Policing the perimeter: Disgust and purity in democratic debate

PS - Political Science and Politics

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 675-687

  Hatemi, Peter ^a   McDermott, Rose ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870194351     PISSN: 10490965     EISSN: 15375935     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1049096512000686     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Altemeyer, B. 1981. Right-Wing Authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.
2. Bartels, Larry. 2006. "What's the Matter with What's the Matter with Kansas?" Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1: 201-26.
3. Bem, Sandra L. 1981. "Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex Typing. " Psychological Review 88 (4): 354-64.
4. Brader, Ted. 2006. Campaigning for Hearts and Minds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Brown, Wendy. 1993. "Wounded Attachments. " Political Theory 21 (3): 390-410.
6. Choma, Becky, M. A. Busseri, and S. W. Sadava. 2009. "Liberal and Conservative Political Ideologies: Different Routes to Happiness?" Journal of Research in Personality 43 (3): 502-05.
7. Crowe, Ellen, and E. Tory Higgins. 1997. "Regulatory Focus and Strategic Inclinations: Promotion and Prevention in Decision-Making. " Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 69 (2): 117-32.
8. Curtis, Valerie, and Adam Biran. 2001. "Dirt, Disgust and Disease: Is Hygiene in Your Genes?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44 (1): 17-31.
9. Diener, Ed. 1994. "Assessing Subjective Well-being: Progress and Opportunities. " Social Indicators Research 31 (2): 103-57.
10. Ekman, P., and W. V. Friesen. 1977. Manual for the Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
11. Elias, Norbert. 1939. The Civilizing Process. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
12. Fessler, Daniel. 2001. "Luteal Phase Immunosuppression and Meat Eating. " Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 94 (3): 403-26. (Pubitemid 33592663)
13. Fiorina, Morris, Samuel Abrams, and Jeremy Pope. 2010. Culture Wars? The Myth of a Polarized America, 3rd ed. NewYork: Longman.
14. Fishkin, James. 1993. Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15. Frank, Thomas. 2004. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Holt.
16. Graham, Jesse, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A. Nosek. 2009. "Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations. " Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96: 1029-46.
17. Gray, J. M., A. W. Young, W. A. Barker, A. Curtis, and D. Gibson. 1997. "Impaired Recognition of Disgust in Huntington's Disease Gene Carriers. " Brain 120: 2029-38. (Pubitemid 27493738)
18. Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon.
19. Haidt, J., and J. Graham. 2007. " When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals May Not Recognize. " Social Justice Research 20: 98-116.
20. Haidt, Jonathan, Clark McCauley, and Paul Rozin. 1994. Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Disgust: A Scale Sampling Seven Domains of Disgust Elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences 16 (5): 701-13.
21. Haidt, Jonathan, Paul Rozin, Clark McCauley, and Sumio Imada. 1997. "Disgust and Morality Body, Psyche, and Culture. " Psychology Developing Societies 9: 107-31.
22. Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2004. The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity and the Welfare Queen. New York: New York University Press.
23. Harris, Lasana T., and Susan T. Fiske. 2006. "Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups. " Psychological Science 17 (10): 847-53. (Pubitemid 44715254)
24. Harris, L. T., and Susan T. Fiske. 2007. "Social Groups That Elicit Disgust Are Differentially Processed in mPFC. " Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2 (1): 45-51. (Pubitemid 47090793)
25. Hodson, Gordon, and Kimberly Costello. 2007. "Interpersonal Disgust, Ideological Orientations, and Dehumanization as Predictors of Intergroup Attitudes. " Psychological Science 18 (8): 691-98.
26. Inbar, Y., J. Knobe, D. A. Pizarro, and P. Bloom. 2009. "Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Intuitive Disapproval of Gays. Emotion 9: 435-39.
27. Inbar, Y., and D. A. Pizarro. 2009. "Grime and Punishment: How Disgust Influences Moral, Social, and Legal Judgments. " The Jury Expert 21: 11-23.
28. Inbar, Y., D. A. Pizarro, and P. Bloom. 2009. "Conservatives Are More Easily Disgusted than Liberals. " Cognition and Emotion 23: 714-25.
