Pre and post-operative treatments for prevention of Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 12, Issue 13, 2012, Pages 1419-1431

  Orenes Piñero, Esteban ^a,b   Montoro García, Silvia ^a,b   Banerjee, Amitava ^b   Valdés, Mariano ^a   Lip, Gregory Y H ^b   Marín, Francisco ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

blockers; Amiodarone; Inflammation; Post operative atrial fibrillation; Remodeling; Renin angiotensinaldosterone system modulators; Sotalol; Statins

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMIODARONE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ASCORBIC ACID; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CANDESARTAN; CARVEDILOL; CIBENZOLINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IBUPROFEN; IBUTILIDE; INTERLEUKIN 6; IRBESARTAN; KETOROLAC; MAGNESIUM; METOPROLOL; MEVINOLIN; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; PROPRANOLOL; SIMVASTATIN; SOTALOL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BRADYCARDIA; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART ATRIUM CONDUCTION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM REMODELING; HEART MUSCLE FIBER MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART SURGERY; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; LENGTH OF STAY; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG TOXICITY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; QT PROLONGATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; THYROID DISEASE; TORSADE DES POINTES; VISUAL DISORDER;

ANIMALS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; DRUG DISCOVERY; HUMANS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; THORACIC SURGERY;

EID: 84870173781     PISSN: 13895575     EISSN: 18755607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/13895575112091419     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Shrivastava, R.; Smith, B.; Caskey, D.; Reddy, P. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: does prophylactic therapy decrease adverse outcomes associated with atrial fibrillation. J Intensive Care Med., 2009, 24, 18-25.
2. McKeown, P.P.; Gutterman, D. Executive summary: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest, 2005, 128, 1S-5S.
3. Davis, E.M.; Packard, K.A.; Hilleman, D.E. Pharmacologic prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: beyond beta-blockers. Pharmacotherapy, 2010, 30, 274-318.
4. Shariff, N.; Zelenkofske, S.; Eid, S.; Weiss, M.J.; Mohammed, M.Q. Demographic determinants and effect of pre-operative angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation after CABG surgery. BMC Cardiovasc Disord., 2010, 8, 10-7.
5. Shantsila, E.; Watson, T.; Lip, G.Y. Atrial fibrillation post-cardiac surgery: changing perspectives. Curr Med Res Opin., 2006, 22, 1437-1441.
6. Mariscalco, G.; Klersy, C.; Zanobini, M.; Banach, M.; Ferrarese, S.; Borsani, P.; Cantore, C.; Biglioli, P.; Sala, A. Atrial fibrillation after isolated coronary surgery affects late survival. Circulation, 2008, 118, 1612-1618.
7. Amar, D.; Zhang, H.; Heerdt, P.M.; Park, B.; Fleisher, M.; Thaler, H.T. Statin use is associated with a reduction in atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracic surgery independent of C-reactive protein. Chest, 2005, 128, 3421-3427.
8. Allessie, M.A.; Boyden, P.A.; Camm, A.J.; Kléber, A.G.; Lab, M.J.; Legato, M.J.; Rosen, M.R.; Schwartz, P.J.; Spooner, P.M.; Van Wagoner, D.R.; Waldo, A.L. Pathophysiology and prevention of atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 103, 769-777.
9. Boos, C.; Anderson, R.; Lip, G. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur Heart J., 2006, 27,136-49.
10. Sánchez-Quiñones, J.; Marín, F.; Roldán, V.; Lip, G.Y. The impact of statin use on atrial fibrillation. QJM., 2008, 101, 845-861.
11. Shiroshita-Takeshita, A.; Brundel, B.; Nattel, S. Atrial fibrillation: basic mechanisms, remodeling and triggers. J Interv Card Electrophysiol., 2005, 13, 181-193.
12. Savelieva, I.; Kourliouros, A.; Camm, J. Primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation with statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids: review of evidence and clinical relevance. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol., 2010, 381, 1-13.
