Introduced and invasive species in novel rangeland ecosystems: Friends or foes?

Rangeland Ecology and Management

Volumn 65, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 569-578

  Belnap, Jayne ^a   Ludwig, John A ^b   Wilcox, Bradford P ^c   Betancourt, Julio L ^d   Dean, W Richard J ^e   Hoffmann, Benjamin D ^b   Milton, Sue J ^d  

^a DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cenchrus; decision framework; Eucalyptus; Juniperus; Opuntia; Prosopis; rinderpest; West Nile virus

Indexed keywords

BIOCONTROL AGENT; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION PLANNING; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; EVERGREEN TREE; FORAGE; HABITAT RESTORATION; INVASIVE SPECIES; NATIVE SPECIES; NATURE RESERVE; RANGELAND; RISK FACTOR; STAKEHOLDER;

EID: 84870186988     PISSN: 15507424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2111/REM-D-11-00157.1     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. ANNECKE, D. P., AND V. C. MORAN. 1978. Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa 2. The prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-Indica (L) Miller. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa 41:161-188.
2. ARCHER, S., T. W. BOUTTON, AND K. A. HIBBARD. 2001. Trees in grasslands: Biogeochemical consequences of woody plant expansion. In: E.-D. Schulze, M. Heimann, S. Harrison, E. Holland, J. Lloyd, I. Prentice, and D. Schimel [EDS.]. Global biogeochemical cycles in the climate system. Durham, NC, USA: ACADEMIC Press. p.115-138.
3. ARCHER, S. R., K. W. DAVIES, T. E. FULBRIGHT, K. C. MCDANIEL, B. P. WILCOX, AND K. I. PREDICK. 2011. Brush management as a rangeland conservation strategy: A critical evaluation. In: D. D. Briske [ED.]. Conservation benefits of rangeland practices: ASSESSMENT, recommendations, and knowledge gaps. Washington, DC, USA: usda-NRCS. p. 105-170.
4. ARRIAGA, L., A.E. CASTELLANOS, E. MORENO, AND J. ALARCON. 2004. Potential ecological distribution of alien invasive species and risk assessment: A case study of buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico. Conservation Biology 18:1504-1514. (Pubitemid 39651341)
5. BENGIS, R. G., R. GRANT, AND V. DE VOS. 2003. Wildlife diseases and veterinary controls: A savanna ecosystem perspective. In: j. T. du Toit, K. H. Rogers, and H. C. Biggs [EDS.]. The Kruger experience: ECOLOGY and management of savanna heterogeneity. Washington, DC, USA: ISLAND Press. p.349-369.
6. BOGUSCH, E. R. 1952. Brush invasion in the Rio Grande Plain of Texas. Texas Journal of Science 4:85-91.
7. BOVEY, R. W. 2001. Woody plants and woody plant management: ECOLOGY, safety, and environmental impact. College Park, MD, USA: MARCEL Dekker. BOX, T. 1967. Range deterioration in west Texas. Southwestern Historical Quarterly:37-45.
8. BRIDGEWATER, P., E.S. HIGGS, R. J. HOBBS, AND S. J. JACKSON. 2011. Engaging with novel ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:423.
9. BRIGGS, J. M., A. K. KNAPP, J. M. BLAIR, J. L. HEISLER, G. A. HOCH, M. S. LETT, AND J. K. MCCARRON. 2005. An ecosystem in transition: Causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. BioScience 55:243-254. (Pubitemid 40383774)
10. BURKHARDT, J. W., AND E. W. TISDALE. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology 57:472-484.
11. BURQUEZ-MONTIJO, A. M., M. E. MILLER, AND A. M. YRIZAR. 2002. Mexican grasslands, thornscrub, and the transformation of the Sonoran Desert by invasive exotic buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare). In: B. Tellman [ED.]. Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region. Tucson, AZ, USA: THE University of Arizona Press-The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. p. 126-146.