29. Inbar, Yoel, David Pizarro, Ravi Iyer, and Jonathan Haidt. 2011. "Disgust Sensitivity, Political Conservatism, and Voting. " Social Psychological and Personality Science 1-8. doi:10. 1177/1948550611429024.
30. Janis, Irving. 1982. Victims of Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Foreign Policy Decisions and Fiascos, 2nd Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
31. Jarudi, Izzat, Tamar Kreps, and Paul Bloom. 2005. "Is a Refrigerator Good or Evil? The Moral Evaluation of Everyday Objects. " Social Justice Research 21 (4): 457-69.
32. Jost, John, Jack Glaser, Arie Kruglanski, and Frank Sulloway. 2003. "Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition. " Psychological Bulletin 129: 339-75. (Pubitemid 37206643)
33. Jost, John T., Jaime L. Napier, Hulda Thorisdottir, Samuel D. Gosling, Tibor P. Palfai, and Brian Ostafin. 2007. "Are Needs to Manage Uncertainty and Threat Associated with Political Conservatism or Ideological Extremity?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33: 789.
34. Knobe, Joshua. 2006. "The Concept of Intentional Action: A Case Study in the Uses of Folk Psychology. " Philosophical Studies 130: 203-31. (Pubitemid 44421075)
35. Koleva, Spassena, Jesse Graham, Ravi Iyer, Peter Ditto, and Jonathan Haidt. 2012. "Tracing the Threads: How Five Moral Concerns (Especially Purity) Help Explain Culture War Attitudes" Journal of Research in Personality 46 (2): 184-94.
36. Krause, Sharon. 2008. Civil Passions: Moral Sentiment and Democratic Deliberation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
37. Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2007. "The Role of European Integration in National Election Campaigns. " European Union Politics 8 (1): 83-108.
38. Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier, and Timotheos Frey. 2006. "Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared. " European Journal of Political Research 45 (6): 921-56. (Pubitemid 44657144)
39. Kristeva, Julia. 1982. Powers of Horror: Essays in Abjection. NewYork: Columbia University Press.
40. Lakoff, George. 2002. Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Leone, Luigi, and Antonio Chirumbolo. 2008. "Conservatism as Motivated Avoidance of Affect: Need for Affect Scales Predict Conservatism Measures. " Journal of Research in Personality 48: 755-62.
42. Lerner, Jennifer, and Dacher Keltner. 2000. "Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice. " Cognition & Emotion 14: 473-93. (Pubitemid 30429310)
43. Lupia, Arthur, and Jesse Menning. 2009. " When Can Politicians Scare Citizens into Supporting Bad Policies?" American Journal of Political Science 53: 90-106.
44. MacKuen, Michael, Jennifer Wolak, Like Keele, and George Marcus. 2010. "Civic Engagements: Resolute Partisanship or Reflective Deliberation. " American Journal of Political Science 54: 440-58.
45. Marcus, George. 2002. The Sentimental Citizen: Emotion in Democratic Politics. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.
46. Marcus, George, W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Marcus, George, John Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Sandra Wood. 1995. With MaliceToward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
48. Milbank, Dana. 2009. "No One Said Freedom Was Pretty. " http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/05/AR2009110504566. html. Friday, November 6.
49. Miller, W. I. 1997. The Anatomy of Disgust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
50. Mineka, S., and M. Cook. 1993. "Mechanisms Involved in the Psychological Conditioning of Fear. " Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122 (1): 23-38.
51. Moll, Jorge, Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza, Fernanda Tovar Moll, Fátima Azevedo Ignácio, Ivanei E. Bramati, Egas M. Caparelli-Dáquer, and Paul J. Eslinger. 2005. "The Moral Affiliations of Disgust: A Functional MRI Study. " Cog Behav Neurol 18 (1): 68-78. (Pubitemid 40381370)
52. Moore, Barrington. 2000. Moral Purity and Persecution in History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
53. Moretti, Laura, and Giuseppe di Pellegrino. 2010. "Disgust Selectively Modulates Reciprocal Fairness in Economic Interactions. " Emotion 10 (2): 169-80.
