
66. González Hernández, I., Komm, R., Hill, F., Howe, R., Corbard, T. and Haber, D.A., 2006, "Meridional Circulation Variability from Large-Aperture Ring-Diagram Analysis of Global Oscillation Network Group and Michelson Doppler Imager Data", Astrophys. J., 638, 576-583.
67. González Hernández, I., Kholikov, S., Hill, F., Howe, R. and Komm, R., 2008, "Subsurface Meridional Circulation in the Active Belts", Solar Phys., 252, 235-245.
68. Haber, D.A., Hindman, B.W., Toomre, J., Bogart, R.S., Larsen, R.M. and Hill, F., 2002, "Evolving Submerged Meridional Circulation Cells within the Upper Convection Zone Revealed by Ring-Diagram Analysis", Astrophys. J., 570, 855-864.
69. Hale, G.E., 1908, "On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots", Astrophys. J., 28, 315-343.
70. Hale, G.E. and Nicholson, S.B., 1925, "The Law of Sun-Spot Polarity", Astrophys. J., 62, 270-300.
71. Hale, G.E., Ellerman, F., Nicholson, S.B. and Joy, A.H., 1919, "The Magnetic Polarity of Sun-Spots", Astrophys. J., 49, 153-178.
72. Harvey, K.L. and Zwaan, C., 1993, "Properties and emergence of bipolar active regions", Solar Phys., 148, 85-118.
73. Hathaway, D.H., 2010, "The Solar Cycle", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 7, lrsp-2010-1. URL (accessed 5 October 2012): http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2010-1.
74. Hathaway, D.H. and Rightmire, L., 2010, "Variations in the Sun's Meridional Flow over a Solar Cycle", Science, 327, 1350.
75. Hayashi, K., 2005, "Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of the Solar Corona and Solar Wind Using a Boundary Treatment to Limit Solar Wind Mass Flux", Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 161, 480-494.
76. Henney, C.J., Toussaint, W.A., White, S.M. and Arge, C.N., 2012, "Forecasting F10.7 with solar magnetic flux transport modeling", Space Weather, 10, 2011, S02011.
77. Hindman, B.W., Gizon, L., Duvall Jr, T.L., Haber, D.A. and Toomre, J., 2004, "Comparison of Solar Subsurface Flows Assessed by Ring and Time-Distance Analyses", Astrophys. J., 613, 1253-1262.
78. Hoeksema, J.T., Wilcox, J.M. and Scherrer, P.H., 1983, "The structure of the heliospheric current sheet: 1978-1982", J. Geophys. Res., 88(A12), 9910-9918.
79. Hollweg, J.V., 2008, "The solar wind: Our current understanding and how we got here", J. Astrophys. Astron., 29, 217-237.
80. Holzwarth, V. and Jardine, M.M., 2007, "Theoretical mass loss rates of cool main-sequence stars", Astron. Astrophys., 463, 11-21.
81. Holzwarth, V., Mackay, D.H. and Jardine, M.M., 2006, "The impact of meridional circulation on stellar butterfly diagrams and polar caps", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 369, 1703-1718.
82. Howard, R.F., 1991, "Axial tilt angles of sunspot groups", Solar Phys., 136, 251-262.
83. Hoyt, D.V. and Schatten, K.H., 1998, "Group Sunspot Numbers: A New Solar Activity Reconstruction", Solar Phys., 181, 491-512.
84. I.sik, E., Schüssler, M. and Solanki, S.K., 2007, "Magnetic flux transport on active cool stars and starspot lifetimes", Astron. Astrophys., 464, 1049-1057.
85. I.sik, E., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2011, "Magnetic flux generation and transport in cool stars", Astron. Astrophys., 528, A135.
86. Jackson, J.D., 1962, Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
87. Jardine, M.M., Collier Cameron, A. and Donati, J.-F., 2002a, "The global magnetic topology of AB Doradus", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 333, 339-346.
88. Jardine, M.M., Wood, K., Collier Cameron, A., Donati, J.-F. and Mackay, D.H., 2002b, "Inferring X-ray coronal structures from Zeeman-Doppler images", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 336, 1364-1370.
