A nonpotential model for the Sun's open magnetic flux

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 115, Issue 9, 2010, Pages

  Yeates, A R ^a,b   MacKay, D H ^c   Van Ballegooijen, A A ^b   Constable, J A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^b HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR ASTROPHYSICS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957713179     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015611     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Altschuler, M. D., and G. Newkirk Jr. (1969), Magnetic fields and the structure of the solar corona: I. Methods of calculating coronal fields, Sol. Phys., 9, 131-149.
2. Arge, C. N., E. Hildner, V. J. Pizzo, and J. W. Harvey (2002), Two solar cycles of nonincreasing magnetic flux, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A10), 1319, doi:10.1029/2001JA000503.
3. Balogh, A., E. J. Smith, B. T. Tsurutani, D. J. Southwood, R. J. Forsyth, and T. S. Horbury (1995), The heliospheric magnetic field over the south polar region of the Sun, Science, 268, 1007-1010.
4. Barnes, C. W., and P. A. Sturrock (1972), Force-free magnetic-field structures and their role in solar activity, Astrophys. J., 174, 659-670.
5. Beer, J. (2000), Long-term indirect indices of solar variability, Space Sci. Rev., 94, 53-66.
6. Bieber, J. W., and D. M. Rust (1995), The escape of magnetic flux from the Sun, Astrophys. J., 453, 911-918.
7. Canfield, R. C., H. S. Hudson, and D. E. McKenzie (1999), Sigmoidal morphology and eruptive solar activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26 (6), 627-630, doi:10.1029/1999GL900105. (Pubitemid 29285899)
8. Canfield, R. C., M. D. Kazachenko, L. W. Acton, D. H. Mackay, J. Son, and T. L. Freeman (2007), Yohkoh SXT full-resolution observations of sigmoids: Structure, formation, and eruption, Astrophys. J., 671, L81-L84.
9. Cranmer, S. R. (2009), Coronal holes, Living Rev. Sol. Phys., 6, 3.
10. Démoulin, P., and E. Pariat (2009), Modelling and observations of photospheric magnetic helicity, Adv. Space Res., 43, 1013-1031.
11. DeRosa, M. L., et al. (2009), A critical assessment of nonlinear force-free field modeling of the solar corona for active region 10953, Astrophys. J., 696, 1780-1791.
12. Fisk, L. A., and T. H. Zurbuchen (2006), Distribution and properties of open magnetic flux outside of coronal holes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A09115, doi:10.1029/2005JA011575.
13. Forbes, T. G. (2000), A review on the genesis of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (A10), 23, 153-23, 166, doi:10.1029/2000JA000005.
14. Gaizauskas, V., J. B. Zirker, C. Sweetland, and A. Kovacs (1997), Formation of a solar filament channel, Astrophys. J., 479, 448-457.
15. Gibson, S. E., and Y. Fan (2006), Coronal prominence structure and dynamics: A magnetic flux rope interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A12103, doi:10.1029/2006JA011871.
16. Jiang, J., R. Cameron, D. Schmitt, and M. Schüssler (2010), Modeling the Sun's open magnetic flux and the heliospheric current sheet, Astrophys. J., 709, 301-307.
17. Lockwood, M., R. Stamper, and M. N. Wild (1999), A doubling of the Sun's coronal magnetic field during the past 100 years, Nature, 399, 437-439.
18. Lockwood, M., M. Owens, and A. P. Rouillard (2009a), Excess open solar magnetic flux from satellite data: 2. A survey of kinematic effects, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A11104, doi:10.1029/2009JA014450.
19. Lockwood, M., A. P. Rouillard, and I. D. Finch (2009b), The rise and fall of open solar flux during the current grand solar maximum, Astrophys. J., 700, 937-944.
20. Luhmann, J. G., J. T. Gosling, J. T. Hoeksema, and X. Zhao (1998), The relationship between large-scale solar magnetic field evolution and coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (A4), 6585-6593, doi:10.1029/97JA03727.