12. CAMILO, G. R., AND S. A. PHILIPS, Jr. 1994. Evolution of ant communities in response to invasion by the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. In: R. K. Vandermeer, K. Jaffe, and A. Cedeno [EDS.]. Applied myrmecology. Boulder, CO, USA: WESTVIEW Press. p.190-198
13. CHAPIN, F. S., A. L. LOVECRAFT, E. S. ZAVALETA, J. NELSON, M. D. ROBARDS, G. P. KOFINAS, S. F. TRAINOR, G. D. PETERSON, H. P. HUNTINGTON, AND R. L. NAYLOR. 2006. Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences :16637-16643. (Pubitemid 44737305)
14. COPPEDGE, B. R., D. M. ENGLE, S. D. FUHLENDORF, R. E.MASTERS, AND M. S. GREGORY. 2001. Landscape cover type and pattern dynamics in fragmented southern Great Plains grasslands, USA. Landscape Ecology 16:677-690.
15. D'ANTONIO, C. M., J. T. TUNNISON, AND R. K. LOH. 2000. Variation in the impact of exotic grasses on native plant composition in relation to fire across an elevation gradient in Hawaii. Austral Ecology 25:507-522.
16. D'ANTONIO, C. M., AND P. M. VITOUSEK. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:63-87. (Pubitemid 24411617)
17. DEAN, W. R. J., M. D. ANDERSON, S. J. MILTON, AND T. A. ANDERSON. 2002. Avian assemblages in native Acacia and alien Prosopis drainage line woodland in the Kalahari, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 51:1-19. (Pubitemid 34923164)
18. DEAN, W. R. J., AND S. J. MILTON. 2000. Directed dispersal of Opuntia species in the Karoo, South Africa: ARE crows the responsible agents? Journal of Arid Environments 45:305-314.
19. DIAMOND, D. D., AND C. D. TRUE. 2008. Distribution of Juniperus woodlands in central Texas in relation to general abiotic site type. In: o. W. Van Auken [ED.]. Western North American Juniperus communities: A dynamic vegetation type. New York, NY, USA: SPRINGER. p. 311.
20. DREES, B.1994. Red imported fire ant predation on nestlings of colonial waterbirds. Southwest Entomologist 19:355-359.
21. DU TOIT, R.1942. The spread of prickly pear in the Union. Farming in South Africa :300-304.
22. ELDRIDGE, D. J., M. A. BOWKER, F. T. MAESTRE, E. ROGER, J. F. REYNOLDS, AND W. G. WHITFORD. 2011. Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: Towards a global synthesis. Ecology Letters 14:709-722.
23. EWBANK, D. A. 2000. Remarks on the use of exotic woodlands by birds in Zimbabwe. Honeyguide 46:40-41.
24. EWEL, J. J., D. J. O'DOWD, J. BERGELSON, C. C. DAEHLER, C. M. D'ANTONIO, L. D. GOMEZ, D. R. GORDON, R. J. HOBBS, A. HOLT, K. R. HOPPER, C. E. HUGHES, M. LAHART, R. R. B. LEAKEY, W. G. LEE, L. L. LOOPE, D. H. LORENCE, S. M. LOUDA, A. E. LUGO, P. B. MCEVOY, D. M. RICHARDSON, AND P. M. VITOUSEK. 1999. Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs. BioScience 49:619-630.
25. FOX, D.2007. Back to the no-Analog future? Science 316:823-825. (Pubitemid 46764257)
26. FOXCROFT, L. C., AND M. REJMA'NEK. 2007. What helps Opuntia stricta invade Kruger National Park, South Africa: Baboons or elephants? Applied Vegetation Science 10:265-270.
27. FRID, L., T.HOLCOMBE, J. T. MORISETTE, A. D. OLSSON, L. BRIGHAM, T. M. BEAN, J. L. BETANCOURT, AND K. BRYAN. 2012. Using state and transition modeling to account for imperfect detection in invasive species management. Invasive Plant Science and Management (in press
28. FRIEDEL, M., H.PUCKEY, C. O'MALLEY, M. WAYCOTT, A. SMYTH, AND G. MILLER. 2006. Buffel grass: Both friend and foe: An evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of buffel grass use and recommendations for future research. Alice Springs, NT, Australia: DESERT Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre. Research Report Available at: Http://www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications. Accessed 25 March 2011.
