Kinetic control of catalytic CVD for high-quality graphene at low temperatures

ACS Nano

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 9996-10003

  Weatherup, Robert S ^a   Dlubak, Bruno ^a   Hofmann, Stephan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bernal stacking; bilayer; catalyst; chemical vapor deposition; graphene; low temperature; Ni

Indexed keywords

BERNAL STACKING; BI-LAYER; CARBON SINK; CARBON SOLUBILITY; CATALYST MATERIAL; CATALYST SURFACES; CATALYTIC CVD; FLUX BALANCE; GRAPHENE GROWTH; HIGH QUALITY; KINETIC CONTROL; KINETIC GROWTH; LOW TEMPERATURES; POLYCRYSTALLINE; SYSTEMATIC STUDY;

CATALYSTS; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; MONOLAYERS; NICKEL; OPTIMIZATION; TEMPERATURE; VAPORS;

GRAPHENE;

GRAPHITE; NANOMATERIAL;

ARTICLE; CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; CONFORMATION; CRYSTALLIZATION; GAS; KINETICS; MACROMOLECULE; MATERIALS TESTING; METHODOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; SURFACE PROPERTY; SYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

CATALYSIS; CRYSTALLIZATION; GASES; GRAPHITE; KINETICS; MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES; MATERIALS TESTING; MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; NANOSTRUCTURES; PARTICLE SIZE; SURFACE PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 84870449770     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn303674g     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Yu, Q.; Lian, J.; Siriponglert, S.; Li, H.; Chen, Y. P.; Pei, S. S. Graphene Segregated on Ni Surfaces and Transferred to Insulators Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 113103
2. Li, X.; Cai, W.; An, J.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E. et al. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314
3. Bae, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, Y.; Xu, X.; Park, J.-S.; Zheng, Y.; Balakrishnan, J.; Lei, T.; Ri Kim, H.; Song, Y. I. et al. Roll-To-Roll Production of 30-Inch Graphene Films for Transparent Electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 574-578
4. Li, X.; Cai, W.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Evolution of Graphene Growth on Ni and Cu by Carbon Isotope Labeling Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4268-4272
5. Thiele, S.; Reina, A.; Healey, P.; Kedzierski, J.; Wyatt, P.; Hsu, P.-L.; Keast, C.; Schaefer, J.; Kong, J. Engineering Polycrystalline Ni Films to Improve Thickness Uniformity of the Chemical-Vapor-Deposition-Grown Graphene Films Nanotechnology 2010, 21, 015601
6. Reina, A.; Thiele, S.; Jia, X.; Bhaviripudi, S.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Schaefer, J. A.; Kong, J. Growth of Large-Area Single- and Bi-Layer Graphene by Controlled Carbon Precipitation on Polycrystalline Ni Surfaces Nano Res. 2009, 9, 30-35
7. Weatherup, R. S.; Bayer, B. C.; Blume, R.; Ducati, C.; Baehtz, C.; Schlögl, R.; Hofmann, S. In Situ Characterization of Alloy Catalysts for Low-Temperature Graphene Growth Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4154-60
8. Eizenberg, M.; Blakely, J. Carbon Monolayer Phase Condensation on Ni (111) Surf. Sci. 1979, 82, 228-236
9. Addou, R.; Dahal, A.; Sutter, P.; Batzill, M. Monolayer Graphene Growth on Ni(111) by Low Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 021601
10. Kidambi, P. R.; Ducati, C.; Dlubak, B.; Gardiner, D.; Weatherup, R. S.; Martin, M.-B.; Seneor, P.; Coles, H.; Hofmann, S. The Parameter Space of Graphene CVD on Polycrystalline Cu. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, DOI: 10.1021/jp303597m.
11. Zhang, B.; Lee, W. H.; Piner, R.; Kholmanov, I.; Wu, Y.; Li, H.; Ji, H.; Ruoff, R. S. Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene from Toluene on Electropolished Copper Foils ACS Nano 2012, 6, 2471-2476