21. Mackay, D. H., and M. Lockwood (2002), The evolution of the Sun's open magnetic flux: II. Full solar cycle simulations, Sol. Phys., 209 (2), 287-309.
22. Mackay, D. H., and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2005), New results in modeling the hemispheric pattern of solar filaments, Astrophys. J., 621, L77-L80.
23. Mackay, D. H., and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2006a), Models of the largescale corona: I. Formation, evolution, and liftoff of magnetic flux ropes, Astrophys. J., 641, 577-589.
24. Mackay, D. H., and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2006b), Models of the largescale corona: II. Magnetic connectivity and open flux variation, Astrophys. J., 642, 1193-1204.
25. Mackay, D. H., V. Gaizauskas, and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2000), Comparison of theory and observations of the chirality of filaments within a dispersing activity complex, Astrophys. J., 544, 1122-1134.
26. Mackay, D. H., E. R. Priest, and M. Lockwood (2002), The evolution of the Sun's open magnetic flux: I. A single bipole, Sol. Phys., 207 (2), 291-308. (Pubitemid 37133123)
27. Mackay, D. H., V. Gaizauskas, and A. R. Yeates (2008), Where do solar filaments form? Consequences for theoretical models, Solar Phys., 248, 51-65.
28. Marsch, E., and A. K. Richter (1984), Distribution of solar wind angular momentum between particles and magnetic field-Inferences about the Alfven critical point from HELIOS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 89 (A7), 5386-5394, doi:10.1029/JA089iA07p05386.
29. Martin, S. F., R. Bilimoria, and P. W. Tracadas (1994), Magnetic field configurations basic to filament channels and filaments, in Solar Surface Magnetism, NATO Sci. Ser., edited by R. J. Rutten and C. J. Schrijver, pp. 303-338, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
30. Owens, M. J., N. U. Crooker, N. A. Schwadron, T. S. Horbury, S. Yashiro, H. Xie, O. C. St. Cyr, and N. Gopalswamy (2008), Conservation of open solar magnetic flux and the floor in the heliospheric magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20108, doi:10.1029/2008GL035813.
31. Pevtsov, A. A., R. C. Canfield, and T. R. Metcalf (1995), Latitudinal variation of helicity of photospheric magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 440, L109-L112.
32. Pulkkinen, T. (2007), Space weather: terrestrial perspective, Living Rev. Sol. Phys., 4, 1.
33. Riley, P. (2007), An alternative interpretation of the relationship between the inferred open solar flux and the interplanetary magnetic field, Astrophys. J., 667, L97-L100.
34. Riley, P., J. A. Linker, Z. Mikic, R. Lionello, S. A. Ledvina, and J. G. Luhmann (2006), A comparison between global solar magnetohydrodynamic and potential field source surface model results, Astrophys. J., 653, 1510-1516.
35. Rust, D. M., D. K. Haggerty, M. K. Georgoulis, N. R. Sheeley, Y.-M. Wang, M. L. DeRosa, and C. J. Schrijver (2008), On the solar origins of open magnetic fields in the heliosphere, Astrophys. J., 687, 636-645.
36. Schatten, K. H., J. M. Wilcox, and N. F. Ness (1969), A model of interplanetary and coronal magnetic fields, Sol. Phys., 6, 442-455.
37. Schrijver, C. J., and M. L. DeRosa (2003), Photospheric and heliospheric magnetic fields, Sol. Phys., 212 (1), 165-200.
38. Schulz, M., E. N. Frazier, and D. J. Boucher Jr. (1978), Coronal magneticfield model with nonspherical source surface, Sol. Phys., 60, 83-104.
39. Schüssler, M., and I. Baumann (2006), Modeling the Sun's open magnetic flux, Astron. Astrophys., 459, 945-953.
40. Sheeley, N. R., Jr. (2005), Surface evolution of the Sun's magnetic field: A historical review of the flux-transport mechanism, Living Rev. Sol. Phys., 2, 5.