29. HALVORSON, W. L., AND T. GUERTIN. 2003. Weeds in the West project: Status of introduced plants in southern Arizona parks. Factsheet for: PENNISETUM setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov. Tucson, AZ, USA: us Geological Survey. Available at: Http://sdfsnet.smr.arizona.edu/data/sdrs/ww/docs/pennseta.pdf. Accessed September 2012.
30. HANSELKA, C. W. 1988. Buffelgrass - South Texas wonder grass. Rangelands 10:279- 281.
31. HARDING, G. B., AND G. C. BATE. 1991. The occurrence of invasive Prosopis species in the northwestern cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 87:188- 192.
32. HENDERSON, L.2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: AGRICULTURAL Research Council. 149 p.
33. HENNESSY, J. T., R. P. GIBBENS, J. M. TROMBLE, AND M. CARDENAS. 1983. Vegetation changes from 1935 to 1980 in mesquite dunelands and former grasslands of southern New Mexico. Journal of Range Management 36:370-374.
34. HOBBS, R. J., S. ARICO, J. ARONSON, J. S. BARON, P. BRIDGEWATER, V. A. CRAMER, P. R. EPSTEIN, J. J. EWEL, C. A. KLINK, A. E. LUGO, D. NORTON, D. OJIMA, D. M. RICHARDSON, E. W. SANDERSON, F. VALLADARES, M. VIL̀A, R. ZAMORA, AND M. ZOBEL. 2006. Novel ecosystems: Theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15:1-7. (Pubitemid 43379284)
35. HOBBS, R. J., D. N. COLE, L. YUNG, E. S. ZAVALETA, G. H. APLET, F. S. CHAPIN III, P. B. LANDRES, D. J. PARSONS, N. L. STEPHENSON, P. S. WHITE, D. M. GRABER, E. S. HIGGS, C. I. MILLAR, J. M. RANDELL, K. A. TONNESSEN, AND S. WOODLEY. 2010. Guiding concepts for park and wilderness stewardship in an era of global environmental change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:483-490.
36. HOBBS, R. J., V. A. CRAMER, AND L. J. KRISTJANSON. 2003. What happens if we can't fix it? Triage, palliative care, and setting priorities in salinising landscapes. Australian Journal of Botany 51:647-653. (Pubitemid 38106365)
37. HOCKEY, P. A. R., W. R. J. DEAN, AND P. G. RYAN [EDS.]. 2005. Roberts' birds of southern Africa. 7th ed. Cape Town, South Africa: JOHN Voelcker Bird Book Fund. 1296 p.
38. HOFFMANN, B. D. 2010. Yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, eradication in NE Arnhem Land. Ecological Management and Restoration 11:82-83.
39. HOFFMANN, B. D., AND C. L. P. PARR. 2008. An invasion revisited: The African big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) in northern Australia. Biological Invasions 10:1171- 1181.
40. HOFFMANN, B. D., AND W. C. SAUL. 2010. Yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes invasions within undisturbed mainland Australian habitats: No support for biotic resistance hypothesis. Biological Invasions 12:3093-3108.
41. HOLCOMBE, T., J.T. MORISETTE, A. D. OLSSON, L. BRIGHAM, T. BEAN, J. L. BETANCOURT, AND K. BRYAN. 2012. Using state and transition modeling to account for imperfect knowledge in invasive species management. Invasive Plant Science and Management (in press
42. HOLLING, C. S. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4:390-405. (Pubitemid 32832212)
43. HOLWAY, D. A., L. LACH, A. V. SUAREZ, N. D. TSUTSUI, AND T. J. CASE. 2002. The causes and consequences of ant invasions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics :181-233. (Pubitemid 36035140)
44. HULTINE, K. R., J. BELNAP, C. VAN RIPER, J. R. EHLERINGER, P. E. DENNISON, M. E. LEE, P. L. NAGLER, K. A. SNYDER, S. M. USELMAN, AND J. B. WEST. 2010. Tamarisk biocontrol in the western United States: ECOLOGICAL and societal implications. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:467-474.