13. Benjamin, E.J.; Chen, P.S.; Bild, D.E.; Mascette, A.M.; Albert, C.M.; Alonso, A.; Calkins, H.; Connolly, S.J.; Curtis, A.B.; Darbar, D.; Ellinor, P.T.; Go, A.S.; Goldschlager, N.F.; Heckbert, S.R.; Jalife, J.; Kerr, C.R.; Levy, D.; Lloyd-Jones, D.M.; Massie, B.M.; Nattel, S.; Olgin, J.E.; Packer, D.L.; Po, S.S.; Tsang, T.S.; Van Wagoner, D.R.; Waldo, A.L.; Wyse, D.G. Prevention of atrial fibrillation: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation, 2008, 119, 606-618.
14. Bradley, D.; Creswell, L.L.; Hogue, C.W.; Epstein, A.E.; Prystowsky, E.N.; Daoud, E.G. American college of chest physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of Postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest, 2005, 128, 39S-47S.
15. Dunning, J.; Treasure, T.; Versteegh, M.; Samer, A.M.; EACTS Audit and Guidelines Committee. Guidelines on the prevention and management of de novo atrial fibrillation after cardiac and thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothor Surg., 2006, 30, 852-872.
16. Fuster, V.; Rydén, L.E.; Cannom, D.S.; Crijns, H.J.; Curtis, A.B.; Ellenbogen, K.A.; Halperin, J.L.; Le Heuzey, J.Y.; Kay, G.N.; Lowe, J.E.; Olsson, S.B.; Prystowsky, E.N.; Tamargo, J.L.; Wann, S.; Smith, S.C. Jr.; Jacobs, A.K.; Adams, C.D.; Anderson, J.L.; Antman, E.M.; Halperin, J.L.; Hunt, S.A.; Nishimura, R.; Ornato, J.P.; Page, R.L.; Riegel, B.; Priori, S.G.; Blanc, J.J.; Budaj, A.; Camm, A.J.; Dean, V.; Deckers, J.W.; Despres, C.; Dickstein, K.; Lekakis, J.; McGregor, K.; Metra, M.; Morais, J.; Osterspey, A.; Tamargo, J.L.; Zamorano, J.L.; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation-executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the European society of cardiology committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European heart rhythm society. Circulation, 2006, 114, 700-752.
17. Eagle, K.A.; Guyton, R.A.; Davidoff, R.; Edwards, F.H.; Ewy, G.A.; Gardner, T.J.; Hart, J.C.; Herrmann, H.C.; Hillis, L.D.; Hutter, A.M. Jr.; Lytle, B.W.; Marlow, R.A.; Nugent, W.C.; Orszulak, T.A.; Antman, E.M.; Smith, S.C. Jr.; Alpert, J.S.; Anderson, J.L.; Faxon, D.P.; Fuster, V.; Gibbons, R.J.; Gregoratos, G.; Halperin, J.L.; Hiratzka, L.F.; Hunt, S.A.; Jacobs, A.K.; Ornato, J.P.; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery; American Society for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA 2004 Guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article. A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to update the 1999 guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol., 2004, 44, 213-310.
18. Nattel, S. Electrophysiologic remodeling: are ion channels static players or dynamic movers? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol., 1999, 10, 1553-1556.
19. Wyse, D.G.; Anter, E.; Callans, D.J. Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation for maintenance of sinus rhythm: a road to nowhere. Circulation, 2009, 120, 1444-1452.
20. Allessie, M.; Ausma, J.; Schotten, U. Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovas Res., 2005, 54, 230.
21. Schoonderwoerd, B.; Van Gelder, I.; Van Veldhuisen, D.; Van den Berg, M.; Crijns, H. Electrical and structural remodeling: role in the genesis and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovas Dis., 2005, 48, 153-168.
22. Frustaci, A.; Chimenti, C.; Bellocci, F.; Morgante, E.; Russo, M.A.; Maseri, A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 1997, 96, 1180-1184.
