A perspective on the future of physical oceanography

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 370, Issue 1980, 2012, Pages 5480-5511

  Garabato, Alberto C Naveira ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Marine; Oceanography; Strategy

Indexed keywords

DAMPING; RESEARCH;

BASIC ELEMENTS; CONTEXTUAL FACTORS; COUPLED CLIMATE SYSTEMS; CRYOSPHERE; DIFFERENT SCALE; DISSIPATIVE PROCESS; DRIVING MECHANISM; DYNAMICAL RESPONSE; EXTERNAL PRESSURES; FOCAL POINTS; FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH; MARINE; OCEAN BASINS; OCEAN CIRCULATION; OCEAN DYNAMICS; PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY; PHYSICAL PROCESS; RESEARCH PRIORITIES; STRATEGY; TIME-SCALES;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

EID: 84869996107     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0400     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (141)

1. Bentamy, A., Quilfen, Y., Gohin, F., Grima, N., Lenaour, M. & Servain, J. 1996 Determination and validation of average wind fields from ERS-1 scatterometer measurements. Glob. Atmos. Ocean Syst. 4, 1-29. (Pubitemid 29294451)
2. Maximenko, N. A. & Niiler, P. P. 2005 Hybrid decade-mean global sea level with mesoscale resolution. In Recent advances in marine science and technology 2004 (ed. N. Saxena), pp. 55-59. Honolulu, HI: PACON International.
3. Speer, K., Rintoul, S. R. & Sloyan, B. 2000 The diabatic Deacon cell. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 3212-3222. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2000) 030<3212:TDDC>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 32192224)
4. Vallis, G. K. 2006 Atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5. Böning, C. W., Döscher, R. & Isemer, H.-J. 1991 Monthly mean wind stress and Sverdrup transports in the North Atlantic: a comparison of the Hellerman-Rosenstein and Isemer-Hasse climatologies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 221-235. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1991) 021<0221: MMWSAS>2.0. CO;2)
6. Cummins, P. F. 1991 The barotropic response of the subpolar North Pacific to stochastic wind forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 8869-8880. (doi:10.1029/91JC00487)
7. England, M. H., Tomczak, M. & Godfrey, J. S. 1992 Water-mass formation and Sverdrup dynamics: a comparison between climatology and a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Mar. Sys. 3, 279-306. (doi:10.1016/0924-7963 (92) 90006-T) (Pubitemid 23372350)
8. Pinardi, N. & Navarra, A. 1993 Baroclinic wind adjustment processes in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 40, 1299-1326. (doi:10.1016/0967-0645 (93) 90071-T) (Pubitemid 24430451)
9. Ridgway, K. R. & Godfrey, J. S. 1994 Mass and heat budgets in the East Australian Current: a direct approach. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 3231-3248. (doi:10.1029/93JC02255) (Pubitemid 24430614)
10. Jarvis, R. A. & Veronis, G. 1994 Strong deep recirculations in a two-layer wind-driven ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 759-776. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1994) 024<0759:SDRIAT>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 24431149)
11. Bryan, F. O., Böning, C. W. & Holland, W. R. 1995 On the midlatitude circulation in a highresolution model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 289-305. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1995) 025<0289: OTMCIA>2.0. CO;2)
12. Stommel, H. 1948 The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 29, 202-206.
13. Munk, W. H. 1950 On the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. Meteorol. 7, 79-93. (doi:10.1175/1520-0469 (1950) 007<0080:OTWDOC>2.0. CO;2)
14. Richardson, P. L., Price, J. F., Owens, W. B., Schmitz, W. J., Rossby, H. T., Bradley, A. M., Valdes, J. R. & Webb, D. C. 1981 North Atlantic subtropical gyre: SOFAR floats tracked by moored listening stations. Science 213, 435-437. (doi:10.1126/science.213.4506.435)
15. Hughes, C. W. & De Cuevas, B. A. 2001 Why western boundary currents in realistic oceans are inviscid: a link between form stress and bottom pressure torques. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31, 2871-2885. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2001) 031<2871:WWBCIR>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 33067014)
16. Johnson, G. & Bryden, H. L. 1989 On the size of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res. 36, 39-53. (doi:10.1016/0198-0149 (89) 90017-4)
17. Leetmaa, A., Niiler, P. & Stommel, H. 1977 Does the Sverdup relation account for the mid-Atlantic circulation? J. Mar. Res. 35, 1-10.
