Long-term reproductive and metabolic consequences of PCOS

Current Diabetes Reviews

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 444-451

  Hudecova, Miriam ^a   Jan, Holte ^a   Christian, Berne ^a   Inger, Sundstrom Poromaa ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes mellitus; Early insulin response; Fecundity; Insulin sensitivity; Metabolic syndrome; Ovarian reserve; Polycystic ovary syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ESTROGEN; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; MUELLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR; PROGESTERONE;

ANDROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; ANOVULATION; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLIMACTERIUM; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; FEMALE SUBFERTILITY; FOLLOW UP; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; INFERTILITY THERAPY; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN RESPONSE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OLIGOMENORRHEA; OVARIAN RESERVE; OVARY FOLLICLE; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PHENOTYPE; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SMOKING; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION;

AGE FACTORS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPERANDROGENISM; INCIDENCE; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OVARY; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME; SWEDEN; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84870227614     PISSN: 15733998     EISSN: 18756417     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339912803529913     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocardial infarction. Evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992; 71:599-604.
2. Dahlgren E, Johansson S, Lindstedt G et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a longterm follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril 1992; 57:505-513.
3. Zawadski J. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR, eds. Polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1992. pp. 377-384.
4. REA-SPCW G. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004; 81:19-25.
5. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D et al. Positions statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91:4237-4245.
6. Diejomaoh M, Jirous J, Al-Azemi M et al. The relationship of recurrent spontaneous miscarriage with reproductive failure. Med Princ Pract. 2003; 12:107-111.
7. Wang JX, Davies MJ, Norman RJ. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and the risk of spontaneous abortion following assisted reproductive technology treatment. Hum Reprod. 2001; 16:2606-2609.
8. Legro RS. Pregnancy considerations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 50:295-304.
9. Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS. Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med. 2008; 26:72-84.
10. George L, Granath F, Johansson AL et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology. 2006; 17:500-505.
11. Rai R, Backos M, Rushworth F, Regan L. Polycystic ovaries and recurrent miscarriage--a reappraisal. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15:612-615.
12. Vanky E, Salvesen KA, Heimstad R et al. Metformin reduces pregnancy complications without affecting androgen levels in pregnant polycystic ovary syndrome women: results of a randomized study. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:1734-1740.
13. Koivunen R, Pouta A, Franks S et al. Fecundability and spontaneous abortions in women with self-reported oligo-amenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Hum Reprod. 2008; 23:2134-2139.
14. Sundstrom I, Ildgruben A, Hogberg U. Treatment-related and treatment-independent deliveries among infertile couples, a longterm follow-up. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997; 76:238-243.
15. Hudecova M, Holte J, Olovsson M, Sundstrom Poromaa I. Longterm follow-up of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: reproductive outcome and ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod. 2009; 24:1176-1183.
16. Tremellen KP, Kolo M, Gilmore A, Lekamge DN. Anti-mullerian hormone as a marker of ovarian reserve. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005; 45:20-24.
17. Brodin T, Bergh T, Berglund L et al. Menstrual cycle length is an age-independent marker of female fertility: Results from 6271 treatment cycles of in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2007.
18. Macklon NS, Fauser BC. Ovarian reserve. Semin Reprod Med. 2005; 23:248-256.
19. La Marca A, Volpe A. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in female reproduction: is measurement of circulating AMH a useful tool? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006; 64:603-610.
20. Gnoth C, Schuring AN, Friol K et al. Relevance of anti-Mullerian hormone measurement in a routine IVF program. Hum Reprod. 2008; 23:1359-1365.
21. Singer T, Barad DH, Weghofer A, Gleicher N. Correlation of antimullerian hormone and baseline follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Fertil Steril. 2008.
22. Holte J, Brodin T, Berglund L et al. Antral follicle counts are strongly associated with live-birth rates after assisted reproduction, with superior treatment outcome in women with polycystic ovaries. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:594-599.
23. Mulders AG, Laven JS, Eijkemans MJ et al. Changes in anti-Mullerian hormone serum concentrations over time suggest delayed ovarian ageing in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2036-2042.
24. Pigny P, Merlen E, Robert Y et al. Elevated serum level of anti-mullerian hormone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to the ovarian follicle excess and to the follicular arrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88:5957-5962.
25. Catteau-Jonard S, Jamin SP, Leclerc A et al. Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Its Receptor, Fsh Receptor, and Androgen Receptor Genes Are Overexpressed by Granulosa Cells from Stimulated Follicles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008.
26. Chu MC, Carmina E, Wang J, Lobo RA. Mullerian-inhibiting substance reflects ovarian findings in women with polycystic ovary syndrome better than does inhibin B. Fertil Steril. 2005; 84:1685-1688.
27. Tsigkou A, Luisi S, De Leo V et al. High serum concentration of total inhibin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2008.
28. Franks S, Stark J, Hardy K. Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update. 2008; 14:367-378.
29. Holte J, Bergh T, Gennarelli G, Wide L. The independent effects of polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity on serum concentrations of gonadotrophins and sex steroids in premenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 41:473-481.
30. Schmidt J, Brannstrom M, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Dahlgren E. Reproductive hormone levels and anthropometry in postmenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a 21-year follow-up study of women diagnosed with PCOS around 50 years ago and their age-matched controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2178-2185.
31. Korhonen S, Hippelainen M, Vanhala M et al. The androgenic sex hormone profile is an essential feature of metabolic syndrome in premenopausal women: a controlled community-based study. Fertil Steril. 2003; 79:1327-1334.
32. Adams J, Polson DW, Franks S. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293:355-359.
33. Balen A, Michelmore K. What is polycystic ovary syndrome? Are national views important? Hum Reprod. 2002; 17:2219-2227.
34. Webber LJ, Stubbs S, Stark J et al. Formation and early development of follicles in the polycystic ovary. Lancet. 2003; 362:1017-1021.
35. Small CM, Manatunga AK, Klein M et al. Menstrual cycle characteristics: associations with fertility and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology. 2006; 17:52-60.
36. Elting MW, Korsen TJ, Rekers-Mombarg LT, Schoemaker J. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15:24-28.
37. Brown ZA, Louwers YV, Fong SL et al. The phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome ameliorates with aging. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1259-1265.
38. Sternfeld B, Liu K, Quesenberry CP, Jr. et al. Changes over 14 years in androgenicity and body mass index in a biracial cohort of reproductive-age women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93:2158-2165.
39. Sowers MF, Zheng H, McConnell D et al. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and free androgen index among adult women: chronological and ovarian aging. Hum Reprod. 2009; 24:2276-2285.
40. Winters SJ, Talbott E, Guzick DS et al. Serum testosterone levels decrease in middle age in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2000; 73:724-729.
41. Hudecova M, Holte J, Moby L et al. Androgen levels, insulin sensitivity, and early insulin response in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1146-1148.
42. Puurunen J, Piltonen T, Jaakkola P et al. Adrenal androgen production capacity remains high up to menopause in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1973-1978.
43. Dunaif A. Drug insight: insulin-sensitizing drugs in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome--a reappraisal. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4:272-283.
44. Dokras A, Bochner M, Hollinrake E et al. Screening women with polycystic ovary syndrome for metabolic syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106:131-137.
45. Gennarelli G, Holte J, Berglund L et al. Prediction models for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:2098-2102.
46. Burghen GA, Givens JR, Kitabchi AE. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 50:113-116.
47. Svendsen PF, Nilas L, Norgaard K et al. Obesity, body composition and metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:2113-2121.
48. Toprak S, Yonem A, Cakir B et al. Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Horm Res 2001; 55:65.
49. Yucel A, Noyan V, Sagsoz N. The association of serum androgens and insulin resistance with fat distribution in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 126:81-86.
50. Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 1997; 18:774-800.
51. Dunaif A, Segal KR, Futterweit W, Dobrjansky A. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 1989; 38:1165-1174.
52. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Mitrakou A, Hennes MM et al. Insulin sensitivity and antiandrogenic therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism. 1995; 44:525-531.
53. Kowalska I, Straczkowski M, Nikolajuk A et al. Serum visfatin in relation to insulin resistance and markers of hyperandrogenism in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:1824-1829.
54. Svendsen PF, Madsbad S, Nilas L et al Expression of 11beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue of lean and obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:1249-1256.
55. Tosi F, Dorizzi R, Castello R et al. Body fat and insulin resistance independently predict increased serum C-reactive protein in hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 161:737-745.
56. Baillargeon JP, Carpentier A. Role of insulin in the hyperandrogenemia of lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal insulin sensitivity. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:886-893.
57. Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C et al. Enhanced early insulin response to glucose in relation to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:1052-1058.
58. Morin-Papunen LC, Vauhkonen I, Koivunen RM et al. Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and metabolic and hormonal parameters in healthy women and women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:1266-1274.
59. Vrbikova J, Cibula D, Dvorakova K et al. Insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2942-2945.
60. Ovesen P, Moller J, Ingerslev HJ et al. Normal basal and insulin-stimulated fuel metabolism in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:1636-1640.
61. Barber TM, Wass JA, McCarthy MI, Franks S. Metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovaries and oligo-amenorrhoea but normal androgen levels: implications for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66:513-517.
62. Belosi C, Selvaggi L, Apa R et al Is the PCOS diagnosis solved by ESHRE/ASRM 2003 consensus or could it include ultrasound examination of the ovarian stroma? Hum Reprod 2006; 21:31083115.