23. Khan, I.A. Atrial stunning: determinants and cellular mechanisms. Am Heart J., 2003, 145, 787-794.
24. Li, D.S.; Fareh, S.; Leung, T.K.; Nattel, S. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation, 1999, 100, 87-95.
25. Boldt, A.; Wetzel, U.; Lauschke, J.; Weigl, J.; Gummert, J.; Hindricks, G.; Kottkamp, H.; Dhein, S. Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease. Heart, 2004, 90, 400-405.
26. Burstein, B.; Nattel, S. Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol., 2008, 51, 802-809.
27. Boixel, C.; Fontaine, V.; Rücker-Martin, C.; Milliez, P.; Louedec, L.; Michel, J.B.; Jacob, M.P.; Hatem, S.N. Fibrosis of the left atria during progression of heart failure is associated with increased matrix metalloproteinases in the rat. Am J Cardiol., 2003, 42, 336-344.
28. Marín, F.; Roldán, V.; Climent, V.; García, A.; Marco, P.; Lip, G. Is thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation related to matrix metalloproteinase-1 and its inhibitor, TIMP-1? Stroke, 2003, 34, 1181-1186.
29. Li, D.; Shinagawa, K.; Pang, L. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Circulation, 2001, 104, 2608-2614.
30. Korantzopoulos, P.; Kolettis, T.; Galaris, D.; Goudevenos, J. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol., 2007, 115, 135-143.
31. Bruins, P.; te Velthuis, H.; Yazdanbakhsh, A.P.; Jansen, P.G.; van Hardevelt, F.W.; de Beaumont, E.M.; Wildevuur, C.R.; Eijsman, L.; Trouwborst, A.; Hack, C.E. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation, 1997, 96, 3542-3548.
32. Kourliouros, A.; Savelieva, I.; Kiotsekoglou, A.; Jahangiri, M.; Camm, J. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J., 2009, 157, 243-252.
33. Roldán, V.; Marín, F.; Blann, A.D.; García, A.; Marco, P.; Sogorb, F.; Lip, G.Y. Interleukin-6, endothelial activation and thrombogenesis in chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J., 2003, 24, 1373-1380.
34. Mihm, M.J.; Yu, F.; Carnes, C.A.; Reiser, P.J.; McCarthy, P.M.; Van Wagoner, D.R.; Bauer, J.A. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 104, 174-180.
35. Carnes, C.A.; Chung, M.K.; Nakayama, T.; Nakayama, H.; Baliga, R.S.; Piao, S.; Kanderian, A.; Pavia, S.; Hamlin, R.L.; McCarthy, P.M.; Bauer, J.A.; Van Wagoner, D.R. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res., 2001, 89, 32-38.
36. De Vecchi, E.; Pala, M.G.; Di Credico, G.; Agape, V.; Paolini, G.; Bonini, P.A.; Grossi, A.; Paroni, R. Relation between left ventricular function and oxidative stress in patients undergoing bypass surgery. Heart, 1998, 79, 242-247.
37. Weinstein, D.M.; Mihm, M.J.; Bauer, J.A. Cardiac peroxynitrite formation and left ventricular dysfunction following doxorubicin treatment in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 2000, 294, 396-401.
38. Wijffels, M.C.; Kirchhof, C.J.; Dorland, R.; Allessie, M.A. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation, 1995, 92, 1954-1968.
39. Schotten, U.; Verheule, S.; Kirchhof, P.; Goette, A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: a translational appraisal. Physiol Rev., 2011, 91, 265-325.
40. Nattel, S. New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature, 2002, 415, 219-226.
41. Nair, S.G. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth., 2010, 13, 196-205.
42. Behmanesh, S.; Tossios, P.; Homedan, H.; Hekmat, K.; Hellmich, M.; Müller-Ehmsen, J.; Schwinger, R.H.; Mehlhorn, U. Effect of prophylactic bisoprolol plus magnesium on the incidence of atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass surgery: results of a randomized controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin., 2006, 22, 1443-1450.