41. Smith, E. J., A. Balogh, R. J. Forsyth, and D. J. McComas (2001), Ulysses in the south polar cap at solar maximum: Heliospheric magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett, 28 (22), 4159-4162, doi:10.1029/2001GL013471. (Pubitemid 34010550)
42. Snodgrass, H. B. (1983), Magnetic rotation of the solar photosphere, Astrophys. J., 270, 288-299.
43. Solanki, S. K., M. Schüssler, and M. Fligge (2000), Evolution of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field since the Maunder minimum, Nature, 408, 445-447.
44. Sturrock, P. A., S. K. Antiochos, J. A. Klimchuk, and G. Roumeliotis (1994), Asymptotic forms for the energy of force-free magnetic field configurations of translational symmetry, Astrophys. J., 431, 870-872. (Pubitemid 24973727)
45. Su, Y., A. A. van Ballegooijen, B. W. Lites, E. E. DeLuca, L. Golub, P. C. Grigis, G. Huang, and H. Ji (2009), Observations and nonlinear forcefree field modeling of active region 10953, Astrophys. J., 691, 105-114.
46. Svensmark, H., and E. Friis-Christensen (1997), Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage-a missing link in solar-climate relationships, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 1225-1232.
47. Ulrich, R. K. (1992), Analysis of magnetic fluxtubes on the solar surface from observations at Mt. Wilson of A5250; A5233, in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 26, edited by M. S. Giampapa and J. A. Bookbinder, pp. 265-267, ASP, San Francisco, Calif.
48. van Ballegooijen, A. A., and P. C. H. Martens (1989), Formation and eruption of solar prominences, Astrophys. J., 343, 971-984.
49. van Ballegooijen, A. A., E. R. Priest, and D. H. Mackay (2000), Mean field model for the formation of filament channels on the Sun, Astrophys. J., 539, 983-994.
50. Vieira, L. E. A., and S. K. Solanki (2010), Evolution of the solar magnetic flux on time scales of years to millenia, Astron. Astrophys., 509, A100.
51. Wang, Y.-M., and K. Muglach (2007), On the formation of filament channels, Astrophys. J., 666, 1284-1295.
52. Wang, Y.-M., and N. R. Sheeley Jr. (1995), Solar implications of ULYSSES interplanetary field measurements, Astrophys. J., 447, L143-L146.
53. Wang, Y.-M., and N. R. Sheeley Jr. (2002), Sunspot activity and the longterm variation of the Sun's open magnetic flux, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A10), 1302, doi:10.1029/2001JA000500.
54. Wang, Y.-M., S. H. Hawley, and N. R. Sheeley Jr. (1996), The magnetic nature of coronal holes, Science, 271, 464-469.
55. Wang, Y.-M., J. Lean, and N. R. Sheeley Jr. (2000), The long-term variation of the Sun's open magnetic flux, Geophys. Res. Lett, 27 (4), 505-508, doi:10.1029/1999GL010744.
56. Yang, W. H., P. A. Sturrock, and S. K. Antiochos (1986), Force-free magnetic fields-The magnetofrictional method, Astrophys. J., 309, 383-391.
57. Yeates, A. R., and D. H. Mackay, (2009), Initiation of coronal mass ejections in a global evolution model, Astrophys. J., 699, 1024-1037.
58. Yeates, A. R., D. H. Mackay, and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2007), Modelling the global solar corona: Filament chirality observations and surface simulations, Sol. Phys., 245, 87-107.
59. Yeates, A. R., D. H. Mackay, and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2008a), Modelling the global solar corona: II. Coronal evolution and filament chirality comparison, Sol. Phys., 247, 103-121.
60. Yeates, A. R., D. H. Mackay, and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2008b), Evolution and distribution of current helicity in full-Sun simulations, Astrophys. J., 680, L165-L168.
61. Yeates, A. R., G. D. R. Attrill, D. Nandy, D. H. Mackay, P. C. H. Martens, and A. A. van Ballegooijen (2010), Comparison of a global magnetic evolution model with observations of coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 709, 1238-1248.
62. Zhao, X., and J. T. Hoeksema (1995), Prediction of the interplanetary magnetic field strength, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (A1), 19-33, doi:10.1029/ 94JA02266.