89. Jardine, M.M., Donati, J.-F., Arzoumanian, D. and de Vidotto, A., 2011, "Modelling stellar coronal magnetic fields", in Physics of Sun and Star Spots, IAU Symposium 273, Ventura, California, USA, August 22 - 26, 2010, (Eds.) Choudhary, D.B., Strassmeier, K.G., vol. 273 of IAU Symposium, pp. 242- 248, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.
90. Jiang, J., Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2009, "Countercell Meridional Flow and Latitudinal Distribution of the Solar Polar Magnetic Field", Astrophys. J. Lett., 693, L96-L99.
91. Jiang, J., Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2010a, "Modeling the Sun's Open Magnetic Flux and the Heliospheric Current Sheet", Astrophys. J., 709, 301-307.
92. Jiang, J., I.sik, E., Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2010b, "The Effect of Activity-related Meridional Flow Modulation on the Strength of the Solar Polar Magnetic Field", Astrophys. J., 717, 597-602.
93. Jiang, J., Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2011a, "The solar magnetic field since 1700. I. Characteristics of sunspot group emergence and reconstruction of the butterfly diagram", Astron. Astrophys., 528, A82.
94. Jiang, J., Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2011b, "The solar magnetic field since 1700. II. Physical reconstruction of total, polar and open flux", Astron. Astrophys., 528, A83.
95. Jiang, J., Cameron, R.H., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2011c, "Can Surface Flux Transport Account for the Weak Polar Field in Cycle 23?", Space Sci. Rev., in press, 136.
96. Keller, C.U., Harvey, J.W. and Giampapa, M.S., 2003, "SOLIS: an innovative suite of synoptic instruments", in Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics, Waikoloa, HI, 22 - 28 August 2002, (Eds.) Keil, S.L., Avakyan, S.V., vol. 4853 of Proc. SPIE, pp. 194-204, SPIE, Bellingham, WA.
97. Keppler, E., Franz, M., Korth, A., Reuss, M.K., Blake, J.B., Seidel, R., Quenby, J.J. and Witte, M., 1995, "Observations of Energetic Particles with EPAC on Ulysses in Polar Latitudes of the Heliosphere", Science, 268, 1013-1016.
98. Kosugi, T., Matsuzaki, K., Sakao, T., Shimizu, T., Sone, Y., Tachikawa, S., Hashimoto, T., Minesugi, K., Ohnishi, A., Yamada, T., Tsuneta, S., Hara, H., Ichimoto, K., Suematsu, Y., Shimojo, M., Watanabe, T., Shimada, S., Davis, J.M., Hill, L.D., Owens, J.K., Title, A.M., Culhane, J.L., Harra, L.K., Doschek, G.A. and Golub, L., 2007, "The Hinode (Solar-B) Mission: An Overview", Solar Phys., 243, 3-17.
99. Labrosse, N., Heinzel, P., Vial, J.-C., Kucera, T., Parenti, S., Gunár, S., Schmieder, B. and Kilper, G., 2010, "Physics of Solar Prominences: I - Spectral Diagnostics and Non-LTE Modelling", Space Sci. Rev., 151, 243-332.
100. Lee, C.O., Luhmann, J.G., Hoeksema, J.T., Sun, X., Arge, C.N. and de Pater, I., 2011, "Coronal Field Opens at Lower Height During the Solar Cycles 22 and 23 Minimum Periods: IMF Comparison Suggests the Source Surface Should Be Lowered", Solar Phys., 269, 367-388.
101. Leighton, R.B., 1964, "Transport of Magnetic Fields on the Sun", Astrophys. J., 140, 1547-1562.
102. Levine, R.H., 1982, "Open magnetic fields and the solar cycle. I: Photospheric sources of open magnetic flux", Solar Phys., 79, 203-230.
103. Levine, R.H. and Altschuler, M.D., 1974, "Representations of coronal magnetic fields including currents", Solar Phys., 36, 345-350.
104. Levine, R.H., Altschuler, M.D., Harvey, J.W. and Jackson, B.V., 1977, "Open magnetic structures on the Sun", Astrophys. J., 215, 636-651.
105. Lindsey, C. and Braun, D.C., 2000, "Basic Principles of Solar Acoustic Holography", Solar Phys., 192, 261-284.
106. Linker, J.A., Lionello, R., Mikić, Z., Titov, V.S. and Antiochos, S.K., 2011, "The Evolution of Open Magnetic Flux Driven by Photospheric Dynamics", Astrophys. J., 731, 110.
107. Lionello, R., Linker, J.A. and Mikić, Z., 2001, "Including the Transition Region in Models of the Large-Scale Solar Corona", Astrophys. J., 546, 542-551.
108. Lionello, R., Riley, P., Linker, J.A. and Mikić, Z., 2005, "The Effects of Differential Rotation on the Magnetic Structure of the Solar Corona: Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations", Astrophys. J., 625, 463- 473.
109. Lionello, R., Linker, J.A., Mikić, Z. and Riley, P., 2006, "The Latitudinal Excursion of Coronal Magnetic Field Lines in Response to Differential Rotation: MHD Simulations", Astrophys. J. Lett., 642, L69-L72.
110. Lionello, R., Linker, J.A. and Mikić, Z., 2009, "Multispectral Emission of the Sun During the First Whole Sun Month: Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations", Astrophys. J., 690, 902-912.
111. Lites, B.W., Martinez Pillet, V. and Skumanich, A., 1994, "A quantitative comparison of vector magnetic field measurement and analysis techniques", Solar Phys., 155, 1-27.
112. Lockwood, M., 2002, "An evaluation of the correlation between open solar flux and total solar irradiance", Astron. Astrophys., 382, 678-687.
113. Lockwood, M., Stamper, R. and Wild, M.N., 1999, "A doubling of the Sun's coronal magnetic field during the past 100 years", Nature, 399, 437-439.
114. Lockwood, M., Forsyth, R., Balogh, A. and McComas, D., 2004, "Open solar flux estimates from near-Earth measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field: comparison of the first two perihelion passes of the Ulysses spacecraft", Ann. Geophys., 22, 1395-1405.
115. Lockwood, M., Rouillard, A.P. and Finch, I.D., 2009, "The Rise and Fall of Open Solar Flux During the Current Grand Solar Maximum", Astrophys. J., 700, 937-944.
116. Low, B.C. and Lou, Y.Q., 1990, "Modeling solar force-free magnetic fields", Astrophys. J., 352, 343-352.
117. Luhmann, J.G., Li, Y., Arge, C.N., Gazis, P.R. and Ulrich, R., 2002, "Solar cycle changes in coronal holes and space weather cycles", J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1154.
118. Mackay, D.H. and van Ballegooijen, A.A., 2005, "New Results in Modeling the Hemispheric Pattern of Solar Filaments", Astrophys. J. Lett., 621, L77-L80.
119. Mackay, D.H. and van Ballegooijen, A.A., 2006, "Models of the Large-Scale Corona. I. Formation, Evolution, and Liftoff of Magnetic Flux Ropes", Astrophys. J., 641, 577-589.
120. Mackay, D.H., Longbottom, A.W. and Priest, E.R., 1999, "Dipped Magnetic Field Configurations Associated with Filaments and Barbs", Solar Phys., 185, 87-112.
121. Mackay, D.H., Priest, E.R. and Lockwood, M., 2002a, "The Evolution of the Sun's Open Magnetic Flux: I. A Single Bipole", Solar Phys., 207, 291-308.
122. Mackay, D.H., Priest, E.R. and Lockwood, M., 2002b, "The Evolution of the Sun's Open Magnetic Flux: II. Full Solar Cycle Simulations", Solar Phys., 209, 287-309.
123. Mackay, D.H., Jardine, M.M., Collier Cameron, A., Donati, J.-F. and Hussain, G.A.J., 2004, "Polar caps on active stars: magnetic flux emergence and transport", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 354, 737-752.
124. Mackay, D.H., Karpen, J.T., Ballester, J.L., Schmieder, B. and Aulanier, G., 2010, "Physics of Solar Prominences: II - Magnetic Structure and Dynamics", Space Sci. Rev., 151, 333-399.