43. Ellison, K.E.; Gandhi, G. Optimising the use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in coronary artery disease. Drugs, 2005, 65, 787-797.
44. Crystal, E.; Connolly, S.J.; Sleik, K.; Ginger, T.J.; Yusuf, S. Interventions on prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery: a meta-analysis. Circulation, 2002, 106, 75-80.
45. Jidéus, L.; Blomström, P.; Nilsson, L.; Stridsberg, M.; Hansell, P.; Blomström-Lundqvist, C. Tachyarrhythmias and triggering factors for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass operations. Ann Thorac Surg., 2000, 69, 1064-1069.
46. Tsuboi, J.; Kawazoe, K.; Izumoto, H.; Okabayashi, H. Postoperative treatment with carvedilol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, prevents paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Circ J., 2008, 72, 588-591.
47. Burgess, D.C.; Kilborn, M.J.; Keech, A.C. Interventions for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation and its complications after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J., 2006, 27, 2846-2857.
48. Gomes, J.A.; Ip, J.; Santoni-Rugiu, F.; Mehta, D.; Ergin, A.; Lansman, S.; Pe, E.; Newhouse, T.T.; Chao, S. Oral d, l sotalol reduces the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in coronary artery bypass surgery patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol., 1999, 34, 334-339.
49. Suttorp, M.J.; Polak, P.E.; van't Hof, A.; Rasmussen, H.S.; Dunselman, P.H.; Kingma, J.H. Efficacy and safety of a new selective class III antiarrhythmic agent dofetilide in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol., 1992, 69, 417-419.
50. Mitchell, L.B.; Exner, D.V.; Wyse, D.G.; Connolly, C.J.; Prystai, G.D.; Bayes, A.J.; Kidd, W.T.; Kieser, T.; Burgess, J.J.; Ferland, A.; MacAdams, C.L.; Maitland, A. Prophylactic Oral Amiodarone for the Prevention of Arrhythmias that Begin Early After Revascularization, Valve Replacement, or Repair: PAPABEAR: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA., 2005, 294, 3093-3100.
51. Auer, J.; Weber, T.; Berent, R.; Puschmann, R.; Hartl, P.; Ng, C.K.; Schwarz, C.; Lehner, E.; Strasser, U.; Lassnig, E.; Lamm, G.; Eber, B. Study of Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation. A comparison between oral antiarrhythmic drugs in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: the pilot study of prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (SPPAF), a randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Am Heart J., 2004, 147, 636-643.
52. Giri, S.; White, C.M.; Dunn, A.B.; Felton, K.; Freeman-Bosco, L.; Reddy, P.; Tsikouris, J.P.; Wilcox, H.A.; Kluger, J. Oral amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery, the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST): a randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet, 2001, 357, 830-836.
53. Guarnieri, T.; Nolan, S.; Gottlieb, S.O.; Dudek, A.; Lowry, D.R. Intravenous amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery: the Amiodarone Reduction in Coronary Heart (ARCH) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol., 1999, 34, 343-347.
54. Daoud, E.G.; Strickberger, S.A.; Man, K.C.; Goyal, R.; Deeb, G.M.; Bolling, S.F.; Pagani, F.D.; Bitar, C.; Meissner, M.D.; Morady, F. Preoperative amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after heart surgery. N Engl J Med., 1997, 337, 1785-1791.
55. Dörge, H.; Schoendube, F.A.; Schoberer, M.; Stellbrink, C.; Voss, M.; Messmer, B.J. Intraoperative amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after coronary operations. Ann Thorac Surg., 2000, 69, 1358-1362.
56. Mickleborough, L.L.; Maruyama, H.; Mohamed, S.; Rappaport, D.C.; Downar, E.; Butany, J.; Sun, Z. Are patients receiving amiodarone at increased risk for cardiac operations? Ann Thorac Surg., 1994, 58, 622-629.