45. IMMELMAN, W. F. E., C. L. WICHT, AND D. P. ACKERMAN [EDS.]. 1973. Our green heritage: The South African book of trees. Cape Town, South Africa: TAFELBERG Publishers
46. JACOBS, B. F., W. H. ROMME, AND C. D. ALLEN. 2008. Mapping ''old'' versus ''young'' pinon-juniper stands with a predictive topo-climatic model. Ecological Applications 18:1627-1641.
47. Johnson, T.N., AND J.W. ELSON. 1979. Sixty years of change on central Arizona grasslandjuniper woodland ecotone. Tucson, AZ, USA: usda-ARS. AgricReviews and Manuals, ARM-W-7. 28 p.
48. JUSINO-ATRESINO, R., AND S. A. PHILLIPS, Jr. 1994. Impact of red imported fire ants on the ant fauna of central Texas. In: D. F. Williams [ED.]. Exotic ants: Biology, impact, and control of introduced species. Boulder, CO, USA: WESTVIEW Press. p. 259- 268.
49. KNAPP, P. A., P. T. SOULE, AND H. D. GRISSINO-MAYER. 2001. Detecting potential regional effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on growth rates of western juniper. Global Change Biology 7:903-917. (Pubitemid 34004421)
50. KOENIG, R.2009. Unleashing an army to repair alien-ravaged ecosystems. Science :562-563.
51. KORZUKHIN, M. D., S. D. PORTER, L. C. THOMPSON, AND S. WILEY. 2001. Modeling temperature-dependent range limits for the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: FORMICIDAE: SOLENOPSIS invicta) in the United States. Environmental Entomology 30:645-655. (Pubitemid 33017021)
52. LACH, L., AND B.D. HOFFMANN. 2011. Are invasive ants better plant-defense mutualists? A comparison of foliage patrolling and herbivory in sites with invasive yellow crazy ants and native weaver ants. Oikos 120:9-16.
53. LEBRUN, E. G., R. M. PLOWES, AND L. E. GILBERT. 2008. Dynamic expansion in recently introduced populations of fire ant parasitoids (Diptera: PHORIDAE). Biological Invasions 10:989-999.
54. LE MAITRE, D. C., B. W. VAN WILGEN, C. M. GELDERBLOM, C. BAILY, R. A. CHAPMAN, AND J. A. NEL. 2002. Invasive alien trees and water resources in South Africa: Case studies of the costs and benefits of management. Forest Ecology and Management 160:143-159. (Pubitemid 34458119)
55. LOFGREN, C. S., AND C. T. ADAMS. 1982. Economic aspects of the imported fire and in the United States. In: M. D. Breed, C. D. Michener, and H. E. Evans [EDS.]. The biology of social insects. Boulder, CO, USA: WESTVIEW Press. p. 124-128.
56. LUDWIG, J. A., AND D. J. TONGWAY. 2002. Clearing savannas for use as rangelands in Queensland: ALTERED landscapes and water-Erosion processes. The Rangeland Journal 24:83-95.
57. LYFORD, M. E., S. T. JACKSON, J. L. BETANCOURT, AND S. GRAY. 2003. Influence of landscape structure and climate variability in a late Holocene natural invasion. Ecological Monographs 73:567-583. (Pubitemid 37546026)
58. MARRA, P. P., S. GRIFFING, C. CAFFREY, A. M. KILPATRICK, R. MCLEAN, C. BRAND, E. SAITO, A. P. DUPUIS, L. KRAMER, AND R. NOVAK. 2004. West Nile virus and wildlife. BioScience 54:393-402. (Pubitemid 38641532)
59. MARSHALL, V. M., M. M. LEWIS, AND B. OSTENDORF. 2011. Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris as an invader and threat to biodiversity in arid environments: A review. Journal of Arid Environments 78:1-12.
60. MCLENDON, T.1991. Preliminary description of the vegetation of south Texas exclusive of coastal saline zones. Texas Journal of Science 43:13-32.
61. MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. A Report of the MEA. Washington, DC, USA: ISLAND Press. Available at: Http://www.MAweb.org. Accessed 10 February 2012.
62. MILLER, G., M.FRIEDEL, P. ADAM, AND V. CHEWINGS. 2010. Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia - does field evidence support a fire invasion feedback? Rangeland Journal 32:353-365.