63. Robinson S, Kiddy D, Gelding SV et al. The relationship of insulin insensitivity to menstrual pattern in women with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 39:351-355.
64. Cibula D. Is insulin resistance an essential component of PCOS?: The influence of confounding factors. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:757-759.
65. Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C et al. Restored insulin sensitivity but persistently increased early insulin secretion after weight loss in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:2586-2593.
66. Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, Saad MF et al. Exaggerated early insulin release and insulin resistance in a diabetes-prone population: a metabolic comparison of Pima Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 73:866-876.
67. Ehrmann DA, Sturis J, Byrne MM et al. Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:520-527.
68. Colilla S, Cox NJ, Ehrmann DA. Heritability of insulin secretion and insulin action in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and their first degree relatives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:2027-2031.
69. Goodarzi MO, Erickson S, Port SC et al. beta-Cell function: a key pathological determinant in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:310-315.
70. Vrbikova J, Bendlova B, Vankova M et al. Beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of the family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:597-602.
71. Martin BC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS et al. Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a 25-year follow-up study. Lancet. 1992; 340:925-929.
72. Zethelius B, Berglund L, Hanni A, Berne C. The interaction between impaired acute insulin response and insulin resistance predict type 2 diabetes and impairment of fasting glucose: report from a 20-year follow-up in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men-ULSAM. Ups J Med Sci. 2008; 113:117-130.
73. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Gaskill SP, Stern MP. Decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance are independently related to the 7-year risk of NIDDM in Mexican-Americans. Diabetes. 1995; 44:1386-1391.
74. Kahn BB. Type 2 diabetes: when insulin secretion fails to compensate for insulin resistance. Cell. 1998; 92:593-596.
75. Cho LW, Jayagopal V, Kilpatrick ES, Atkin SL. The mean and the biological variation of insulin resistance does not differ between polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Ann Clin Biochem. 2009; 46:218-221.
76. Hudecova M, Holte J, Olovsson M et al. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome--a long term follow-up. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1462-1468.
77. Holte J, Gennarelli G, Wide L et al. High prevalence of polycystic ovaries and associated clinical, endocrine, and metabolic features in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:1143-1150.
78. Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:141-146.
79. Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC, Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:165-169.
80. Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Manicardi E et al. Glucose intolerance in a large cohort of mediterranean women with polycystic ovary syndrome: phenotype and associated factors. Diabetes 2004; 53:2353-2358.
81. Cibula D, Cifkova R, Fanta M et al. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15:785-789.
82. Lunde O, Tanbo T. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a follow-up study on diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and malignancy 15-25 years after ovarian wedge resection. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23:704-709.
83. Pierpoint T, McKeigue PM, Isaacs AJ et al. Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998; 51:581-586.
84. Schmidt J, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Brannstrom M, Dahlgren E. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors in PCOS Women of Postmenopausal Age: A 21-Year Controlled Follow-Up Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:3794-3803.
85. Glueck CJ, Papanna R, Wang P et al. Incidence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with confirmed polycystic ovarian syndrome. Metabolism. 2003; 52:908-915.
86. Holte J, Gennarelli G, Berne C et al. Elevated ambulatory day-time blood pressure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a sign of a pre-hypertensive state? Hum Reprod 1996; 11:23-28.
87. Akram T, Hasan S, Imran M et al. Association of polycystic ovary syndrome with cardiovascular risk factors. Gynecol 2001; 26:4753.
88. Legro RS, Blanche P, Krauss RM, Lobo RA. Alterations in low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subclasses among Hispanic women with polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of insulin and genetic factors. Fertil Steril. 1999; 72:990-995.
89. Vrbikova J, Vondra K, Cibula D et al. Metabolic syndrome in young Czech women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2005; 20:3328-3332.
90. Ehrmann DA, Liljenquist DR, Kasza K et al. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91:48-53.
91. Apridonidze T, Essah PA, Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90:1929-1935.
92. Ni RM, Mo Y, Chen X et al. Low prevalence of the metabolic syndrome but high occurrence of various metabolic disorders in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009; 161:411-418.
93. Dewailly D, Contestin M, Gallo C, Catteau-Jonard S. Metabolic syndrome in young women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: revisiting the threshold for an abnormally decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum level. BJOG. 2010; 117:175-180.
94. Roa Barrios M, Arata-Bellabarba G, Valeri L, Velazquez-Maldonado E. Relationship between the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio, insulin resistance index and cardiometabolic risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009; 56:59-65.
95. Hudecova M, Holte J, Olovsson M et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in women with a previous diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: long-term follow-up. Fertil Steril 2011.
96. Puurunen J, Piltonen T, Morin-Papunen L et al. Unfavorable hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations persist after menopause in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:1827-1834.
97. Hu WH, Qiao J, Wang LN, Tong J. [Clinical features of the metabolic syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.]. Beijing 2010; 42:159-163.
98. Weerakiet S, Bunnag P, Phakdeekitcharoen B et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007; 23:153-160.
99. Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Lithell H. Serum lipoprotein lipid profile in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric, endocrine and metabolic variables. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 41:463-471.
100. Carmina E, Chu MC, Longo RA et al. Phenotypic variation in hyperandrogenic women influences the findings of abnormal metabolic and cardiovascular risk parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90:2545-2549.
101. Carmina E, Orio F, Palomba S et al. Endothelial dysfunction in PCOS: role of obesity and adipose hormones. Am J Med. 2006; 119:356 e351-356.
102. Giallauria F, Orio F, Palomba S et al. Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2008; 9:987-992.
103. Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Yang J et al. Epidemiology and adverse cardiovascular risk profile of diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91:1357-1363.
104. Talbott EO, Zborowski JV, Boudreaux MY et al. The relationship between C-reactive protein and carotid intima-media wall thickness in middle-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89:6061-6067.
105. Legro RS. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association? Endocr Rev. 2003; 24:302-312.
106. Talbott EO, Zborowskii JV, Boudraux MY. Do women with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Review of the evidence. Minerva Ginecol. 2004; 56:2739.
107. Hudecova M, Holte J, Olovsson M et al. Endothelial function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2654-2658.
108. Solomon CG. The epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Prevalence and associated disease risks. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999; 28:247-263.
109. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 52:595-600.
110. Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Azziz R et al. Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health--National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93:1276-1284.
111. Cheang KI, Nestler JE, Futterweit W. Risk of cardiovascular events in mothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2008; 14:1084-1094.
112. Lubiszewska B, Kruk M, Broda G et al. The impact of early menopause on risk of coronary artery disease (PREmature Coronary Artery Disease In Women-PRECADIW case-control study). European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology 2011.
113. Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hennekens CH et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of internal medicine 1999; 159:1061-1066.
114. van der Schouw YT, van der Graaf Y, Steyerberg EW et al. Age at menopause as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Lancet 1996; 347:714-718.
115. Cooper GS, Sandler DP. Age at natural menopause and mortality. Annals of epidemiology 1998; 8:229-235.
116. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R et al. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97:2601-2610.
117. Suh HS, Park YW, Kang JH et al. Vascular endothelial dysfunction tested by blunted response to endothelium-dependent vasodilation by salbutamol and its related factors in uncomplicated premenopausal obese women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005; 29:217-222.
118. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Candigliota M et al. Obesity and body fat distribution induce endothelial dysfunction by oxidative stress: protective effect of vitamin C. Diabetes. 2001; 50:159-165.
119. Arcaro G, Zamboni M, Rossi L et al. Body fat distribution predicts the degree of endothelial dysfunction in uncomplicated obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999; 23:936-942.
120. Brook RD, Bard RL, Rubenfire M et al. Usefulness of visceral obesity (waist/hip ratio) in predicting vascular endothelial function in healthy overweight adults. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88:1264-1269.
121. Park SH, Shim KW. Reduction in visceral adiposity is highly related to improvement in vascular endothelial dysfunction among obese women: an assessment of endothelial function by radial artery pulse wave analysis. Yonsei Med J. 2005; 46:511-518.
122. Lind L, Johansson L, Hulthe J et al. Vasodilation and visceral fat in elderly subjects: the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Atherosclerosis. 2007; 194:e64-71
123. Lind L. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in an elderly cohort: the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 196:795-802.
124. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Moran LJ et al. Flow-mediated dilatation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BJOG. 2006; 113:1308-1314.
125. Mather KJ, Verma S, Corenblum B, Anderson TJ. Normal endothelial function despite insulin resistance in healthy women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1851-1856.
126. Kravariti M, Naka KK, Kalantaridou SN et al. Predictors of endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90:5088-5095.
127. Meyer C, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90:5711-5716.
128. Orio F, Jr., Palomba S, Cascella T et al. Early impairment of endothelial structure and function in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89:4588-4593.
129. Tarkun I, Arslan BC, Canturk Z et al. Endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship with insulin resistance and low-grade chronic inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89:5592-5596.
130. Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Meyer C et al. A comprehensive assessment of endothelial function in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008.
131. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Alexandraki K, Protogerou A et al. Metformin administration improves endothelial function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005; 152:749-756.
132. Paradisi G, Steinberg HO, Shepard MK et al. Troglitazone therapy improves endothelial function to near normal levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:576-580.
133. Jensterle M, Sebestjen M, Janez A et al. Improvement of endothelial function with metformin and rosiglitazone treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 159:399-406.
134. Romualdi D, Costantini B, Selvaggi L et al. Metformin improves endothelial function in normoinsulinemic PCOS patients: a new prospective. Hum Reprod. 2008; 23:2127-2133.