54. Morrell, Michael. 2010. Empathy and Democracy: Feeling, Thinking and Deliberation. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
55. Navarrete, C., and Daniel Fessler. 2006. "Disease Avoidance and Ethnocentrism: The Effects of Disease Vulnerability and Disgust Sensitivity on Intergroup Attitude. " Evolution and Human Behavior 27: 270-82. (Pubitemid 43842764)
56. Navarrete, C., D. Fessler, and S. Eng. 2007. "Elevated Ethnocentrism in the First Trimester of Pregnancy. " Evolution and Human Behavior 28: 60-65. (Pubitemid 44858277)
57. Nesse, R. M., and G. C. Williams. 1995. Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Times Books.
58. Neumann, Russell, George E. Marcus, Ann Crigler, and Michael MacKuen. 2007. The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. Nichols, Steve. 2002. "Norms with Feeling: Towards a Psychological Account of Moral Judgement. " Cognition 84 (2): 221-36. (Pubitemid 34518462)
60. Norval, Aletta. 2008. Aversive Democracy: Inheritance and Originality and the Democratic Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
61. Oxley, D. R., K. B. Smith, M. W. Hibbing, J. L. Miller, J. R. Alford Jr., P. K. Hatemi, and J. R. Hibbing. 2008. "Political Attitudes Are Predicted by Physiological Traits. " Science 321: 1667-70.
62. Parkinson, Carolyn, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Philipp Koralus, Angela Mendelovici, Victoria McGeer, and Thalia Wheatley. 2011. "Is Morality Unified? Evidence that Distinct Neural Systems Underlie Moral Judgments of Harm, Dishonesty, and Disgust. " Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23 (10): 3162-180.
63. Petersen, M. B., R. Slothuus, and L. Togeby. 2010. "Political Parties and Value Consistency in Public Opinion Formation. " Public Opinion Quarterly 74 (3): 530-50.
64. Phillips, M. L., A. W. Young, C. Senior, et al. 1997. "A Specific Neural Substrate for Perceiving Facial Expressions of Disgust. " Nature 389: 495-98. (Pubitemid 27435324)
65. Pinker, Steven. 1998. How the Mind Works. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
66. Pizarro, David, Yoel Inbar, and Chelsea Helion. 2011. "On Disgust and Moral Judgment. " Emotion 3: 267-68.
67. Quattrone, George, and Amos Tversky. 1988. "Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analysis of Political Choice. " American Political Science Review 82: 719-36.
68. Rozin, P., and April Fallon. 1987. "A Perspective on Disgust. " Psychological Review 94 (1): 23-41.
69. Rozin, P., J. Haidt, and K. Fincher. 2009. "From Oral to Moral. " Science 323: 1179-80.
70. Rozin, P., J. Haidt, and C. McCauley. 1999a. "Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity: Comparisons and Evaluations of Paper-and-Pencil versus Behavioral Measures. " Journal of Research in Personality 33: 330-51.
71. Rozin, P., L. Lowery, S. Imada, and J. Haidt. 1999b. "The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity). " Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (4): 574-86.
72. Sabl, Andrew. 2002. Ruling Passions: Political Offices and Democratic Ethics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
73. Skitka, Linda J. 2002. "Do the Means Always Justify the Ends, or Do the Ends Sometimes Justify the Means? A Value Model of Justice Reasoning. " Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (5): 588-97. (Pubitemid 41269800)
74. Skitka, Linda, Christopher W. Bauman, and Edward G. Sargis. 2005. "Moral Conviction: Another Contributor to Attitude Strength or Something More?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88: 895-917. (Pubitemid 41017457)
75. Smith, Kevin, Douglas Oxley, Matt Hibbing, John Alford, and John Hibbing. 2009. "The Ick Factor: Physiological Sensitivity to Disgust as a Predictor of Political Attitudes. " Presentation to the Midwest Political Science Association Meeting, Chicago, IL
76. Thiele, Leslie Paul. 2006. The Heart of Judgment: Practical Wisdom, Narrative, and Neuroscience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
77. Tompkins, Sylvan. 1965. "The Psychology of Being Right-and Left. " Society 3: 23-27.
78. Wisneski, Daniel, Brad Lytle, and Linda J. Skitka. 2009. "Gut Reactions: Moral Conviction, Religiosity, and Trust in Authority. " Psychological Science 20: 1059-63.