Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 367, Issue 21, 2012, Pages 2006-2014

  Lichtenstein, Paul ^a   Halldner, Linda ^a   Zetterqvist, Johan ^a   Sjölander, Arvid ^a   Serlachius, Eva ^a   Fazel, Seena ^b   Långström, Niklas ^a   Larsson, Henrik ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ATOMOXETINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; HYPNOTIC AGENT; METHYLPHENIDATE; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARSON; ARTICLE; ASSAULT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HAZARD RATIO; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGISTER; RISK REDUCTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SEXUAL CRIME; SWEDEN;

EID: 84869441913     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203241     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:942-8.
2. Pastor PN, Reuben CA. Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States, 2004-2006. Vital Health Stat 2008;10:1-14.
3. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:195-211.
4. Satterfield JH, Faller KJ, Crinella FM, Schell AM, Swanson JM, Homer LD. A 30-year prospective follow-up study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems: adult criminality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:601-10.
5. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. Comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999;40:57-87.
6. Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Santosh P, et al. Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders: a systematic review and European treatment guideline. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;15:476-95.
7. Findling RL. Evolution of the treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children: a review. Clin Ther 2008;30:942-57.
8. Greenhill L, Kollins S, Abikoff H, et al. Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:1284-93. [Erratum, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:141.]
9. Adler LA, Zimmerman B, Starr HL, et al. Efficacy and safety of OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, dose-escalation study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:239-47.
10. Koesters M, Becker T, Kilian R, Fegert JM, Weinmann S. Limits of meta-analysis: methylphenidate in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:733-44.
11. Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:67.
12. Biederman J, Petty CR, Evans M, Small J, Faraone SV. How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2010;177:299-304.
13. Adler LD, Nierenberg AA. Review of medication adherence in children and adults with ADHD. Postgrad Med 2010;122:184-91.
14. Zetterqvist J, Asherson P, Halldner L, Långström N, Larsson H. Stimulant and non-stimulant attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder drug use: total population study of trends and discontinuation patterns 2006-2009. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012 September 4 (Epub ahead of print).
15. McCarthy S, Asherson P, Coghill D, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:273-7.
16. The MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1073-86.
17. Arnold LE, Chuang S, Davies M, et al. Nine months of multicomponent behavioral treatment for ADHD and effectiveness of MTA fading procedures. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2004;32:39-51.
18. Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, et al. 3-Year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:989-1002.
19. Molina BS, Flory K, Hinshaw SP, et al. Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: prevalence, course, and treatment effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:1028-40.
20. Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, et al. Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children with ADHD (MTA): part I: executive summary. J Atten Disord 2008;12:4-14.
21. Ludvigsson JF, Otterblad-Olausson P, Pettersson BU, Ekbom A. The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research. Eur J Epidemiol 2009;24:659-67.
22. Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A, et al. External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health 2011;11:450.
23. Wettermark B, Hammar N, Fored CM, et al. The new Swedish Prescribed Drug Register - opportunities for pharmaco-epidemiological research and experience from the first six months. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:726-35.
24. Kriminalstatistik 2010: criminal statistics - official statistics of Sweden. Stockholm: Brottsförebyggande rådet, 2011 (http://www.bra.se/download/18.656e38431321e85c24d80005741/2011- kriminalstatistik-2010.pdf).
25. Fazel S, Grann M. The population impact of severe mental illness on violent crime. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1397-403.
26. Snappin MS, Jiang Q, Iglewicz B. Illustrating the impact of a time-varying covariate with an extended Kaplan-Meier estimator. Am Stat 2005;59:301-7.
27. Allison PD. Fixed effects regression models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2009.
28. Lee EW, Wei LJ, Amato DA. Cox-type regression for large numbers of small groups of correlated failure time observations. In: Klein JP, Goel PK, eds. Survival analysis: state of the art. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1992:237-47.
29. Lindevall O. Pastill - a comprehensive clinical database for child and adolescent psychiatry in Stockholm. Budapest: European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009.
30. Cole SR, Platt RW, Schisterman EF, et al. Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39:417-20.
31. Graham J, Coghill D. Adverse effects of pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: epidemiology, prevention and management. CNS Drugs 2008;22:213-37.
32. Singh I. Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:957-64.
33. Winhusen TM, Lewis DF, Riggs PD, et al. Subjective effects, misuse, and adverse effects of osmotic-release methylphenidate treatment in adolescent substance abusers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011;21:455-63.
34. Chamberlain SR, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. The neurobiology of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:1317-9.
35. Gibbons RD, Amatya AK, Brown CH, et al. Post-approval drug safety surveillance. Annu Rev Public Health 2010;31:419-37.
36. Dolmén L. Brottsligheten i olika lander: criminality in different countries. Stockholm: National Council for Crime Prevention, 2001.
37. Farrington D, Langan P, Tonrym M, eds. Cross-national studies in crime and justice. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004.
38. Zoëga H, Furu K, Halldörsson M, Thomsen PH, Sourander A, Martikainen JE. Use of ADHD drugs in the Nordic countries: a population-based comparison study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;123:360-7.
39. Scheffler RM, Hinshaw SP, Modrek S, Levine P. The global market for ADHD medications. Health Aff (Millwood) 2007;26:450-7.