18. Qiu, B. & Joyce, T. M. 1992 Interannual variability in the mid-and low-latitude western North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 1062-1079. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1992) 022< 1062:IVITMA>2.0. CO;2)
19. Hautala, S. L., Roemmich, D. H. & Schmitz Jr, W. J. 1994 Is the North Pacific in Sverdrup balance along 24°N? J. Geophys. Res. 99, 16041-16052. (doi:10.1029/94JC01084)
20. Wunsch, C. 2011 The decadal-mean ocean circulation and Sverdrup balance. J. Mar. Res. 69, 417-434. (doi:10.1357/002224011798765303)
21. Speer, K. & Tziperman, E. 1990 Convection from a source in an ocean basin. Deep-Sea Res. A 37, 431-446. (doi:10.1016/0198-0149 (90) 90018-Q)
22. Straub, D. N. & Rhines, P. 1990 Effects of large-scale topography on abyssal circulation. J. Mar. Res. 48, 223-253. (doi:10.1357/002224090784988782)
23. Kawase, M. & Straub, D. 1991 Spin-up of source-driven circulation in an abyssal basin in the presence of bottom topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1501-1514. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1991) 021<1501:SOSDCI>2.0. CO;2)
24. Pedlosky, J. 1992 The baroclinic structure of the abyssal circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 652-659. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1992) 022<0652: TBSOTA>2.0. CO;2)
25. Straub, D. N., Killworth, P. D. & Kawase, M. 1993 A simple model of mass-driven abyssal circulation over a general bottom topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1454-1469. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1993) 023<1454:ASMOMD>2. 0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 24429548)
26. Stommel, H. & Arons, A. B. 1960 On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean. I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere. Deep-Sea Res. 6, 140-154.
27. Polzin, K. L., Toole, J. M., Ledwell, J. R. & Schmitt, R. W. 1997 Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 276, 93-96. (doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.93) (Pubitemid 27161250)
28. Bower, A. S., Lozier, M. S., Gary, S. F. & Böning, C. W. 2009 Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nature 459, 243-247. (doi:10.1038/nature07979)
29. Talley, L. D. & McCartney, M. S. 1982 Distribution and circulation of Labrador Sea Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1189-1205. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1982) 012<1189:DACOLS> 2.0. CO;2)
30. Swallow, J. C. & Worthington, L. V. 1961 An observation of a deep countercurrent in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 8, 1-19. (doi:10.1016/0146-6313 (61) 90011-9)
31. Fieux, M., Schott, F. & Swallow, J. C. 1986 Deep boundary currents in the western Indian Ocean revisited. Deep-Sea Res. A 33, 415-426. (doi:10.1016/0198-0149 (86) 90124-X)
32. Fine, R. A. & Molinari, R. L. 1988 A continuous deep western boundary current between Abaco (26.5°N) and Barbados (13°N). Deep-Sea Res. A 35, 1441-1450. (doi:10.1016/0198-0149 (88) 90096-9)
33. Pickart, R. S. & Watts, D. R. 1990 Deep western boundary current variability at Cape Hatteras. J. Mar. Res. 48, 765-791.