12. 2 Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 122108
13. Chan, J.; Venugopal, A.; Pirkle, A.; McDonnell, S.; Hinojos, D.; Magnuson, C. W.; Ruoff, R. S.; Colombo, L.; Wallace, R. M.; Vogel, E. M. Reducing Extrinsic Performance-Limiting Factors in Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition ACS Nano 2012, 6, 3224-3229
14. Kikowatz, R.; Flad, K.; Hörz, G. Effects of Carbon and Sulfur on the Decomposition of Hydrocarbons on Nickel J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 1987, 5, 1009-1014
15. Weatherup, R. S.; Bayer, B. C.; Blume, R.; Baehtz, C.; Kidambi, P. R.; Fouquet, M.; Wirth, C. T.; Schlögl, R.; Hofmann, S. On the Mechanisms of Ni-Catalysed Graphene Chemical Vapour Deposition ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 2544-2549
16. Nie, S.; Walter, A. L.; Bartelt, N. C.; Starodub, E.; Bostwick, A.; Rotenberg, E.; McCarty, K. F. Growth from Below: Graphene Bilayers on Ir(111) ACS Nano 2011, 5, 2298-2306
17. Bunch, J. S.; Verbridge, S. S.; Alden, J. S.; van der Zande, A. M.; Parpia, J. M.; Craighead, H. G.; McEuen, P. L. Impermeable Atomic Membranes from Graphene Sheets Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2458-2462
18. Crank, J. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2 nd ed.; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1979.
19. Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Xu, X.; Dubuisson, E.; Bao, Q.; Lu, J.; Loh, K. P. Electrochemical Delamination of CVD-Grown Graphene Film: Toward the Recyclable Use of Copper Catalyst ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9927-9933
20. Gao, L.; Ren, W.; Xu, H.; Jin, L.; Wang, Z.; Ma, T.; Ma, L.-P.; Zhang, Z.; Fu, Q.; Peng, L.-M. et al. Repeated Growth and Bubbling Transfer of Graphene with Millimetre-Size Single-Crystal Grains Using Platinum Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 699
21. Kim, J.; Ishihara, M.; Koga, Y.; Tsugawa, K.; Hasegawa, M.; Iijima, S. Low-Temperature Synthesis of Large-Area Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Films Using Surface Wave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 091502
22. Kim, Y.; Song, W.; Lee, S.; Jeon, C.; Jung, W.; Kim, M.; Park, C.-Y. Low-Temperature Synthesis of Graphene on Nickel Foil by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 263106
23. Ferrari, A.; Meyer, J.; Scardaci, V.; Casiraghi, C.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F.; Piscanec, S.; Jiang, D.; Novoselov, K.; Roth, S. et al. Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 187401
24. Zhang, Y.; Tang, T.-T.; Girit, C.; Hao, Z.; Martin, M. C.; Zettl, A.; Crommie, M. F.; Shen, Y. R.; Wang, F. Direct Observation of a Widely Tunable Bandgap in Bilayer Graphene Nature 2009, 459, 820-823
25. Grüneis, A.; Kummer, K.; Vyalikh, D. V. Dynamics of Graphene Growth on a Metal Surface: a Time-Dependent Photoemission Study New J. Phys. 2009, 11, 073050
26. Dai, B.; Fu, L.; Zou, Z.; Wang, M.; Xu, H.; Wang, S.; Liu, Z. Rational Design of a Binary Metal Alloy for Chemical Vapour Deposition Growth of Uniform Single-Layer Graphene Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 522
27. Luo, J.; Tian, P.; Pan, C.-T.; Robertson, A. W.; Warner, J. H.; Hill, E. W.; Briggs, G. A. D. Ultralow Secondary Electron Emission of Graphene ACS Nano 2011, 5, 1047-1055
28. Goldstein, J.; Newbury, D. E.; Joy, D. C.; Lyman, C. E.; Echlin, P.; Lifshin, E.; Sawyer, L.; Michael, J. R. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 3 rd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, 2003.
29. Lander, J. J.; Kern, H. E.; Beach, A. L. Solubility and Diffusion Coefficient of Carbon in Nickel: Reaction Rates of Nickel-Carbon Alloys with Barium Oxide J. Appl. Phys. 1952, 23, 1305-1309