125. Maclennan, C.G., Lanzerotti, L.J., Simnett, G.M. and Sayle, K.A., 1995, "Heliolatitude dependence of interplanetary heavy ions", Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3361-3364.
126. Martin, S.F., Bilimoria, R. and Tracadas, P.W., 1994, "Magnetic field configurations basic to filament channels and filaments", in Solar Surface Magnetism, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Soesterberg, The Netherlands, November 1 - 5, 1993, (Eds.) Rutten, R.J., Schrijver, C.J., vol. 433 of NATO ASI Series C, pp. 303-338, Kluwer, Dordrecht; Boston.
127. Maunder, E.W., 1913, "Distribution of Sunspots in Heliographic Latitude, 1874-1913", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 74, 112.
128. McCloughan, J. and Durrant, C.J., 2002, "A method of evolving synoptic maps of the solar magnetic field", Solar Phys., 211, 53-76.
129. McDonald, F.B., Teegarden, B.J., Trainor, J.H., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and Webber, W.R., 1976, "The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons", Astrophys. J. Lett., 203, L149-L154.
130. McIvor, T., Jardine, M.M., Mackay, D. and Holzwarth, V., 2006, "Simulated X-ray cycles in rapidly rotating solar-like stars", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 367, 592-598.
131. Mikić, Z., Linker, J.A., Schnack, D.D., Lionello, R. and Tarditi, A., 1999, "Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the global solar corona", Phys. Plasmas, 6, 2217-2224.
132. Moreno-Insertis, F., 1986, "Nonlinear time-evolution of kink-unstable magnetic flux tubes in the convective zone of the sun", Astron. Astrophys., 166, 291-305.
133. Nakagawa, Y., 1973, "A Practical Representation of the Solar Magnetic Field", Astron. Astrophys., 27, 95.
134. Nash, A.G., Sheeley Jr, N.R. and Wang, Y.-M., 1988, "Mechanisms for the rigid rotation of coronal holes", Solar Phys., 117, 359-389.
135. Neugebauer, M., Forsyth, R.J., Galvin, A.B., Harvey, K.L., Hoeksema, J.T., Lazarus, A.J., Lepping, R.P., Linker, J.A., Mikic, Z., Steinberg, J.T., von Steiger, R., Wang, Y.-M. and Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., 1998, "Spatial structure of the solar wind and comparisons with solar data and models", J. Geophys. Res., 103(A7), 14,587-14,600.
136. Neukirch, T., 1995, "On self-consistent three-dimensional analytic solutions of the magnetohydrostatic equations", Astron. Astrophys., 301, 628.
137. Owens, M.J., Crooker, N.U. and Lockwood, M., 2011, "How is open solar magnetic flux lost over the solar cycle?", J. Geophys. Res., 116, A04111.
138. Pesnell, W.D., Thompson, B.J. and Chamberlin, P.C., 2012, "The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)", Solar Phys., 275, 3-15.
139. Pevtsov, A.A., Canfield, R.C. and Metcalf, T.R., 1995, "Latitudinal variation of helicity of photospheric magnetic fields", Astrophys. J. Lett., 440, L109-L112.
140. Pevtsov, A.A., Balasubramaniam, K.S. and Rogers, J.W., 2003, "Chirality of Chromospheric Filaments", Astrophys. J., 595, 500-505.
141. Pneuman, G.W. and Kopp, R.A., 1971, "Gas-Magnetic Field Interactions in the Solar Corona", Solar Phys., 18, 258-270.
142. Raouafi, N.-E., Harvey, J.W. and Henney, C.J., 2008, "On the Polar Field Distribution as Observed by SOLIS", in Subsurface and Atmospheric Influences on Solar Activity, Proceedings of a workshop held at the NSO/Sac, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA, 16 - 20 April 2007, (Eds.) Howe, R., Komm, R.W., Balasubramaniam, K.S., Petrie, G.J.D., vol. 383 of ASP Conference Series, p. 49, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.
143. Reale, F., 2010, "Coronal Loops: Observations and Modeling of Confined Plasma", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 7, lrsp-2010-5. URL (accessed 5 October 2012) http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2010-5
144. Ribes, J.C. and Nesme-Ribes, E., 1993, "The solar sunspot cycle in the Maunder minimum AD 1645 to AD 1715", Astron. Astrophys., 276, 549-563.
145. Riley, P., 2007, "An Alternative Interpretation of the Relationship between the Inferred Open Solar Flux and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field", Astrophys. J. Lett., 667, L97-L100.
146. Riley, P., Linker, J.A., Mikić, Z., Lionello, R., Ledvina, S.A. and Luhmann, J.G., 2006, "A Comparison between Global Solar Magnetohydrodynamic and Potential Field Source Surface Model Results", Astrophys. J., 653, 1510-1516.
147. Riley, P., Lionello, R., Linker, J.A., Mikic, Z., Luhmann, J. and Wijaya, J., 2011, "Global MHD Modeling of the Solar Corona and Inner Heliosphere for the Whole Heliosphere Interval", Solar Phys., 274, 361-377.
148. Ruan, P., Wiegelmann, T., Inhester, B., Neukirch, T., Solanki, S.K. and Feng, L., 2008, "A first step in reconstructing the solar corona self-consistently with a magnetohydrostatic model during solar activity minimum", Astron. Astrophys., 481, 827-834.
149. Rudenko, G.V., 2001, "A constructing method for a self-consistent three-dimensional solution of the magnetohydrostatic equations using full-disk magnetogram data", Solar Phys., 198, 279-287.
150. Rusin, V., Druckm̈uller, M., Aniol, P., Minarovjech, M., Saniga, M., Mikić, Z., Linker, J.A., Lionello, R., Riley, P. and Titov, V.S., 2010, "Comparing eclipse observations of the 2008 August 1 solar corona with an MHD model prediction", Astron. Astrophys., 513, A45.
151. Schatten, K.H., 1971, "Current sheet magnetic model for the solar corona", Cosmic Electrodyn., 2, 232-245.
152. Schatten, K.H., Wilcox, J.M. and Ness, N.F., 1969, "A model of interplanetary and coronal magnetic fields", Solar Phys., 6, 442-455.
153. Schrijver, C.J., 2001, "Simulations of the Photospheric Magnetic Activity and Outer Atmospheric Radiative Losses of Cool Stars Based on Characteristics of the Solar Magnetic Field", Astrophys. J., 547, 475-490.
154. Schrijver, C.J. and DeRosa, M.L., 2003, "Photospheric and heliospheric magnetic fields", Solar Phys., 212, 165-200.
155. Schrijver, C.J. and Harvey, K.L., 1994, "The photospheric magnetic flux budget", Solar Phys., 150, 1-18.
156. Schrijver, C.J. and Liu, Y., 2008, "The Global Solar Magnetic Field Through a Full Sunspot Cycle: Observations and Model Results", Solar Phys., 252, 19-31.
157. Schrijver, C.J. and Title, A.M., 2001, "On the Formation of Polar Spots in Sun-like Stars", Astrophys. J., 551, 1099-1106.
158. Schrijver, C.J. and Zwaan, C., 2000, Solar and Stellar Magnetic Activity, vol. 34 of Cambridge Astrophysics Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York.
159. Schrijver, C.J., DeRosa, M.L. and Title, A.M., 2002, "What Is Missing from Our Understanding of Long-Term Solar and Heliospheric Activity?", Astrophys. J., 577, 1006-1012.
160. Schrijver, C.J., DeRosa, M.L. and Title, A.M., 2003, "Asterospheric Magnetic Fields and Winds of Cool Stars", Astrophys. J., 590, 493-501.
161. Schrijver, C.J., Sandman, A.W., Aschwanden, M.J. and DeRosa, M.L., 2004, "The Coronal Heating Mechanism as Identified by Full-Sun Visualizations", Astrophys. J., 615, 512-525.