34. McCartney, M. S. 1992 Recirculating components to the deep boundary current of the northern North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 29, 283-383. (doi:10.1016/0079-6611 (92) 90006-L)
35. Peterson, R. G. 1992 The boundary currents in the western Argentine Basin. Deep-Sea Res. A 39, 623-644. (doi:10.1016/0198-0149 (92) 90092-8)
36. Nurser, A. J. G. & Marshall, J. C. 1991 On the relationship between subduction rates and diabatic forcing of the mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1793-1802. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1991) 021<1793:OTRBSR>2.0. CO;2)
37. Pedlosky, J. & Robbins, P. 1991 The role of finite mixed-layer thickness in the structure of the ventilated thermocine. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1018-1031. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1991) 021<1018:TROFML>2.0. CO;2)
38. Williams, R. G. 1991 The role of the mixed layer in setting the potential vorticity of the main thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1803-1814. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1991) 021<1803:TROTML>2.0. CO;2)
39. Marshall, J. C. & Nurser, A. J. G. 1992 Fluid dynamics of oceanic thermocline ventilation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 583-595. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1992) 022<0583:FDOOTV>2.0. CO;2)
40. Spall, M. A. 1992 Cooling spirals and recirculation in the subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 564-571. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1992) 022<0564:CSARIT>2.0. CO;2)
41. Marshall, J. C., Nurser, A. J. G. & Williams, R. G. 1993 Inferring the subduction rate and period over the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1315-1329. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1993) 023<1315:ITSRAP>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 24429626)
42. Luyten, J. R., Pedlosky, J. & Stommel, H. 1983 The ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 292-309. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1983) 013<0292:TVT>2.0. CO;2)
43. Robbins, P. E., Price, J. F., Owens, W. B. & Jenkins, W. J. 2000 The importance of lateral diffusion for the ventilation of the lower thermocline in the subtropical North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 67-89. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2000) 030<0067:TIOLDF>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 30218357)
44. Rhines, P. B. & Young, W. R. 1982 Homogenization of potential vorticity in planetary gyres. J. Fluid Mech. 122, 347-367. (doi:10.1017/ S0022112082002250)
45. Jenkins, W. J., Webb, D. J., Merlivat, L. & Roether, W. 1988 The use of anthropogenic tritium and helium-3 to study subtropical gyre ventilation and circulation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 325, 43-61. (doi:10.1098/rsta.1988. 0041)
46. Bryan, F. 1987 Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17, 970-985. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1987) 017<0970:PSOPEO>2.0. CO;2)
47. Cummins, P. F., Holloway, G. & Gargett, A. E. 1990 Sensitivity of GFDL ocean general circulation model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 817-830. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1990) 020<0817:SOTGOG>2.0. CO;2)
48. Marotzke, J. 1991 Influence of convective adjustment on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 903-907. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1991) 021<0903:IOCAOT> 2.0. CO;2)
49. Cummins, P. F. 1991 The deep water stratification of ocean general circulation models. Atmos. Ocean 29, 563-575. (doi:10.1080/07055900.1991. 9649417)
50. Wright, D. G. & Stocker, T. F. 1992 Sensitivities of a zonally averaged global ocean circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 12707-12730. (doi:10.1029/92JC01168)
51. Weaver, A. J., Marotzke, J., Cummins, P. F. & Sarachik, E. S. 1993 Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 39-60. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1993) 023<0039:SAVOTT>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 24429543)
52. Munk, W. H. 1966 Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res. 13, 707-730.
53. Karsten, R. H. & Marshall, J. 2002 Constructing the residual circulation of the ACC from observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32, 3315-3327. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2002) 032 <3315:CTRCOT>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 36199228)
54. Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W. & Fleming, R. H. 1942 The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
55. Osborn, T. R. & Cox, C. S. 1972 Oceanic fine-structure. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 3, 321-345. (doi:10.1080/03091927208236085)
56. Gregg, M. C. 1989 Scaling turbulent dissipation in the thermocline. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 9686-9698. (doi:10.1029/JC094iC07p09686)
57. Wunsch, C. 2006 Towards the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and a bit of aftermath. In Physical oceanography: developments since 1950 (eds M. Jochum & R. Murtugudde), pp. 181-201. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