63. MILLER, R. F., J. D. BATES, T. SVEJCAR, F. B. PIERSON, AND L. E. EDDLEMAN. 2005. Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). Corvallis, OR, USA: OREGON State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Report 77.
64. MILLER, R. F., AND J. A. ROSE. 1999. Fire history and western juniper encroachment in sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management 52:550-559.
65. MILTON, S. J., J. R. U. WILSON, D. M. RICHARDSON, C. L. SEYMOUR, W. R. J. DEAN, D. M. IPONGA, AND S. PROCHES. 2007. Invasive alien plants infiltrate bird-mediated shrub nucleation processes in arid savanna. Journal of Ecology 95:648-661. (Pubitemid 46944408)
66. MORRIS, J. R., AND K. L. STEIGMAN. 1993. Effects of polygyne fire ant invasion on native ants of a blackland prairie in Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 38:136-140.
67. MORRISON, L. W. 2002. Long-term impacts of an arthropod-community invasion by the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ecology 83:2337-2345. (Pubitemid 36524770)
68. MORRISON, L. W., S. D. PORTER, E. DANIELS, AND M. D. KORZUKHIN. 2004. Potential global range expansion of the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Biological Invasions :183-191. (Pubitemid 38983009)
69. O'DOWD, D. J., P. T. GREEN, AND P. S. LAKE. 2003. Invasional ''meltdown'' on an oceanic island. Ecology Letters 6:812-817.
70. OLSSON, A., J.BETANCOURT, M. P. MCCLARAN, AND S. E. MARSH. 2012. Sonoran Desert ecosystem transformation by a C4 grass without the grass-fire cycle. Diversity and Distributions 18:10-21.
71. PARSONS, W. T., AND E. G. CUTHBERTSON. 2001. Noxious weeds of Australia. 2nd ed. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: Csiro Publishing
72. PORTER, S. D., AND D. A. SAVIGNANO. 1990. Invasion of polygyne fire ants decimates native ants and disrupts arthropod community. Ecology 71:2095-2106.
73. RAHLAO, S. J. 2009. Current and future vulnerability of South African ecosystems to perennial grass invasion under global change scenarios [thesis]. Western Cape, South Africa: STELLENBOSCH University. 127 p.
74. RAHLAO, S. J., S. J. MILTON, K. J. ESLER, B. W. VAN WILGEN, AND P. BARNARD. 2009. Effects of invasion of fire-free arid shrublands by a fire-promoting invasive alien grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in South Africa. Austral Ecology 34:920-928.
75. RICHARDSON, D. M., W. J. BOND, W. R. J. DEAN, S. I. HIGGINS, G. F. MIDGLEY, S. J. MILTON, L. POWRIE, M. C. RUTHERFORD, M. J. SAMWAYS, AND R. E. SCHULZE. 2000. Invasive alien species and global change: A South African perspective. In: H. A. Mooney and R. J. Hobbs [EDS.]. Invasive species in a changing world. Washington, DC, USA: ISLAND Press. p. 303-350.
76. ROSSITER, P. B. 1994. Rinderpest. In: j. A. W. Coetzer, G. R. Thomson, and R. C. Tustin [EDS.] Infectious diseases of livestock, with special reference to southern Africa. New York, NY, USA: OXFORD University Press. p. 735-757.
77. SAMWAYS, M. J., N. J. SHARRATT, AND J. P. SIMAIKA. 2011. Effect of alien riparian vegetation and its removal on a highly endemic river macroinvertebrate community. Biological Invasions 13:1305-1324.
78. SANTOS, R. L. 1997. The Eucalyptus of California: Seeds of good or seeds of evil? Stanislaus, CA, USA: CALIFORNIA State University. Available at: Http://library. csustan.edu/bsantos/euctoc.htm#toc. Accessed 22 September 2012.
79. SAYRE, N., W.DE BUYS, B. T. BESTELMEYER, AND K. M. HAVSTAD. 2012. ''The Range Problem'' after a century of rangeland science: New research themes for altered landscapes. Rangeland Ecology and Management 65:545-552.