162. Schrijver, C.J., DeRosa, M.L., Metcalf, T.R., Liu, Y., McTiernan, J., Régnier, S., Valori, G., Wheatland, M.S. and Wiegelmann, T., 2006, "Nonlinear Force-Free Modeling of Coronal Magnetic Fields Part I: A Quantitative Comparison of Methods", Solar Phys., 235, 161-190.
163. Schulz, M., Frazier, E.N. and Boucher Jr, D.J., 1978, "Coronal magnetic-field model with non-spherical source surface", Solar Phys., 60, 83-104.
164. Scḧussler, M. and Baumann, I., 2006, "Modeling the Sun's open magnetic flux", Astron. Astrophys., 459, 945-953.
165. Scḧussler, M. and Solanki, S.K., 1992, "Why rapid rotators have polar spots", Astron. Astrophys., 264, L13-L16.
166. Scḧussler, M., Caligari, P., Ferriz-Mas, A. and Moreno-Insertis, F., 1994, "Instability and eruption of magnetic flux tubes in the solar convection zone", Astron. Astrophys., 281, L69-L72.
167. Semel, M., 1989, "Zeeman-Doppler imaging of active stars. I. Basic principles", Astron. Astrophys., 225, 456-466.
168. Sheeley Jr, N.R., 2005, "Surface Evolution of the Sun's Magnetic Field: A Historical Review of the Flux-Transport Mechanism", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 2, lrsp-2005-5. URL (accessed 5 Octoiber 2012) http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2005-5.
169. Sheeley Jr, N.R., DeVore, C.R. and Boris, J.P., 1985, "Simulations of the mean solar magnetic field during sunspot cycle 21", Solar Phys., 98, 219-239.
170. Sheeley Jr, N.R., Nash, A.G. andWang, Y.-M., 1987, "The origin of rigidly rotating magnetic field patterns on the sun", Astrophys. J., 319, 481-502.
171. Sheeley Jr, N.R., Wang, Y.-M. and DeVore, C.R., 1989, "Implications of a strongly peaked polar magnetic field", Solar Phys., 124, 1-13.
172. Snodgrass, H.B., 1983, "Magnetic rotation of the solar photosphere", Astrophys. J., 270, 288-299.
173. Solanki, S.K., 2003, "Sunspots: An overview", Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 11, 153-286.
174. Solanki, S.K., Schüssler, M. and Fligge, M., 2000, "Evolution of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field since the Maunder minimum", Nature, 408, 445-447.
175. Solanki, S.K., Schüssler, M. and Fligge, M., 2002, "Secular variation of the Sun's magnetic flux", Astron. Astrophys., 383, 706-712.
176. Strassmeier, K.G. and Rice, J.B., 2001, "Doppler Imaging of the Pre-Main-Sequence Binary V824 Ara = HD 155555", in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: 11th Cambridge Workshop, Proceedings of a meeting held at Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, 4 - 8 October 1999, (Eds.) Garc/ia López, R.J., Rebolo, R., Zapaterio Osorio, M.R., vol. 223 of ASP Conference Series, p. 1302, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.
177. Stuiver, M. and Quay, P.D., 1980, "Changes in atmospheric Carbon-14 attributed to a variable sun", Science, 207, 11-19.
178. Svalgaard, L., 2006, "How Good (or Bad) are the Inner Boundary Conditions for Heliospheric Solar Wind Modeling?", Workshop on Solar, Heliospheric & Interplanetary Environment (SHINE 2006), Zermatt Resort, Midway, UT, July 31 - August 4, 2006, conference paper. Online version (accessed 26 October 2012): http://www.leif.org/research/
179. Svensmark, H., 1998, "Influence of Cosmic Rays on Earth's Climate", Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 5027-5030.
180. Svensmark, H. and Friis-Christensen, E., 1997, "Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage - a missing link in solar-climate relationships", J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 59, 1225-1232.
181. Tadesse, T., Wiegelmann, T., Inhester, B. and Pevtsov, A., 2011, "Nonlinear force-free field extrapolation in spherical geometry: improved boundary data treatment applied to a SOLIS/VSM vector magnetogram", Astron. Astrophys., 527, A30.
182. Titov, V.S., Mikić, Z., Linker, J.A., Lionello, R. and Antiochos, S.K., 2011, "Magnetic Topology of Coronal Hole Linkages", Astrophys. J., 731, 111.
