Shared rivers and conflict - A reconsideration

Political Geography

Volumn 31, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 519-527

  Brochmann, Marit ^a   Gleditsch, Nils Petter ^a  

^a PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OSLO PRIO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Boundaries; Conflicts; Cooperation; Freshwater; Water resources

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL THEORY; POLITICAL VIOLENCE;

EID: 84870466605     PISSN: 09626298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Allouche, J. (2005). Water nationalism: An explanation of the past and present conflicts in Central Asia, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. PhD dissertation, University of Geneva.
2. Anderson J.E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review 1979, 69(1):106-116.
3. Barrett S. Environment and statecraft: The strategy of environmental treaty-making 2003, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. Beaumont P. Water and armed conflict in the Middle East - fantasy or reality?. Conflict and the environment 1997, 355-374. Kluwer Academic, London. N.P. Gleditsch (Ed.).
5. Beck N., Katz J.N., Tucker R. Taking time seriously: time-series-cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. American Journal of Political Science 1998, 42(4):1260-1288.
6. Bernauer T. Explaining success and failure in international river management. Aquatic Sciences 2002, 64(1):1-19.
7. Bernauer T., Kuhn P.M. Is there an environmental version of the Kantian peace? Insights from water pollution in Europe. European Journal of International Relations 2010, 16(1):77-102.
8. Bernauer T., Siegfried T. Climate change and international water conflict in Central Asia. Journal of Peace Research 2012, 49(1):227-239.
9. Boulding K. Conflict and defense 1962, Harper and Row, New York.
10. Bremer S. Dangerous dyads: conditions affecting the likelihood of interstate war, 1816-1965. Journal of Conflict Resolution 1992, 36(2):309-341.
11. Brochmann, M., & Gleditsch, N. P. (2006). Shared rivers and international cooperation. Paper presented at the 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, 22-26 March and the workshop "Polarization and conflict, "Nicosia, Cyprus, 26-29 April.
12. Brochmann M., Gleditsch N.P. Codebook for the revised shared river dataset 2012, PRIO, Oslo. http://www.prio.no/cscw/datasets.
13. Brochmann M., Hensel P.R. Peaceful management of international river claims. International Negotiation 2009, 14(2):391-416.
14. Brochmann M., Hensel P.R. The effectiveness of negotiations over international river claims. International Studies Quarterly 2011, 55(3):859-882.
15. Buhaug H., Gleditsch N.P. The death of distance? the globalization of armed conflict. Territoriality and conflict in an era of globalization 2006, 187-216. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. M. Kahler, B. Walter (Eds.).
16. Collier P. The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
17. COW Direct contiguity, 1816-2006 (v3.1) 2012, http://www.correlatesofwar.org.
18. Diehl P.F. What are they fighting for? The importance of issues in international conflict research. Journal of Peace Research 1992, 29(3):333-344.
19. Dinar S. Scarcity and cooperation along international rivers. Global Environmental Politics 2009, 9(1):109-135.
20. Elhance A.P. Hydropolitics in the 3rd world. Conflict and cooperation in international river basins 1999, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, DC.
21. Furlong K., Gleditsch N.P., Hegre H. Geographic opportunity and neomalthusian willingness: boundaries, shared rivers and conflict. International Interactions 2006, 32(1):1-30.
22. Gartzke E. The capitalist peace. American Journal of Political Science 2007, 51(1):166-191.
23. Gizelis T.-I., Wooden A.E. Water resources, institutions, and intrastate conflict. Political Geography 2010, 29(8):444-453.
24. Gleditsch N.P. Trends in world airline patterns. Journal of Peace Research 1967, 4(4):366-408.
25. Gleditsch N.P. The international airline network: a test of the Zipf and Stouffer hypotheses. Papers, Peace Research Society (International) 1968, 9:123-153.
26. Gleditsch N.P., Furlong K., Hegre H., Lacina B., Owen T. Conflicts over shared rivers: resource scarcity or fuzzy boundaries?. Political Geography 2006, 25(4):361-382.
27. Gleditsch N.P., Hegre H. Peace and democracy: three levels of analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 1997, 41(2):283-310.
28. Gleick P.H. Water and conflict, fresh water resources and international security. International Security 1993, 18(1):79-112.
29. Gleick P. Water conflict chronology 2010, Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA, Last updated 2010. Last accessed 27.10.11. http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/list/.
30. Hauge W., Ellingsen T. Beyond environmental scarcity: causal pathways to conflict. Journal of Peace Research 1998, 35(3):299-317.
31. Hegre H. Development and the liberal peace: what does it take to be a trading state?. Journal of Peace Research 2000, 37(1):5-30.
32. Hegre H. Gravitating toward war - preponderance may pacify, but power kills. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2008, 52(4):566-589.
33. Hensel P.R. Contentious issues and world politics: the management of territorial claims in the Americas, 1816-1992. International Studies Quarterly 2001, 45(1):81-109.
