Mechanisms of disease: Norovirus gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 367, Issue 22, 2012, Pages 2126-2132

  Bok, Karin ^a   Green, Kim Y ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN; NITAZOXANIDE; RIBAVIRIN; VIRUS VACCINE;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BREAST MILK; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIARRHEA; GASTROENTERITIS; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; NONHUMAN; NOROVIRUS INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRUS CLASSIFICATION; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS SHEDDING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; CALICIVIRUS INFECTION; CLASSIFICATION; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOLOGY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NOROVIRUS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VIROLOGY;

CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GASTROENTERITIS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; NOROVIRUS;

EID: 84869997744     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1207742     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Krones E, Hogenauer C. Diarrhea in the immunocompromised patient. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012;41:677-701.
2. Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, et al. The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States. J Infect Dis 2012;205:1374-81.
3. Capizzi T, Makari-Judson G, Steingart R, Mertens WC. Chronic diarrhea associated with persistent norovirus excretion in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of two cases. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:131.
4. Glass RI, Parashar UD, Estes MK. Norovirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1776-85.
5. Green KY. Caliciviridae: the noroviruses. In: Knipe DM, ed. Fields virology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007:949-79.
6. Patel MM, Widdowson MA, Glass RI, Akazawa K, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1224-31.
7. Florescu DF, Hermsen ED, Kwon JY, et al. Is there a role for oral human immunoglobulin in the treatment for norovirus enteritis in immunocompromised patients? Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:718-21.
8. Henke-Gendo C, Harste G, Juergens-Saathoff B, Mattner F, Deppe H, Heim A. New real-time PCR detects prolonged norovirus excretion in highly immunosuppressed patients and children. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:2855-62.
9. Ludwig A, Adams O, Laws HJ, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T. Quantitative detection of norovirus excretion in pediatric patients with cancer and prolonged gastroenteritis and shedding of norovirus. J Med Virol 2008;80:1461-7. (Pubitemid 351897420)
10. Zheng DP, Ando T, Fankhauser RL, Beard RS, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology 2006;346:312-23. (Pubitemid 43357875)
11. Noel JS, Fankhauser RL, Ando T, Monroe SS, Glass RI. Identification of a distinct common strain of "Norwalk-like viruses" having a global distribution. J Infect Dis 1999;179:1334-44. (Pubitemid 29246580)
12. Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Lobue AD, et al. Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations. PLoS Med 2008;5(2):e31.
13. Tan M, Jiang X. Norovirus-host interaction: multi-selections by human histoblood group antigens. Trends Microbiol 2011;19:382-8.
14. Bok K, Parra GI, Mitra T, et al. Chimpanzees as an animal model for human norovirus infection and vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:325-30.
15. Atmar RL, Bernstein DI, Harro CD, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk virus illness. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2178-87.
16. Armbrust S, Kramer A, Olbertz D, Zimmermann K, Fusch C. Norovirus infections in preterm infants: wide variety of clinical courses. BMC Res Notes 2009;2:96.
17. Fishman JA. Infections in immunocompromised hosts and organ transplant recipients: essentials. Liver Transpl 2011;17:Suppl 3:S34-S37.
18. Roddie C, Paul JP, Benjamin R, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and norovirus gastroenteritis: a previously unrecognized cause of morbidity. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1061-8.
19. Schorn R, Höhne M, Meerbach A, et al. Chronic norovirus infection after kidney transplantation: molecular evidence for immune-driven viral evolution. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:307-14.
20. Sukhrie FH, Siebenga JJ, Beersma MF, Koopmans M. Chronic shedders as reservoir for nosocomial transmission of norovirus. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:4303-5.
21. Schwartz S, Vergoulidou M, Schreier E, et al. Norovirus gastroenteritis causes severe and lethal complications after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2011;117:5850-6.
22. Kaufman SS, Chatterjee NK, Fuschino ME, et al. Characteristics of human calicivirus enteritis in intestinal transplant recipients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;40:328-33. (Pubitemid 40344099)