58. Lumpkin, R. & Speer, K. 2007 Global ocean meridional overturning. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37, 2550-2562. (doi:10.1175/JPO3130.1) (Pubitemid 350148787)
59. Mazloff, M. R., Heimbach, P. & Wunsch, C. 2010 An eddy-permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 880-899. (doi:10.1175/2009JPO4236.1)
60. Wunsch, C. 1996 The ocean circulation inverse problem. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
61. The MODE Group. 1978 The mid-ocean dynamics experiment. Deep-Sea Res. 25, 859-910. (doi:10.1016/0146-6291 (78) 90632-X)
62. Wunsch, C. 2002 Ocean observations and the climate forecast problem. Int. Geophys. 83, 233-245. (doi:10.1016/S0074-6142 (02) 80170-X)
63. Eden, C. & Olbers, D. 2009 Why western boundary currents are diffusive: a link between bottom pressure torque and bolus velocity. Ocean Model. 32, 14-24. (doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.07.003)
64. Ledwell, J. R., Montgomery, E. T., Polzin, K. L., St Laurent, L. C., Schmitt, R. W. & Toole, J. M. 2000 Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean. Nature 403, 179-182. (doi:10.1038/35003164) (Pubitemid 30050957)
65. Naveira Garabato, A. C., Polzin, K. L., King, B. A., Heywood, K. J. & Visbeck, M. 2004 Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. Science 303, 210-213. (doi:10.1126/science.1090929) (Pubitemid 38057566)
66. Kunze, E., Firing, E., Hummon, J. M., Chereskin, T. K. & Thurnherr, A. M. 2006 Global abyssal mixing inferred from lowered ADCP shear and CTD strain profiles. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36, 1553-1576. (doi:10.1175/JPO2926.1) (Pubitemid 44550281)
67. Getzlaff, K., Böning, C. W. & Dengg, J. 2006 Lagrangian perspectives of deep water export from the subpolar North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L21S08. (doi:10.1029/2006GL026470) (Pubitemid 46747180)
68. Lozier, M. S. 2010 Deconstructing the conveyor belt. Science 328, 1507-1511. (doi:10.1126/science.1189250)
69. Bower, A., Lozier, S. & Gary, S. 2011 Export of Labrador Sea Water from the subpolar North Atlantic: a Lagrangian perspective. Deep-Sea Res. II 58, 1798-1818. (doi:10.1016/j. dsr2.2010.10.060)
70. Gent, P. R., Willebrand, J., McDougall, T. J. & McWilliams, J. C. 1995 Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 463-474. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1995) 025<0463:PEITTI>2.0. CO;2)
71. Marshall, D. P. 1997 Subduction of water masses in an eddying ocean. J. Mar. Res. 55, 201-222. (doi:10.1357/0022240973224373)
72. Lee, M.-M., Marshall, D. P. & Williams, R. G. 1997 On the eddy transfer of tracers: advective or diffusive? J. Mar. Res. 55, 483-505. (doi:10.1357/0022240973224346)
73. Hazeleger, W. & Drijfhout, S. S. 2000 Eddy subduction in a model of the subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 677-695. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2000) 030<0677:ESIAMO>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 30315039)
74. Lévy, M., Klein, P. & Treguier, A.-M. 2001 Impact of sub-mesoscale physics on production and subduction of phytoplankton in an oligotropic regime. J. Mar. Res. 59, 535-565. (doi:10.1357/002224001762842181) (Pubitemid 33028437)
75. Ferrari, R., McWilliams, J., Canuto, V. M. & Dubovikov, M. 2008 Parameterization of eddy fluxes at ocean boundaries. J. Clim. 31, 2770-2789. (doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1510.1)
76. Thomas, L., Tandon, A. & Mahadevan, A. 2008 Submesoscale ocean processes and dynamics. In Ocean modeling in an eddying regime (eds M. Hecht & H. Hasume), pp. 17-38. Geophysical Monograph 177. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
77. Gebbie, G. 2007 Does eddy subduction matter in the northeast Atlantic Ocean? J. Geophys. Res. 112, C06007. (doi:10.1029/2006JC003568) (Pubitemid 47343136)
78. Sallée, J.-B., Speer, K., Rintoul, S. & Wijffels, S. 2010 Southern Ocean thermocline ventilation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 509-529. (doi:10.1175/2009JPO4291.1)
79. Joyce, T. M., Thomas, L. N., Dewar, W. K. & Girton, J. B. In press. Eighteen degree water formation within the Gulf Stream: a new paradigm arising from CLIMODE. Deep-Sea Res. II.
80. Döös, K. & Webb, D. J. 1994 The Deacon cell and other meridional cells of the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 429-442. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1994) 024<0429:TDCATO>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 24431167)
81. Danabasoglu, G., McWilliams, J. C. & Gent, P. R. 1994 The role of mesoscale tracer transports in the global ocean circulation. Science 264, 1123-1126. (doi:10.1126/science.264.5162.1123)
82. Toggweiler, J. R. & Samuels, B. 1995 Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Res. I 42, 477-500. (doi:10.1016/0967-0637 (95) 00012-U)
83. Toggweiler, J. R. & Samuels, B. 1998 On the ocean's large-scale circulation near the limit of no vertical mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 28, 1832-1852. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1998) 028<1832:OTOSLS>2.0. CO;2)
84. Webb, D. J. & Suginohara, N. 2001 The interior circulation of the ocean. In Ocean circulation and climate (eds G. Siedler, J. Church & J. Gould), pp. 205-213. New York, NY: Academic Press.
85. Wolfe, C. L. & Cessi, P. 2010 What sets the strength of the mid-depth stratification and overturning circulation in eddying ocean models? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 1520-1538. (doi:10.1175/2010JPO4393.1)
86. Nikurashin, M. & Vallis, G. K. 2011 A theory of deep stratification and overturning circulation in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 41, 485-502. (doi:10.1175/2010JPO4529.1)
87. Wunsch, C. & Ferrari, R. 2004 Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36, 281-314. (doi:10.1146/annurev. fluid.36.050802.122121) (Pubitemid 38381913)
88. Hughes, G. O. & Griffiths, R. W. 2006 A simple convective model of the global overturning circulation, including effects of entrainment into sinking regions. Ocean Model. 12, 46-79. (doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.04.001)
89. Ferrari, R. & Wunsch, C. 2009 Ocean circulation kinetic energy: reservoirs, sources and sinks. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 41, 253-282. (doi:10.1146/annurev. fluid.40.111406.102139)
90. Tailleux, R. G. J. 2009 On the energetics of stratified turbulent mixing, irreversible thermodynamics, Boussinesq models and the ocean heat engine controversy. J. Fluid Mech. 638, 339-382. (doi:10.1017/S002211200999111X)
91. Klocker, A. & McDougall, T. J. 2010 Influence of the nonlinear equation of state on global estimates of dianeutral advection and diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 1690-1709. (doi:10.1175/2010JPO4303.1)
92. Lee, T. et al. 2010 Ocean state estimation for climate research. In Proc. of OceanObs'09: Sustained ocean observations and information for society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, vol. 2 (eds J. Hall, D. E. Harrison & D. Stammer). ESA Publication WPP-306. (doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp. 23)
93. Heimbach, P. et al. 2010 Observational requirements for global-scale ocean climate analysis: lessons from ocean state estimation. In Proc. of OceanObs'09: Sustained ocean observations and information for society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, vol. 2 (eds J. Hall, D. E. Harrison & D. Stammer). ESA Publication WPP-306. (doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp. 23)
94. Roemmich, D., Johnson, G. C., Garzoli, S. L., Schmid, C. & Ignaszewski, M. 2009 The Argo program: observing the global ocean with profiling floats. Oceanography 22, 34-43. (doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.36)
95. Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Biuw, M., Roquet, F., Nicholson, J., Thorpe, S. E., Meredith, M. P. & Fedak, M. 2009 Animal-borne CTD-Satellite Relay Data Loggers for real-time oceanographic data collection. Ocean Sci. Discuss. 6, 1261-1287. (doi:10.5194/osd-6-1261-2009)
96. Scott, R. B. et al. 2010 Integrating satellite altimetry and key observations: what we've learned, and what's possible with new technologies. In Proc. of OceanObs'09: sustained ocean observations and information for society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, vol. 2 (eds J. Hall, D. E. Harrison & D. Stammer). ESA Publication WPP-306. (doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp. 23)
97. Knudsen, P., Bingham, R., Andersen, O. B. & Rio, M.-H. 2011 A global mean dynamic topography and ocean circulation estimation using a preliminary GOCE gravity model. J. Geod. 85, 861-879. (doi:10.1007/s00190-011-0485-8)
98. Dohan, K. et al. 2010 Measuring the global ocean surface circulation with satellite and in situ observations. In Proc. of OceanObs'09: sustained ocean observations and information for society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, vol. 2 (eds J. Hall, D. E. Harrison & D. Stammer). ESA Publication WPP-306. (doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp. 23)
99. Johnson, H. L. & Marshall, D. P. 2002 A theory for the surface Atlantic response to thermohaline variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32, 1121-1132. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2002) 032<1121:ATFTSA>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 34526804)
100. Johnson, H. L. & Marshall, D. P. 2004 Global teleconnections of meridional overturning circulation anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34, 1702-1722. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2004) 034 <1702:GTOMOC>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 39066749)
101. Cessi, P. & Otheguy, P. 2003 Remote response to decadal wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 1604-1617. (doi:10.1175/2400.1)
102. Swingedouw, D., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H. & Loutre, M. F. 2009 Impact of transient freshwater releases in the Southern Ocean on the AMOC and climate. Clim. Dyn. 33, 365-381. (doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0496-1)
103. Munk, W. H. & Palmén, E. 1951 Note on the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Tellus 3, 53-55. (doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951. tb00776.x)
104. Holland, W. R. 1972 Baroclinic and topographic influences on the transport in western boundary currents. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 4, 187-210. (doi:10.1080/03091927208236095)
105. Bell, T. H. 1975 Topographically generated internal waves in the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 320-327. (doi:10.1029/JC080i003p00320)
106. Armi, L. 1978 Some evidence for boundary mixing in the deep ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1971-1979. (doi:10.1029/JC083iC04p01971)
107. Gill, A. E. 1982 Atmosphere-ocean dynamics. New York, NY: Academic Press.
108. Baines, P. G. 1982 On internal tide generation models. Deep-Sea Res. 29, 307-338. (doi:10.1016/0198-0149 (82) 90098-X)
109. Eriksen, C. C. 1982 Observations of internal wave reflection off sloping bottoms. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 525-538. (doi:10.1029/JC087iC01p00525)
110. McDowell, S., Rhines, P. B. & Keffer, T. 1982 North Atlantic potential vorticity and its relation to the general circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1417-1436. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (1982) 012<1417:NAPVAI>2. 0. CO;2)
111. McIntyre, M. E. & Palmer, T. N. 1984 The 'surf zone' in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 46, 825-849. (doi:10.1016/0021-9169 (84) 90063-1)
112. Chang, K.-I., Ghil, M., Ide, K. & Lai, C.-C. A. 2001 Transition of aperiodic variability in a wind-driven double-gyre circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31, 1260-1286. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2001) 031<1260:TTAVIA>2. 0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 32596264)
113. Scott, R. K. & Polvani, L. M. 2007 Forced-dissipative shallow-water turbulence on the sphere and the atmospheric circulation of the giant planets. J. Atmos. Sci. 64, 3158-3176. (doi:10.1175/JAS4003.1) (Pubitemid 47521234)
114. Farrell, B. F. & Ioannou, P. J. 2009 Emergence of jets from turbulence in the shallowwater equations on an equatorial beta-plane. J. Atmos. Sci. 66, 3197-3207. (doi:10.1175/2009JAS2941.1)
115. Tsang, Y.-K. & Young, W. R. 2009 Forced-dissipative two-dimensional turbulence: a scaling regime controlled by drag. Phys. Rev. E 79, 045308. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.79.045308)
116. Chekroun, M. D., Simonnet, E. & Ghil, M. 2011 Stochastic climate dynamics: random attractors and time-dependent invariant measures. Physica D 240, 1685-1700. (doi:10.1016/j.physd.2011.06.005)
117. Srinivasan, K. & Young, W. R. 2012 Zonostrophic instability. J. Atmos. Sci. 69, 1633-1656. (doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0200.1)
118. Thompson, D. W. J., Solomon, S., Kushner, P. J., England, M. H., Grise, K. M. & Karoly, D. J. 2011 Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern Hemisphere surface climate change. Nat. Geosci. 4, 741-749. (doi:10.1038/ngeo1296)
119. Gerber, E. P., Voronin, S. & Polvani, L. M. 2008 Testing the annular mode autocorrelation time scale in simple atmospheric general circulation models. Mon. Weather Rev. 136, 1523-1536. (doi:10.1175/2007MWR2211.1) (Pubitemid 351864623)
120. Son, S.-W. et al. 2010 Impact of stratospheric ozone on Southern Hemisphere circulation change: a multimodel assessment. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D00M07. (doi:10.1029/2010JD014271)
121. Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nurser, A. J. G., Scott, R. B. & Goff, J. A. Submitted. The impact of small-scale topography on the dynamical balance of the ocean.