183. Tóth, G., van der Holst, B., Sokolov, I.V., de Zeeuw, D.L., Gombosi, T.I., Fang, F., Manchester IV, W.B., Meng, X., Najib, D., Powell, K.G., Stout, Q.F., Glocer, A., Ma, Y.-J. and Opher, M., 2012, "Adaptive numerical algorithms in space weather modeling", J. Comput. Phys., 231, 870-903.
184. Usoskin, I.G., 2008, "A History of Solar Activity over Millennia", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 5, lrsp-2008-3. URL (accessed 5 October 2012): http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2008-3.
185. van Ballegooijen, A.A. and Mackay, D.H., 2007, "Model for the Coupled Evolution of Subsurface and Coronal Magnetic Fields in Solar Active Regions", Astrophys. J., 659, 1713-1725.
186. van Ballegooijen, A.A., Cartledge, N.P. and Priest, E.R., 1998, "Magnetic Flux Transport and the Formation of Filament Channels on the Sun", Astrophys. J., 501, 866.
187. van Ballegooijen, A.A., Priest, E.R. and Mackay, D.H., 2000, "Mean Field Model for the Formation of Filament Channels on the Sun", Astrophys. J., 539, 983-994.
188. Vaquero, J.M., Gallego, M.C., Usoskin, I.G. and Kovaltsov, G.A., 2011, "Revisited Sunspot Data: A New Scenario for the Onset of the Maunder Minimum", Astrophys. J. Lett., 731, L24.
189. Vásquez, A.M., Frazin, R.A., Hayashi, K., Sokolov, I.V., Cohen, O., Manchester IV, W.B. and Kamalabadi, F., 2008, "Validation of Two MHD Models of the Solar Corona with Rotational Tomography", Astrophys. J., 682, 1328-1337.
190. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1989, "Average properties of bipolar magnetic regions during sunspot cycle 21", Solar Phys., 124, 81-100.
191. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1990, "Magnetic flux transport and the sunspot-cycle evolution of coronal holes and their wind streams", Astrophys. J., 365, 372-386.
192. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1991, "Magnetic flux transport and the Sun's dipole moment: New twists to the Babcock-Leighton model", Astrophys. J., 375, 761-770.
193. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1992, "On potential field models of the solar corona", Astrophys. J., 392, 310-319.
194. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1993, "Understanding the rotation of coronal holes", Astrophys. J., 414, 916-927.
195. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1994, "The rotation of photospheric magnetic fields: A random walk transport model", Astrophys. J., 430, 399-412.
196. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 2002, "Sunspot activity and the long-term variation of the Sun's open magnetic flux", J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1302.
197. Wang, Y.-M. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 2004, "Footpoint Switching and the Evolution of Coronal Holes", Astrophys. J., 612, 1196-1205.
198. Wang, Y.-M., Nash, A.G. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1989a, "Evolution of the Sun's polar fields during sunspot cycle 21: Poleward surges and long-term behavior", Astrophys. J., 347, 529-539.
199. Wang, Y.-M., Nash, A.G. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1989b, "Magnetic Flux Transport on the Sun", Science, 245, 712-718.
200. Wang, Y.-M., Hawley, S.H. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 1996, "The Magnetic Nature of Coronal Holes", Science, 271, 464-469.
201. Wang, Y.-M., Sheeley Jr, N.R. and Lean, J., 2000, "Understanding the evolution of the Sun's open magnetic flux", Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 621-624.
202. Wang, Y.-M., Lean, J. and Sheeley Jr, N.R., 2002a, "Role of a Variable Meridional Flow in the Secular Evolution of the Sun's Polar Fields and Open Flux", Astrophys. J. Lett., 577, L53-L57.
203. Wang, Y.-M., Sheeley Jr, N.R. and Lean, J., 2002b, "Meridional Flow and the Solar Cycle Variation of the Sun's Open Magnetic Flux", Astrophys. J., 580, 1188-1196.