23. Sukhrie FH, Teunis P, Vennema H, et al. Nosocomial transmission of norovirus is mainly caused by symptomatic cases. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:931-7.
24. Roos-Weil D, Ambert-Balay K, Lanternier F, et al. Impact of norovirus/sapovirus-related diarrhea in renal transplant recipients hospitalized for diarrhea. Transplantation 2011;92:61-9.
25. Saif MA, Bonney DK, Bigger B, et al. Chronic norovirus infection in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cause of prolonged intestinal failure requiring intensive nutritional support. Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:505-9.
26. Alkhouri N, Danziger-Isakov L. Norovirus and severe chronic gastroenteritis in pediatric stem cell transplantation: the plot thickens. Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:671-2. [Erratum, Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:766.]
27. Kirby A, Iturriza-Gómara M. Norovirus diagnostics: options, applications and interpretations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012;10:423-33.
28. Tajiri H, Kiyohara Y, Tanaka T, Etani Y, Mushiake S. Abnormal computed tomography findings among children with viral gastroenteritis and symptoms mimicking acute appendicitis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008;24:601-4.
29. Cogbill CH, Drobyski WR, Komorowski RA. Gastrointestinal pathology of autologous graft-versus-host disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a clinicopathological study of 17 cases. Mod Pathol 2011;24:117-25.
30. Boillat Blanco N, Kuonen R, Bellini C, et al. Chronic norovirus gastroenteritis in a double hematopoietic stem cell and lung transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2011;13:213-5.
31. Siebenga JJ, Beersma MF, Vennema H, van Biezen P, Hartwig NJ, Koopmans M. High prevalence of prolonged norovirus shedding and illness among hospitalized patients: a model for in vivo molecular evolution. J Infect Dis 2008;198:994-1001. [Erratum, J Infect Dis 2008;198:1575.]
32. Nilsson M, Hedlund KO, Thorhagen M, et al. Evolution of human calicivirus RNA in vivo: accumulation of mutations in the protruding P2 domain of the capsid leads to structural changes and possibly a new phenotype. J Virol 2003;77:13117-24. (Pubitemid 37494307)
33. Hoffmann D, Hutzenthaler M, Seebach J, et al. Norovirus GII.4 and GII.7 capsid sequences undergo positive selection in chronically infected patients. Infect Genet Evol 2012;12:461-6.
34. Bull RA, Eden JS, Luciani F, McElroy K, Rawlinson WD, White PA. Contribution of intra- and interhost dynamics to norovirus evolution. J Virol 2012;86:3219-29.
35. Carlsson B, Lindberg AM, Rodriguez-Díaz J, Hedlund KO, Persson B, Svensson L. Quasispecies dynamics and molecular evolution of human norovirus capsid P region during chronic infection. J Gen Virol 2009;90:432-41.
36. Boon D, Mahar JE, Abente EJ, et al. Comparative evolution of GII.3 and GII.4 norovirus over a 31-year period. J Virol 2011;85:8656-66.
37. Chachu KA, LoBue AD, Strong DW, Baric RS, Virgin HW. Immune mechanisms responsible for vaccination against and clearance of mucosal and lymphatic norovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2008;4(12):e1000236.
38. Chachu KA, Strong DW, LoBue AD, Wobus CE, Baric RS, Virgin HW IV. Antibody is critical for the clearance of murine norovirus infection. J Virol 2008;82:6610-7. (Pubitemid 351875138)
39. Wingfield T, Gallimore CI, Xerry J, et al. Chronic norovirus infection in an HIV-positive patient with persistent diarrhoea: a novel cause. J Clin Virol 2010;49:219-22.
40. van de Ven AA, Douma JW, Rademaker C, et al. Pleconaril-resistant chronic parechovirus-associated enteropathy in agammaglobulinaemia. Antivir Ther 2011;16:611-4.
41. Ebdrup L, Bottiger B, Molgaard H, Laursen AL. Devastating diarrhoea in a heart-transplanted patient. J Clin Virol 2011;50:263-5.
42. Rossignol JF, El-Gohary YM. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of viral gastroenteritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1423-30. (Pubitemid 44657118)
43. Siddiq DM, Koo HL, Adachi JA, Viola GM. Norovirus gastroenteritis successfully treated with nitazoxanide. J Infect 2011;63:394-7.
44. Engelen MA, Gunia S, Stypmann J. Elimination of norovirus in a chronic carrier under immunosuppression after heart transplantation - effect of everolimus. Transpl Int 2011;24(11):e102-e103.
45. Webster AC, Lee VW, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression of kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Transplantation 2006;81:1234-48.
46. Xerry J, Gallimore CI, Cubitt D, Gray JJ. Tracking environmental norovirus contamination in a pediatric primary immunodeficiency unit. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:2552-6.
47. Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009;15:1143-238.
48. Kozicki M, Steffen R, Schar M. 'Boil it, cook it, peel it or forget it': does this rule prevent travellers' diarrhoea? Int J Epidemiol 1985;14:169-72. (Pubitemid 15109506)
49. Koo HL, DuPont HL. Noroviruses as a potential cause of protracted and lethal disease in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1069-71.