57. Orenes-Piñero, E.; Hernández-Romero, D.; Jover, E.; Valdés, M.; Lip, G.Y.; Marín, F. Impact of polymorphisms in the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst., 2011. (Published in the web)
58. Pagliaro, P.; Penna, C. Rethinking the renin-angiotensin system and its role in cardiovascular regulation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther., 2005, 19, 77-87.
59. Savelieva, I.; Kakouros, N.; Kourliouros, A.; Camm, A.J. Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Part I: primary prevention. Europace, 2011, 13, 308-328.
60. Healey, J.S.; Baranchuk, A.; Crystal, E.; Morillo, C.A.; Garfinkle, M.; Yusuf, S.; Connolly, S.J. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol., 2005, 45, 1832-1839.
61. Savelieva, I.; Kakouros, N.; Kourliouros, A.; Camm, A.J. Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Part II: secondary prevention. Europace, 2011, 13, 610-625.
62. Kalus, J.S.; Coleman, C.I.; White, C.M. The impact of suppressing the renin-angiotensin system on atrial fibrillation. J Clin Pharmacol., 2006, 46, 21-28.
63. Madrid, A.H.; Bueno, M.G.; Rebollo, J.M.; Marín, I.; Peña, G.; Bernal, E.; Rodriguez, A.; Cano, L.; Cano, J.M.; Cabeza, P.; Moro, C. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective and randomized study. Circulation, 2002, 106, 331-336.
64. Ozaydin, M.; Dede, O.; Varol, E.; Kapan, S.; Turker, Y.; Peker, O.; Duver, H.; Ibrisim, E. Effect of renin-angiotensin aldosteron system blockers on postoperative atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol., 2008, 127, 362-367.
65. Ji, Q.; Mei, Y.; Wang, X.; Feng, J.; Wusha, D.; Cai, J.; Sun, Y.; Xie, S. Combination of irbesartan and amiodarone to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation after rheumatic valve replacement. Circ J., 2010, 74, 1873-1879.
66. Mathew, J.P.; Fontes, M.L.; Tudor, I.C.; Ramsay, J.; Duke, P.; Mazer, C.D.; Barash, P.G.; Hsu, P.H.; Mangano, D.T. Investigators of the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation; Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA., 2004, 291, 1720-1729.
67. White, C.M.; Kluger, J.; Lertsburapa, K.; Faheem, O.; Coleman, C.I. Effect of preoperative angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use on the frequency of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a cohort study from the atrial fibrillation suppression trials II and III. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg., 2007, 31, 817-820.
68. McCarty, M.F. Practical prevention of cardiac remodeling and atrial fibrillation with full-spectrum antioxidant therapy and ancillary strategies. Med Hypotheses, 2010, 75, 141-147.
69. Orenes-Piñero, E.; Hernández-Romero, D.; Jover, E.; de la Morena, G.; Valdés, M.; Marín, F. An Insight of Novel Pharmacological Therapies in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Med Chem., 2011, (published in the web).
70. López-Cuenca, A.; Marín, F.; Roldán, V.; Climent, V.E.; Valdés, M.; Lip, G.Y. Effects of atorvastatin 80 mg daily on indices of matrix remodelling in 'high-risk' patients with ischemic heart disease. Int J Cardiol., 2010, 139, 95-97.
71. Durazzo, A.E.; Machado, F.S.; Ikeoka, D.T.; De Bernoche, C.; Monachini, M.C.; Puech-Leão, P.; Caramelli, B. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg., 2004, 39, 967-975.
72. Dotani, M.I.; Elnicki, D.M.; Jain, A.C.; Gibson, C.M. Effect of preoperative statin therapy and cardiac outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol., 2000, 86, 1128-1130.
73. Sun, Y.; Ji, Q.; Mei, Y.; Wang, X.; Feng, J.; Cai, J.; Chi, L. Role of preoperative atorvastatin administration in protection against postoperative atrial fibrillation following conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. Int Heart J., 2011, 52, 7-11.
