Biomarkers in community-acquired pneumonia: A state-of-the-art review

Clinics

Volumn 67, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1321-1325

  Seligman, Renato ^a   Ramos Lima, Luis Francisco ^a   Oliveira, Vivian do Amaral ^a   Sanvicente, Carina ^a   Pacheco, Elyara F ^a   Rosa, Karoline Dalla ^a  

^a HOSPITAL DE CLÍNICAS DE PORTO ALEGRE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Biological markers; Community acquired infections; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; HUMAN; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PNEUMONIA;

EID: 84870473499     PISSN: 18075932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(11)17     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. National Center for Health Statistics. Health Statistics, 2006.
2. Bauer TT, Welte T, Ernen C, Schlosser BM, Thate-Waschke I, de Zeeuw J, et al. Cost analyses of community-acquired pneumonia from the hospital perspective. Chest. 2005;128(4):2238-2246, http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.4.2238.
3. Riley PD, Aronsky D, Dean NC. Validation of the 2001 American Thoracic Society criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(12):2398-2402, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000147443.38234.D2.
4. Moine P, Vercken JB, Chevret S, Chastang C, Gajdos P. Severe community-acquired pneumonia.Etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis factors. French Study Group for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit. Chest. 1994;105(5):1487-1495, http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.105.5.1487.
5. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT, Rodgers FG, Laverick A, Pilkington R, Macrae AD. Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect. 1985;10(3):204-210.
6. Levin KP, Hanusa BH, Rotondi A, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, et al. Arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry in initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):590-598, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009590.x.
7. El-Solh AA, Sikka P, Ramadan F, Davies J. Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(3 Pt 1):645-651.
8. van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, Groot T, Bronsveld W, Jansen HM, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study. Thorax. 2005;60(8):672-678, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2004.030411.
9. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58(5):377-382, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.5.377.
10. Becker KL, Nylén ES, White JC, Müller B, Snider RH Jr. Clinical review 167: Procalcitonin and the calcitonin gene family of peptides in inflammation, infection, and sepsis: a journey from calcitonin back to its precursors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(4):1512-1525, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021444.
11. Boussekey N, Leroy O, Georges H, Devos P, d'Escrivan T, Guery B. Diagnostic and prognostic values of admission procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia in an intensive care unit. Infection. 2005;33(4):257-263, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-005-4096-2.
12. Hedlund J, Hansson LO. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in community-acquired pneumonia: correlation with etiology and prognosis. Infection. 2000;28(2):68-73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s150100050049.
13. Müller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Mueller C, Leuppi J, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-10.
14. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Muller B. Biomarkers to improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in systemic infections. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(5):578-585, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282c9ac2a.
15. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Müller C, Miedinger D, Huber PR, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in communityacquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2006;174(1):84-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200512-1922OC.
16. Volanakis JE, Kaplan MH. Specificity of C-reactive protein for choline phosphate residues of pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1971;136(2):612-614.
17. Black S, Kushner I, Samols D. C-reactive Protein. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(47):48487-48490, http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R400025200.
18. Dhingra R, Gona P, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, et al. C-reactive protein, inflammatory conditions, and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Med. 2007;120(12):1054-1062.
19. Kushner I. C-reactive protein elevation can be caused by conditions other than inflammation and may reflect biologic aging. Cleve Clin J Med. 2001;68(6):535-537, http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.68.6.535.
20. Almirall J, Bolíbar I, Toran P, Pera G, Boquet X, Balanzó X, et al. Contribution of C-reactive protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2004;125(4):1335-1342.
21. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of severity in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2008;121(3):219-225.
22. Coelho L, Póvoa P, Almeida E, Fernandes A, Mealha R, Moreira P, et al. Usefulness of C-reactive protein in monitoring the severe communityacquired pneumonia clinical course. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):R92, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc6105.
23. Itoi K, Jiang YQ, Iwasaki Y, Watson SJ. Regulatory mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression in the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004;16(4):348-355, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-8194.2004.01172.x.
24. Asfar P, Hauser B, Radermacher P, Matejovic M. Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Crit Care Clin. 2006;22(1):131-149,7-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2005.08.007.
25. de Bree FM, Burbach JP. Structure-function relationships of the vasopressin prohormone domains. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1998;18(2):173-191, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022564803093.
26. Barat C, Simpson L, Breslow E. Properties of human vasopressin precursor constructs: inefficient monomer folding in the absence of copeptin as a potential contributor to diabetes insipidus. Biochemistry. 2004;43(25):8191-8203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0400094.
27. Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A. Assay for the measurement of copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the precursor of vasopressin. Clin Chem. 2006;52(1):112-119, http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.060038.
28. Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A. Copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the vasopressin precursor, is elevated in serum of sepsis patients. Peptides. 2005;26(12):2500-2504, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.019.
29. Seligman R, Papassotiriou J, Morgenthaler NG, Meisner M, Teixeira PJ. Copeptin, a novel prognostic biomarker in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care. 2008;12(1):R11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc6780.
30. McDonagh TA, Robb SD, Murdoch DR, Morton JJ, Ford I, Morrison CE, et al. Biochemical detection of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction. Lancet. 1998;351(9095):9-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03034-1.
31. Kiely DG, Kennedy NS, Pirzada O, Batchelor SA, Struthers AD, Lipworth BJ. Elevated levels of natriuretic peptides in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism. Respir Med. 2005;99(10):1286-1291, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.029.