80. SCHARENBROCH, B. C., M. L. FLORES-MANGUAL, B. LEPORE, J. G. BOCKHEIM, AND B. LOWERY Tree encroachment impacts carbon dynamics in a sand prairie in Wisconsin. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74:956-968.
81. SEASTEDT, T. R., R. J. HOBBS, AND K. N. SUDING. 2008. Management of novel ecosystems: ARE novel approaches required? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6:547-553.
82. SMYTH, A., M.FRIEDEL, AND C. O'MALLEY. 2009. The influence of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) on biodiversity in an arid Australian landscape. Rangeland Journal :307-320.
83. SOLLEY, G. O., C. VANDERWOUDE, AND G. K. KNIGHT. 2002. Anaphylaxis due to red imported fire ant sting. The Medical Journal of Australia 176:521-523. (Pubitemid 34649399)
84. STAFFORD SMITH, D. M., N. ABEL, B. WALKER, AND F. S. CHAPIN. 2009. Drylands: Coping with uncertainty, thresholds, and changes in state. In: f. S. Chapin, G. P. Kofinas, and C. Folke [EDS.]. Principles of ecosystem stewardship: Resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. New York, NY, USA: SPRINGER. p.171-195
85. STEENKAMP, H. E., AND S. L. CHOWN. 1996. Influence of dense stands of an exotic tree (Prosopis glandulosa Benson) on a savanna dung beetle (Coleoptera: SCARABEIDAE) assemblage in southern Africa. Biological Conservation 78:305- 311.
86. STEVENSON-HAMILTON, J.1957. Wildlife in South Africa. London, UK: HAMILTON & Co.
87. SUAREZ, A. V., D. A. HOLWAY, AND T. J. CASE. 2001. Patterns of spread in biological invasions dominated by long-distance jump dispersal: Insights from Argentine ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:1095-1100. (Pubitemid 32121192)
88. SUMMERLIN, J. W., A. C. F. HUNG, AND S. B. VINSON. 1977. Residues in nontarget ants, species simplification and recovery of populations following aerial applications of Mirex. Environmental Entomology 6:193-197.
89. TALBOT, W. J. 1961. Land utilization in the arid regions of southern Africa. In: L. D. Stamp [ED.]. A history of land use in arid regions. Part I: SOUTH Africa. Arid Zone Research 17:299-338.
90. UECKERT, D. N., R. A. PHILLIPS, J. L. PETERSEN, X. BEN WU, AND D. F. WALDRON. 2001. Redberry juniper canopy cover dynamics on western Texas rangelands. Journal of Range Management 54:603-610. (Pubitemid 33703472)
91. VAN KLINKEN, R. D., AND S. CAMPBELL. 2001. The biology of Australian weeds. Prosopis species. No. 37. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:1.
92. WELLS, M. J., A. A. BALSINHAS, H. JOFFE, M. W. ENGELBRECHT, G. HARDING, AND C. H. STIRTON A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53:658.
93. WILLIAMS, D. F. 1994. Exotic ants: Biology, impact and control of introduced species. Boulder, CO, USA: WESTVIEW Press. 332 p.
94. WINKWORTH, R.2000. Buffel grass: The camel legacy to rangelands. The Web: NEWSLETTER of the Threatened Species Network (NT) 3:4-5.
95. ZIMMERMAN, H. G., AND V. C. MORAN. 1991. Biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-Indica (Cactaceae), South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment :29-35.
96. ZIMMERMAN, H. G., V. C. MORAN, AND J. H. HOFFMANN. 1986. Insect herbivores as determinants of the present distribution and abundance of invasive cacti in South Africa. In: I. A. W. Macdonald, F. J. Kruger, and A. A. Ferrar [EDS.]. The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern Africa. Proceedings of the National Synthesis Symposium on the Ecology of Biological Invasions. New York, NY, USA: OXFORD University Press. p. 269-274.
97. ZIMMERMAN, H. G., V. C. MORAN, AND J. H. HOFFMANN. 2001. The renowned cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Its natural history and threat to native Opuntia floras in Mexico and the United States of America. Florida Entomologist 84:543-551. (Pubitemid 34088508)