74. Gillis, A.M.; Morck, M.; Exner, D.V.; Soo, A.; Rose, M.S.; Sheldon, R.S.; Duff, H.J.; Kavanagh, K.M.; Mitchell, L.B.; Wyse, D.G. Beneficial effects of statin therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation following DDDR pacemaker implantation. Eur Heart J., 2008, 29, 1873-1880.
75. Kuhn, E.W.; Liakopoulos, O.J.; Borys, M.J.; Haldenwang, P.L.; Strauch, J.T.; Madershahian, N.; Choi, Y.H.; Wahlers, T. Statins improve surgical ablation outcomes for atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing concomitant cardiac surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg., 2010, 11, 24-28.
76. Marín, F.; Pascual, D.A.; Roldán, V.; Arribas, J.M.; Ahumada, M.; Tornel, P.L.; Oliver, C.; Gómez-Plana, J.; Lip, G.Y.; Valdés, M. Statins and postoperative risk of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol., 2006, 97, 55-60.
77. Patti, G.; Chello, M.; Candura, D.; Pasceri, V.; D'Ambrosio, A.; Covino, E.; Di Sciascio, G. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation, 2006, 114, 1455-1461.
78. Liakopoulos, O.J.; Choi, Y.H.; Haldenwang, P.L.; Strauch, J.; Wittwer, T.; Dörge, H.; Stamm, C.; Wassmer, G.; Wahlers, T. Impact of preoperative statin therapy on adverse postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of over 30,000 patients. Eur Heart J., 2008, 29, 1548-1559.
79. Lertsburapa, K.; White, C.M.; Kluger, J.; Faheem, O.; Hammond, J.; Coleman, C.I. Preoperative statins for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiothoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg., 2008, 135, 405-411.
80. Calo, L.; Bianconi, L.; Colivicchi, F.; Lamberti, F.; Loricchio, M.L.; de Ruvo, E.; Meo, A.; Pandozi, C.; Staibano, M.; Santini, M. n-3 Fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol., 2005, 45, 1723-1728.
81. Heidt, M.C.; Vician, M.; Stracke, S.K.; Stadlbauer, T.; Grebe, M.T.; Boening, A.; Vogt, P.R.; Erdogan, A. Beneficial effects of intravenously administered N-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg., 2009, 57, 276-280.
82. Saravanan, P.; Bridgewater, B.; West, A.L.; O'Neill, S.C.; Calder, P.C.; Davidson, N.C. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not reduce risk of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol., 2010, 3, 46-53.
83. Eslami, M.; Badkoubeh, R.S.; Mousavi, M.; Radmehr, H.; Salehi, M.; Tavakoli, N.; Avadi, M.R. Oral ascorbic acid in combination with beta-blockers is more effective than beta-blockers alone in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Tex Heart Inst J., 2007, 34, 268-274.
84. Zafarullah, M.; Li, W.Q.; Sylvester, J.; Ahmad, M. Molecular mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine actions. Cell Mol Life Sci., 2003, 60, 6-20.
85. El-Hamamsy, I.; Stevens, L.M.; Carrier, M.; Pellerin, M.; Bouchard, D.; Demers, P.; Cartier, R.; Page, P.; Perrault, L.P. Effect of intravenous Nacetylcysteine on outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg., 2007, 133, 7-12.
86. Ozaydin, M.; Peker, O.; Erdogan, D.; Kapan, S.; Turker, Y.; Varol, E.; Ozguner, F.; Dogan, A.; Ibrisim, E. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: a prospective, randomized, placebocontrolled pilot study. Eur Heart J., 2008, 29, 625-631.
87. Romay, C.; Gonzalez, R.; Ledon, N.; Remirez, D.; Rimbau, V. Cphycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr Protein Pept Sci., 2003, 4, 207-216.
88. Bert, A.A.; Reinert, S.E.; Singh, A.K. A beta-blocker, not magnesium, is effective prophylaxis for atrial tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth., 2001, 15, 204-209.