34. Hensel, P. R., & Brochmann, M. (2007). Armed conflict over international rivers: the onset and militarization of river claims. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Chicago, IL, 28 February-3 March.
35. Hensel P., Mitchell S., Sowers T.E. Conflict management of riparian disputes. Political Geography 2006, 25(4):383-411.
36. Hensel P.R., Mitchell S.M., Sowers T.E., Thyne C.L. Bones of contention: comparing territorial, maritime and river issues. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2008, 52(1):117-143.
37. Holsti K.J. Peace and war: Armed conflicts and international order 1648-1989 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
38. Homer-Dixon T.F. Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases. International Security 1994, 19(1):5-40.
39. Homer-Dixon T.F. Environment, scarcity and violence 1999, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
40. Huth P. Standing your ground. Territorial disputes and international conflict 1996, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
41. ICOW Issue Correlates of War Project 2012, http://www.paulhensel.org/icow.html.
42. Kalpakian J. Identity, conflict and cooperation in international river systems 2004, Ashgate, Aldershot.
43. Katz D. Hydro-political hyperbole: examining incentives for overemphasizing the risks of water wars. Global Environmental Politics 2011, 11(1):12-35.
44. Kennedy P. The rise and fall of the great powers. Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 1988, Unwin Hyman, London.
45. Li Q., Reuveny R. Democracy and environmental degradation. International Studies Quarterly 2006, 50(4):935-956.
46. Lowi M.R. Rivers of conflict, rivers of peace. Journal of International Affairs 1995, 49(1):123-145.
47. Mansbach R., Vasquez J. In search of theory: A new paradigm for global politics 1981, Columbia University Press, New York.
48. Marshall M.G., Jaggers K., Gurr T.R. Polity IV project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800-2004 2006, Center for Systemic Peace, Vienna, VA, Updated versions available at. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
49. Mitchell S.M., Hensel P.R. International institutions and compliance with agreements. American Journal of Political Science 2007, 51(4):721-737.
50. Mitchell S.M., Prins B.C. Beyond territorial contiguity: issues at stake in democratic militarized interstate disputes. International Studies Quarterly 1999, 43(1):169-183.
51. Most B.A., Starr H. Inquiry, logic, and international politics 1989, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
52. Oneal J.R., Russett B. Rule of three, let it be? When more really is better. Conflict Management and Peace Science 2005, 22(4):293-310.
53. Owen T., Furlong K., Gleditsch N.P. Codebook for the shared river basin GIS and database 2004, PRIO, Oslo. http://www.prio.no/sptrans/-1045691924/Codebook%20for%20The%20Shared%20River%20Basin%20GIS%20and%20Database.pdf.
54. Payne R.A. Freedom and the environment. Journal of Democracy 1995, 6(3):41-55.
55. Raknerud A., Hegre H. The hazard of war: reassessing the evidence for the democratic peace. Journal of Peace Research 1997, 34(4):385-404.
56. Starr H. Opportunity and willingness as ordering concepts in the study of war. International Interactions 1978, 4(4):363-387.
57. TFDD The Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database 2010, University of Oregon, Corvallis, OR, Last accessed 04.11.12. http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/database/.
58. Tir J., Ackerman J.T. Politics of formalized river cooperation. Journal of Peace Research 2009, 46(5):623-640.
59. Tir J., Stinnett D.M. Weathering climate change: can institutions mitigate international water conflict?. Journal of Peace Research 2012, 49(1):211-225.
60. Tomz M., Wittenberg J., King G. Clarify: Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results 2003, Last accessed 01.11.11. http://www.stanford.edu/%7Etomz/software/clarify.pdf.
61. Toset H.P.W., Gleditsch N.P., Hegre H. Shared rivers and interstate conflict. Political Geography 2000, 19(6):971-996.
62. UNDP Human development report 2006 2006, Palgrave Macmillan, for the United Nations Development Programme, Houndsmill. http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/.
63. Vasquez J.A. The tangibility of issues and global conflict: a test of Rosenau's issue area typology. Journal of Peace Research 1983, 20(2):179-192.
64. Vasquez J. Why do neighbors fight? Proximity, interaction, or territoriality. Journal of Peace Research 1995, 32(3):277-293.
65. Wolf A.T., Natharius J.A., Danielson J.J., Ward B.S., Pender J.K. International river basins of the world. International Journal of Water Resources Development 1999, 15(4):387-427.
66. Wolf A.T., Kramer A., Carius A., Dabelko G. Managing water conflict and cooperation 2005, Ch. 5 in Redefining global security. The state of the world report, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.
67. Yoffe S., Wolf A.T., Giordano M. Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources: indicators of basins at risk. Journal of American Water Resources Association 2003, 39(5):1109-1126.
68. Zipf G.K. Human behavior and the principle of least effort 1949, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA.