Visual-stratigraphic dating of the GISP2 ice core: Basis, reproducibility, and application

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 102, Issue C12, 1997, Pages 26367-26381

  Alley, R B ^a   Shuman, C A ^b   Meese, D A ^c   Gow, A J ^c   Taylor, K C ^d   Cuffey, K M ^e   Fitzpatrick, J J ^f   Grootes, P M ^g   Zielinski, G A ^h   Ram, M ⁱ   Spinelli, G ^a   Elder, B ^c  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^c Engineering Research and Development Center   (United States)

^d DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^f DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

^h UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATING; GISP2; STRATIGRAPHIC DATING; VISIBLE STRATIGRAPHY;

EID: 0031448155     PISSN: 21699275     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96JC03837     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Alley, R.B., Concerning the deposition and diagenesis of strata in polar firn, J. Glaciol., 34, 283-290, 1988.
2. Alley, R.B., and S. Anandakrishnan, Variations in melt-layer frequency in the GISP2 ice core: Implications for Holocene summer temperatures in central Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 64-70, 1995.
3. Alley, R.B., and G.W. Woods, Impurity influence o n normal grain growth in the GISP2 ice core, J. Glaciol.. 42, 255-260, 1996.
4. Alley, R.B., J.H. Perepezko, and CR. Bentley, Grain growth in polar ice, II, Application, Glaciol., 32, 425433, 1986.
5. Alley, R.B., E.S. Saltzman, K.M. Cuffey, and J.J. Fitzpatrick, Summertime origin of depth hoar in the Greenland Ice Sheet, GISP2 Summit site, Geophys. Res. Letters, 17, 2393-2396, 1990.
6. Alley, R.B., et al., Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event, Nature, 362, 527-528, 1993.
7. Alley, R.B., A.J. Gow, S.J. Johnsen, J. Kipfstuhl, D.A. Meese and T. Thorsteinsson, Comparison of deep ice cores, Nature, 373, 393-394, 1995.
8. Baillie, M.G.L., Extreme environmental events and the linking of the tree-ring and ice-core records, in Radiocarbon (Tree Rings, Environment and Humanity), edited by J.S. Dean, D.M. Meko, and T.W. Swetnam, eds., 17-21, 1996.
9. Bard, E., B. Hamelin, R.G. Fairbanks, and A. Zindler, Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals, Nature, 345, 405-410, 1990.
10. Bender, M., T. Sowers, M.-L. Dickson, J. Orchardo, P. Grootes, P.A. Mayewski, and D.A. Meese, Climate correlations between Greenland and Antarctica during the past 100,000 years, Nature, 372, 663-666, 1994.
11. Benson, C.S., Stratigraphie studies in the snow and firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Res. Rep. 70, U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., 1962.
12. Bergin, M.H., J.-L. Jaffrezo, C.I. Davidson, J.E. Dibb, S.N. Pandis, R. Hillamo, W. Maenhaut, H.D. Kuhns, and T. Makela, The contributions of snow, fog, and dry deposition to the summer flux of anions and cations at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res. 100 (D8), 16,275-16,288, 1995.
13. Bolzan, J.F. and M. Strobel, Accumulation-rate variations around Summit, Greenland, J. Glaciol. 40, 56-66, 1994.
14. Bond, G., and R. Lotti, Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation, Science, 267, 1005-1010, 1995.
15. Bond, G., W. Broecker, S. Johnsen, J. McManus, L. Labeyrie, J. Jouzel, and G. Bonani, Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature, 365, 143-147, 1993.
16. Bradley, R.S., Quaternary Paleoclimatology, Allen and Unwin, Winchester, Mass., 1985.
17. Chylek, P., B. Johnson, P.A. Damiano, K.C. Taylor, and P. Clement, Biomass burning record and black carbon in the GISP2 ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 89-92, 1995.
18. Clausen, H.B., and W. Dansgaard, Less surface accumulation on the Ross Ice Shelf than hitherto assumed, IAHS Pubi. 118, 172-176, 1977.
19. Clausen, H.B., N.S. Gundestrup, S.J. Johnsen, R. Bindschadler, and J. Zwally, Glaciological investigations in the Crete area, central Greenland: A search for a new deep-drilling site, Ann. Glaciol., 10, 10-15, 1988.
20. Colbeck, S.C., Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover, Rep. 82-29, U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., 1982.
21. Dansgaard, W., et al., Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218-220, 1993.
22. Edwards, R.L., J.W. Beck, G.S. Burr, D.J. Donahue, J.M.A. Chappell, A.L. Bloom, E.R.M. Druffel, and F.W. Taylor, A large drop in atmospheric 14C/12C and reduced melting in the Younger Dryas, documented with 230Th ages of corals, Science, 60, 962-968, 1993.
23. Fiacco, R.J., Jr., T. Thordarson, M.S. Germani, S. Self, J.M. Palais, S. Whitlow, and P.M. Grootes, Atmospheric aerosol loading and transport due to the 1783-84 Laki eruption in Iceland, interpreted from ash particles and acidity in the GISP2 ice core, Quat. Res., 42, 231-240, 1994.
24. Fitzpatrick, J.J., Preliminary report on the physical and stratigraphic properties of the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarct. J. U.S., 29, 84-86, 1994.
25. Goslar, T., et al., High concentration of atmospheric 14C during the Younger Dryas cold episode, Nature, 377, 414-417, 1995.
26. Gow, A.J., Bubbles and bubble pressures in Antarctic glacier ice, J. Glaciol., 7, 167-182, 1968a.
27. Gow, A.J., Deep core studies of the accumulation and densification of snow at Byrd Station and Little America V, Antarctica, Res. Rept. No. 197, U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., 1968b.
28. Gow, A.J., and T. Williamson, Gas inclusions in the Antarctic ice sheet and their significance, Res. Rept. 339, U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., 1975.
29. Gow, A.J., and T. Williamson, Rheological implications of the internal structure and crystal fabrics of the West Antarctic ice sheet as revealed by deep core drilling at Byrd Station, Rept. 76-35, U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., 1976.
30. Gow, A.J., H.T. Ueda, and D.E. Garfield, Antarctic ice sheet: preliminary results of first core hole to bedrock. Science, 161, 1011-1013, 1968.
31. Grönvold, K., N. Òskarsson, S.J. Johnsen, H.B. Clausen, CU. Hammer, G. Bond, and E. Bard, Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 135, 149-155, 1995.
32. Gow, A.J., D.A. Meese, R.B. Alley, J.J. Fitzpatrick, S. Anandakrishnan, G.A. Woods and B.C. Elder, Physical and structural properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core: A review, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
33. Grootes, P.M., M. Stuiver, J.W.C. White, S. Johnsen, and J. Jouzel, Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, 366, 552-554, 1993.
34. Hajdas, I., B. Zolitschka, S.D. Ivy-Ochs, J. Beer, G. Bonani, S.A.G. Leroy, J.W. Negendank, M. Ramrath, and M. Suter, AMS radiocarbon dating of annually laminated sediments from Lake Holzmaar, Germany, Quat. Sci. Rev., 14, 137-143, 1995.
35. Hajdas-Skowronek, I., Extension of the radiocarbon calibration curve by AMS dating of laminated sediments of Lake Soppensee and Lake Holzmaar, Ph.D. dissertation, Swiss Fed. Inst, of Technol., Zurich, 1993.
36. Hammer, CU., H.B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, N. Gundestrup, S.J. Johnsen, and N. Reeh, Dating of Greenland ice cores by flow models, isotopes, volcanic debris, and continental dust, J. Glaciol., 20, 3-26, 1978.
37. Imbrie, J., J.D. Hays, D.G. Martinson, A. Mclntyre, A.C. Mix, J.J. Morley, N.G. Pisias, W.L. Prell, and N.J. Shackleton, The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: Support from a revised chronology of the marine o180 record, in Milankovitch and Climate, edited by A. Berger et al., pp. 269-305, D. Reidei, Norwell, Mass., 1984.
38. Johnsen, S.J., H.B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, K. Fuhrer, N. Gundestrup, CU. Hammer, P. Wersen, J. Jouzel, B. Stauffer, and J.P. Steffensen, Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core, Nature, 359, 311-313, 1992.
39. Kipfstuhl, S., and T. Thorsteinsson, Cloudy bands and visual stratigraphy of the GRIP ice core (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 74(43), Fall Meet. Suppl., 90, 1993.
40. Langway, C.C., Jr, Stratigraphie analysis of a deep ice core from Greenland, Res. Rept. 77, U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., 1967.
41. Legrand, M., M. De Angelis, T. Staffelbach, A. Neftel, and B. Stauffer, Large perturbations of ammonium and organic acids content in the Summit-Greenland ice core. Fingerprint from forest fires?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 473-475, 1992.
42. Martinerie, P., D. Raynaud, D.M. Etheridge, J.-M. Barnola, and D. Mazaudier, Physical and climatic parameters which influence the air content in polar ice. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 112, 1-13, 1992.
43. Mayewski, P.A., L.D. Meeker, S. Whitlow, M.S. Twickler, M.C. Morrison, R.B. Alley, P. Bloomfield, and K. Taylor, The atmosphere during the Younger Dryas, Science, 261, 195-197, 1993.
44. Meese, D.A., A.J. Gow, R.B. Alley, P.M. Grootes, P.A. Mayewski, M. Ram, K.C. Taylor, E.D. Waddington, G.A. Zielinski, and G.C. Bond, Counting down..the GISP2 depth/age scale (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 74(43) Fall Meet. Suppl., 83, 1993.
45. Meese, D.A., A.J. Gow, P. Grootes, P.A. Mayewski, M. Ram, M. Stuiver, K.C. Taylor, E.D. Waddington, and G.A. Zielinski, The accumulation record from the GISP2 core as an indicator of climate change throughout the Holocene, Science, 266, 1680-1682, 1994.
46. Meese, D.A., A.J. Gow, R.B. Alley, G.A. Zielinski, P.M. Grootes, M. Ram, K.C. Taylor, P.A. Mayewski, and J.F. Bolzan, The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 depth-age scale: methods and results. J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
47. Mosley-Thompson, E., L.G. Thompson, J. Dai, M. Davis, and P.N. Lin, Climate of the last 500 years: High resolution ice core records, Quat. Sci. Rev., 12, 419-430, 1993.
48. Palais, J.M., K. Taylor, P.A. Mayewski, and P. Grootes, Volcanic ash from the 1362 A.D. Oraefajokull eruption (Iceland) in the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1241-1244, 1991.
49. Ram, M., and M. Illing, Polar ice stratigraphy from laser-light scattering: Scattering from meltwater, J. Glaciol, 40, 504-508, 1994.
50. Ram, M., and G.M. Koenig, Continuous dust concentration profile of pre-Holocene ice from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core: Dust stadials, interstadi-als, and the Eemian; J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
51. Ram, M., M. Illing, P. Weber, G. Koenig, and M. Kaplan, Polar ice stratigraphy from laser-light scattering: Scattering from ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3525-3527, 1995.
52. Robock, A., and M.P. Free. Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present, J. Geophys. Res. 700(D6), 11,549-11,567, 1995.
53. Schwander, J., J.-M. Barnola, C. Andrié, M, Leuenberger, A. Ludin, D. Raynaud, and B. Stauffer, The age of the air in the firn and the ice at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D2), 2831-2838, 1993.
54. Shoji, H., and C.C. Langway Jr., Volume relaxation of air inclusions in a fresh ice core, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4111-4114, 1983.
55. Shoji, H., and C.C. Langway Jr., Microscopic observations of the air hydrate-bubble transformation process in glacier ice, J. Phys. Colloq. CI, 48, 551-556, 1987.