89. Zangrillo, A.; Landoni, G.; Sparicio, D.; Pappalardo, F.; Bove, T.; Cerchierini, E.; Sottocorna, O.; Aletti, G.; Crescenzi, G. Perioperative magnesium supplementation to prevent atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery surgery: a randomized controlled study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth., 2005, 19, 723-728.
90. Maslow, A.D.; Regan, M.M.; Heindle, S.; Panzica, P.; Cohn, W.E.; Johnson, G. Postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass: a role for intraoperative magnesium supplementation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth., 2000, 14, 524-530.
91. Kohno, H.; Koyanagi, T.; Kasegawa, H.; Miyazaki, M. Three-day magnesium administration prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg., 2005, 79, 117-126.
92. Geertman, H.; van der Starre, P.J.; Sie, H.T.; Beukema, W.P.; van Rooyen-Butijn, M. Magnesium in addition to sotalol does not influence the incidence of postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth., 2004, 18, 309-312.
93. Singh, S.; Zoble, R.G.; Yellen, L.; Brodsky, M.A.; Feld, G.K.; Berk, M.; Billing, C.B. Jr. Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation, 2000, 102, 2385-2390.
94. Serafimovski, N.; Burke, P.; Khawaja, O.; Sekulic, M.; Machado, C. Usefulness of dofetilide for the prevention of atrial tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation or flutter) after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol., 2008, 101, 1574-1579.
95. Komatsu, T.; Tachibana, H.; Satoh, Y.; Ozawa, M.; Kunugita, F.; Tashiro, A.; Okabayashi, H.; Nakamura, M. Prospective comparative study of intravenous cibenzoline and disopyramide therapy in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after cardiovascular surgery. Circ J., 2010, 74, 1859-1865.
96. VanderLugt, J.T.; Mattioni, T.; Denker, S.; Torchiana, D.; Ahern, T.; Wakefield, L.K.; Perry, K.T.; Kowey, P.R. Efficacy and safety of ibutilide fumarate for the conversion of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 1999, 100, 369-375.
97. Cheruku, K.K.; Ghani, A.; Ahmad, F.; Pappas, P.; Silverman, P.R.; Zelinger, A.; Silver, M.A. Efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for prevention of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Prev Cardiol., 2004, 7, 13-18.
98. Ruffin, R.T. Jr.; Kluger, J.; Baker, W.L.; Wills, S.M.; White, C.M.; Coleman, CI. Association between perioperative NSAID use and postcardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation, blood transfusions, and cardiovascular outcomes: a nested cohort study from the AF Suppression Trials (AFIST) I, II and III. Curr Med Res Opin., 2008, 24, 1131-1136.
99. Marik PE, Fromm R. The efficacy and dosage effect of corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Crit Care. 2009; 24: 458-463.
100. Halonen J, Halonen P, Järvinen O, Taskinen P, Auvinen T, Tarkka M, Hippeläinen M, Juvonen T, Hartikainen J, Hakala T. Corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007; 297: 1562-1567.
101. Volanakis JE, Wirtz KW. Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Nature. 1979; 281: 155-157.
102. Ho KM, Tan JA. Benefits and risks of corticosteroid prophylaxis in adult cardiac surgery: a dose-response meta-analysis. Circulation. 2009; 119:1853-1866.
103. Yared JP, Starr NJ, Torres FK, Bashour CA, Bourdakos G, Piedmonte M, Michener JA, Davis JA, Rosenberger TE. Effects of single dose, postinduction dexamethasone on recovery after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 69:1420-1424.
104. Prasongsukarn K, Abel JG, Jamieson WR, Cheung A, Russell JA, Walley KR, Lichtenstein SV. The effects of steroids on the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 130: 93-98.
105. Rubens FD, Nathan H, Labow R, Williams KS, Wozny D, Karsh J, Ruel M, Mesana T. Effects of methylprednisolone and a biocompatible copolymer circuit on blood activation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79: 655-665.