204. Weber, E.J. and Davis Jr, L., 1967, "The Angular Momentum of the Solar Wind", Astrophys. J., 148, 217-227.
205. Wheatland, M.S., Sturrock, P.A. and Roumeliotis, G., 2000, "An Optimization Approach to Reconstructing Force-free Fields", Astrophys. J., 540, 1150-1155.
206. Wiegelmann, T., 2007, "Computing Nonlinear Force-Free Coronal Magnetic Fields in Spherical Geometry", Solar Phys., 240, 227-239.
207. Wiegelmann, T., Neukirch, T., Ruan, P. and Inhester, B., 2007, "Optimization approach for the computation of magnetohydrostatic coronal equilibria in spherical geometry", Astron. Astrophys., 475, 701-706.
208. Wolf, R., 1861, "Abstract of his latest Results", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 21, 77-78.
209. Worden, J. and Harvey, J., 2000, "An Evolving Synoptic Magnetic Flux map and Implications for the Distribution of Photospheric Magnetic Flux", Solar Phys., 195, 247-268.
210. Yang, W.H., Sturrock, P.A. and Antiochos, S.K., 1986, "Force-free magnetic fields: The magneto-frictional method", Astrophys. J., 309, 383-391.
211. Yeates, A.R. and Mackay, D.H., 2009a, "Initiation of Coronal Mass Ejections in a Global Evolution Model", Astrophys. J., 699, 1024-1037.
212. Yeates, A.R. and Mackay, D.H., 2009b, "Modelling the Global Solar Corona: III. Origin of the Hemispheric Pattern of Filaments", Solar Phys., 254, 77-88.
213. Yeates, A.R. and Mackay, D.H., 2012, "Chirality of High-latitude Filaments over Solar Cycle 23", Astrophys. J. Lett., 753, L34.
214. Yeates, A.R., Mackay, D.H. and van Ballegooijen, A.A., 2007, "Modelling the Global Solar Corona: Filament Chirality Observations and Surface Simulations", Solar Phys., 245, 87-107.
215. Yeates, A.R., Mackay, D.H. and van Ballegooijen, A.A., 2008a, "Evolution and Distribution of Current Helicity in Full-Sun Simulations", Astrophys. J. Lett., 680, L165-L168.
216. Yeates, A.R., Mackay, D.H. and van Ballegooijen, A.A., 2008b, "Modelling the Global Solar Corona II: Coronal Evolution and Filament Chirality Comparison", Solar Phys., 247, 103-121.
217. Yeates, A.R., Attrill, G.D.R., Nandy, D., Mackay, D.H., Martens, P.C.H. and van Ballegooijen, A.A., 2010a, "Comparison of a Global Magnetic Evolution Model with Observations of Coronal Mass Ejections", Astrophys. J., 709, 1238-1248.
218. Yeates, A.R., Mackay, D.H., van Ballegooijen, A.A. and Constable, J.A., 2010b, "A nonpotential model for the Sun's open magnetic flux", J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09112.
219. Yeh, T. and Pneuman, G.W., 1977, "A sheet-current approach to coronal-interplanetary modeling", Solar Phys., 54, 419-430.
220. Zhao, X. and Hoeksema, J.T., 1994, "A coronal magnetic field model with horizontal volume and sheet currents", Solar Phys., 151, 91-105.
221. Zhao, X. and Hoeksema, J.T., 1995, "Prediction of the interplanetary magnetic field strength", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19-33.
222. Zhao, X.P. and Hoeksema, J.T., 2010, "The Magnetic Field at the Inner Boundary of the Heliosphere Around Solar Minimum", Solar Phys., 266, 379-390.
223. Zhao, X.P., Hoeksema, J.T. and Scherrer, P.H., 2000, "Modeling the 1994 April 14 Polar Crown SXR Arcade Using Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrostatic Equilibrium Solutions", Astrophys. J., 538, 932- 939.
224. Zirker, J.B., 1977, "Coronal holes and high-speed wind streams", Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 15, 257-269.
225. Zirker, J.B., Martin, S.F., Harvey, K. and Gaizauskas, V., 1997, "Global Magnetic Patterns of Chirality", Solar Phys., 175, 27-44.