56. Shuman, CA., and R.B. Alley, Spatial and temporal characterization of hoar formation in central Greenland using SSM/I brightness temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2643-2646, 1993.
57. Shuman, CA., R.B. Alley, and S. Anandakrishnan, Characterization of a hoar-development episode using SSM/I brightness temperatures in the vicinity of the GISP2 site, Greenland, Ann. Glaciol, 17, 183-188, 1993.
58. Shuman, CA., R.B. Alley, S. Anandakrishnan, J.W.C. White, P.M. Grootes, and CR. Stearns, Temperature and accumulation at the Greenland Summit: Comparison of high-resolution isotope profiles and satellite passive microwave brightness temperature trends, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 9165-9177, 1995.
59. Shuman, CA., R.B. Alley, M.A. Fahnestock, P.J. Fawcett, R.A. Bindschadler, J.W.C. White, P.M. Grootes, S. Anandakrishnan, and CR. Stearns, Detection and monitoring of stratigraphic markers and temperature trends at the Greenlnd Ice Sheet Project 2 using passive-microwave remote-sensing data, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
60. Spinelli, G., A statistical analysis of ice-accumulation level and variability in the GISP2 ice core and a reexamination of the age of the termination of the Younger Dryas cooling episode. Tech. Rep. 96-001, Earth Syst. Sci. Cent. Penn. State Univ., University Park, 1996.
61. Stuiver, M., P.M. Grootes, and T.F. Braziunas, The GISP2 δ18O climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the Sun, ocean, and volcanoes, Quat. Res., 44, 341-354, 1995.
62. Taylor, K.C, R. Alley, J. Fiacco, P. Grootes, G. Lamorey, P. Mayewski, and M.J.Spencer, Ice-core dating and chemistry by direct-current electrical conductivity, J. Glaciol., 38, 325-332, 1992.
63. Taylor, K.C, CU. Hammer, R.B. Alley, H.B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, A.J. Gow, N.S. Gundestrup, J. Kipfstuhl, J.C. Moore, and E.D. Waddington, Electrical conductivity measurements from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, 366, 549-552, 1993.
64. Taylor, K.C, P.A. Mayewski, M.S. Twickler, and S.I. Whitlow. Biomass burning recorded in the GISP2 ice core: A record from eastern Canada?, Holocene, 6, 1-6, 1996.
65. Taylor, K.C, R.B. Alley, G.W. Lamorey, and P. Mayewski, Electrical measurements on the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 core, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
66. Uchida, T., T. Hondoh, S. Mae, V.Y. Lipenkov, and P. Duval, Air-hydrate crystals in deep ice-core samples from Vostok Station, Antarctica, J. Giachi., 40, 79-86, 1994a.
67. Uchida, T., T. Hondoh, S. Mae, V.Ya. Lipenkov, and P. Duval, Effects of temperature and pressure on the transformation rate from air bubbles to air-hydrate crystals in ice sheets, Ann. Glaciol., 20, 143-147, 1994b.
68. Weertman, J., Bubble coalescence in ice as a tool for the study of its deformation history, J. Glaciol., 7, 155-159, 1968.
69. White, J.W.C, L.K. Barlow, D.A. Fisher, P.M. Grootes, J. Jouzel, S.J. Johnsen, M. Stuiver, and H. Clausen, The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit, Greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
70. Whitlow, S., P. Mayewski, and J. Dibb, An ice-core-based record of biomass burning in the Arctic and Subarctic, 1750-1980, Tellus, Ser. B, 46(3), 234-242, 1994.
71. Woods, G.A., Grain growth behavior of the GISP2 ice core from central Greenland, Tech. Rep.No. 94-002, Earth Syst. Sci. Cent., Penn. State Univ., University Park, 1994.
72. Zielinski, G., P.A. Mayewski, L.D. Meeker, K. Grönvold, M.S. Germani, S. Whitlow, M.S. Twickler, and K. Taylor, Volcanic aerosol records and tephrochronology of the Summit, Greenland, ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.