32. Vesely DL. Atrial natriuretic peptide prohormone gene expression: hormones and diseases that upregulate its expression. IUBMB Life. 2002;53(3):153-159, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15216540212336.
33. Witthaut R. Science review: natriuretic peptides in critical illness. Crit Care. 2004;8(5):342-349, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc2890.
34. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):161-167.
35. Hartemink KJ, Groeneveld AB, de Groot MC, Strack van Schijndel RJ, van Kamp G, Thijs LG. Alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and endothelin in plasma as markers of myocardial depression in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(1):80-87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200101000-00019.
36. Seligman R, Papassotiriou J, Morgenthaler NG, Meisner M, Teixeira PJ. Prognostic value of midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(11): 2084-2091, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-008-1173-x.
37. Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Christ-Crain M, Bergmann A, Müller B. Proatrial natriuretic peptide is a prognostic marker in sepsis, similar to the APACHE II score: an observational study. Crit Care. 2005;9(1):R37-R45, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3015.
38. Ishimitsu T, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Hino J, Matsuoka H, Kitamura K, et al. Genomic structure of human adrenomedullin gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;203(1):631-639, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2229.
39. Kitamura K, Sakata J, Kangawa K, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Eto T. Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding a precursor for human adrenomedullin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993;194(2):720-725, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1881.
40. Sugo S, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Miyamoto K, Kitamura K, Sakata J, et al. Endothelial cells actively synthesize and secrete adrenomedullin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;201(3):1160-1166, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1827.
41. Meeran K, O'Shea D, Upton PD, Small CJ, Ghatei MA, Byfield PH, et al. Circulating adrenomedullin does not regulate systemic blood pressure but increases plasma prolactin after intravenous infusion in humans: a pharmacokinetic study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(1):95-100, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.1.95.
42. Hinson JP, Kapas S, Smith DM. Adrenomedullin, a multifunctional regulatory peptide. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(2):138-167, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.21.2.138.
43. Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A. Measurement of midregional proadrenomedullin in plasma with an immunoluminometric assay. Clin Chem. 2005;51(10):1823-1829, http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.051110.
44. Nishio K, Akai Y, Murao Y, Doi N, Ueda S, Tabuse H, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of adrenomedullin correlate with relaxation of vascular tone in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(6):953-957, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199706000-00010.
45. Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Stolz D, Müller C, Bingisser R, Harbarth S, et al. Pro-adrenomedullin to predict severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care. 2006;10(3):R96, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc4955.
46. Krüger S, Ewig S, Giersdorf S, Hartmann O, Suttorp N, Welte T;, German Competence Network for the Study of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAPNETZ) Study Group. Cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers to predict short- and long-term survival in communityacquired pneumonia: Results from the German Competence Network, CAPNETZ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(11):1426-1434.
47. Slominski A, Zbytek B, Szczesniewski A, Semak I, Kaminski J, Sweatman T, et al. CRH stimulation of corticosteroids production in melanocytes is mediated by ACTH. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(4):E701-E706.
48. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Johnson ML, Lizarralde G. Amplitude, but not frequency, modulation of adrenocorticotropin secretory bursts gives rise to the nyctohemeral rhythm of the corticotropic axis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(2):452-463, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-71-2-452.
49. Bright GM, Darmaun D. Corticosteroid-binding globulin modulates cortisol concentration responses to a given production rate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(3):764-769, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.80.3.764.
50. Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(1):109-117.
51. Dugan AL, Malarkey WB, Schwemberger S, Jauch EC, Ogle CK, Horseman ND. Serum levels of prolactin, growth hormone, and cortisol in burn patients: correlations with severity of burn, serum cytokine levels, and fatality. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2004;25(3):306-313, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000124785.32516.CB.
52. Lovallo WR, Farag NH, Vincent AS, Thomas TL, Wilson MF. Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006;83(3):441-447, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2006.03.005.
53. Whitworth JA, Williamson PM, Mangos G, Kelly JJ. Cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1(4):291-299, http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.2005.1.4.291.
54. Salluh JI, Verdeal JC, Mello GW, Araújo LV, Martins GA, de Sousa Santino M, et al. Cortisol levels in patients with severe communityacquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(4):595-598, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-0046-9.
55. Salluh JI, Bozza FA, Soares M, Verdeal JC, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Lapa E Silva JR, et al. Adrenal response in severe community-acquired pneumonia: impact on outcomes and disease severity. Chest. 2008;134(5):947-954, http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1382.
56. Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis RR, Hunt BJ. Plasma D-dimers in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(7):747-756, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.747.
57. Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez- Rodriguez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(10):699-709.
58. Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, Kearon C, Anderson D, Crowther M, Weitz JI, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid whole-blood assay for D-dimer in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(12): 1006-1011.
59. Wada H, Sakuragawa N, Mori Y, Takagi M, Nakasaki T, Shimura M, et al. Hemostatic molecular markers before the onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Hematol. 1999;60(4):273-278.
60. Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC, Olson RE, Ghali WA, Brant R, et al. D-dimer for the exclusion of acute venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(8):589-602.
61. Shilon Y, Shitrit AB, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM, Margalit M, Sulkes J, et al. A rapid quantitative D-dimer assay at admission correlates with the severity of community acquired pneumonia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003;14(8):745-748, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001721-200312000-00009.
62. Querol-Ribelles JM, Tenias JM, Grau E, Querol-Borras JM, Climent JL, Gomez E, et al. Plasma d-dimer levels correlate with outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2004;126(4):1087-1092, http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.126.4.1087.