122. Arbic, B. K. & Flierl, G. R. 2004 Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom Ekman friction: application to midocean eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34, 2257-2273. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485 (2004) 034<2257:BUGTIT>2.0. CO;2) (Pubitemid 39520058)
123. Marshall, D. P. & Naveira Garabato, A. C. 2008 A conjecture on the role of bottomenhanced diapycnal mixing in the parameterization of geostrophic eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 1607-1613. (doi:10.1175/2007JPO3619.1)
124. Marchal, O. 2009 Extratropical Rossby waves in the presence of buoyancy mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 39, 2910-2925. (doi:10.1175/2009JPO4139.1)
125. Polzin, K. L. 2008 Mesoscale eddy-internal wave coupling. I. Symmetry, wave capture and results from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 2556-2574. (doi:10.1175/2008JPO3666.1)
126. Polzin, K. L. 2010 Mesoscale eddy-internal wave coupling. II. Energetics and results from PolyMode. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 789-801. (doi:10.1175/ 2009JPO4039.1)
127. Zhai, X. M., Johnson, H. L. & Marshall, D. P. 2010 Significant sink of ocean-eddy energy near western boundaries. Nat. Geosci. 3, 608-612. (doi:10.1038/ngeo943)
128. Nikurashin, M. & Ferrari, R. 2010 Radiation and dissipation of internal waves generated by geostrophic motions impinging on small-scale topography: theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 1055-1074. (doi:10.1175/2009JPO4199. 1)
129. Dewar, W. K. & Hogg, A. McC. 2010 Inviscid dissipation of balanced flow. Ocean Model. 32, 1-13. (doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.03.007)
130. Bühler, O. & McIntyre, M. E. 2005 Wave capture and wave-vortex duality. J. Fluid Mech. 534, 67-95. (doi:10.1017/S0022112005004374) (Pubitemid 40990514)
131. Fox-Kemper, B., Ferrari, R. & Hallberg, R. W. 2008 Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. I. Theory and diagnosis. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 1166-1179. (doi:10.1175/2007JPO3788.1)
132. Thomas, L. N. & Ferrari, R. 2008 Friction, frontogenesis, and the stratification of the surface mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 2501-2518. (doi:10.1175/2008JPO3797.1)
133. Capet, X., McWilliams, J. C., Molemaker, M. J. & Shchepetkin, A. 2008 The transition from mesoscale to submesoscale in the California Current System: frontal processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 44-64. (doi:10.1175/2007JPO3672.1) (Pubitemid 351266350)
134. Capet, X., McWilliams, J. C., Molemaker, M. J. & Shchepetkin, A. 2008 The transition from mesoscale to submesoscale in the California Current System: flow structure, eddy flux and observational tests. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 29-43. (doi:10.1175/2007JPO3671.1) (Pubitemid 351266349)
135. Thomas, L. N. & Taylor, J. R. 2010 Reduction of the usable wind-work on the general circulation by forced symmetric instability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L18606. (doi:10.1029/2010GL044680)
136. D'Asaro, E., Lee, C., Rainville, L., Harcourt, R. & Thomas, L. 2011 Enhanced turbulence and energy dissipation at ocean fronts. Science 15, 318-322. (doi:10.1126/science.1201515)
137. Hosegood, P. J., Gregg, M. C. & Alford, M. H. 2006 Sub-mesoscale lateral density structure in the oceanic surface mixed layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L22604. (doi:10.1029/2006GL026797) (Pubitemid 47386150)
138. Stommel, H. M. 1961 Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus 13, 224-230. (doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1961.tb00079.x)
139. Marotzke, J. 1994 Ocean models in climate problems. In Ocean processes in climate dynamics: global and mediterranean examples (eds P. Malanotte-Rizzoli & A. R. Robinson), pp. 79-109. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer. (Pubitemid 24401347)
140. Bakhshi, H., Freeman, A. & Hitchen, G. 2009 Measuring intrinsic value: how to stop worrying and love economics. See http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen. de/14902/1/MPRA-paper-14092.pdf.
141. Nielsen, M. 2012 The measurement and mismeasurement of science. In The reputation society: how online opinions are reshaping the offline world (eds H. Masum & M. Tovey), pp. 111-118. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.