Vitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: Where do we stand in 2012;Vitamin D und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen: Standortbestimmung 2012

LaboratoriumsMedizin

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 281-289

  Pilz, Stefan ^a,b   März, Winfried ^a,c,d  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c SYNLAB ACADEMY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cerebrovascular insufficiency; Heart failure; Myocardial infarction; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; CALCIUM; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEART; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HYPERTENSION; MORTALITY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SUDDEN DEATH; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN METABOLISM; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

MUS;

EID: 84869411362     PISSN: 03423026     EISSN: 14390477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/labmed-2011-0029     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Holick MF. McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: vitamin D - new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60: 619-30.
2. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2009;169: 551-61.
3. Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Int Med 2011;155: 827-38.
4. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br Med J 2009;339:b3692.
5. Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO, Elamin MB, Alkatib AA, Fatourechi MM, et al. Clinical review: the effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96: 2997-3006.
6. Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster JY, Borgstrom F, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2008;19: 399-428.
7. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 2009;20: 1807-20.
8. Macdonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Fraser WD, Darling AL, Black AJ, Aucott L, et al. Sunlight and dietary contributions to the seasonal vitamin D status of cohorts of healthy postmenopausal women living at northerly latitudes: a major cause for concern? Osteoporos Int 2011;22: 2461-72.
9. Hollis BW. Assessment and interpretation of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the clinical environment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010;39: 271-86.
10. Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev 2010;9: 709-15.
11. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Dobnig H, Pieber TR. Epidemiology of vitamin D insufficiency and cancer mortality. Anticancer Res 2009;29: 3699-704.
12. Hewison M. An update on vitamin D and human immunity. Clin Immunol 2012;76: 315-25.
13. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Marz W, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Zittermann A, et al. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:575- 84.
14. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev 2008;29: 726-76.
15. Scragg R. Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible protective effect of ultra-violet radiation. Int J Epidemiol 1981;10:337- 41. (Pubitemid 12164635)
16. McGreevy C, Williams D. New insights about vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med 2011;155: 820-6.
17. Elamin MB, Abu Elnour NO, Elamin KB, Fatourechi MM, Alkatib AA, Almandoz JP, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96: 1931-42.
18. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, Zittermann A, Dekker JM, März W. Vitamin D supplementation: a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of strokes. Curr Drug Targets 2011;12: 88-96.
19. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, Dekker JM, März W. Vitamin D deficiency and myocardial diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54: 1103-13.
20. Doorenbos CR, van den Born J, Navis G, de Borst MH. Possible renoprotection by vitamin D in chronic renal disease: beyond mineral metabolism. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009;5: 691-700.
21. Somjen D, Weisman Y, Kohen F, Gayer B, Limor R, Sharon O, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation 2005;111: 1666-71. (Pubitemid 40525167)
22. Chen S, Glenn DJ, Ni W, Grigsby CL, Olsen K, Nishimoto M, et al. Expression of the vitamin d receptor is increased in the hypertrophic heart. Hypertension 2008;52: 1106-12.
23. Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, Cao LP, Qiao G, Zheng W, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005;288:E125- 32. (Pubitemid 40023798)
24. Zhou C, Lu F, Cao K, Xu D, Goltzman D, Miao D. Calciumindependent and 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in 1alpha-hydroxylase knockout mice. Kidney Int 2008;74: 170-9. (Pubitemid 351915078)
25. Yuan W, Pan W, Kong J, Zheng W, Szeto FL, Wong KE, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J Biol Chem 2007;282: 29821-30. (Pubitemid 350035242)
26. Chen S, Law CS, Grigsby CL, Olsen K, Hong TT, Zhang Y, et al. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the vitamin D receptor gene results in cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 2011;124:1838- 47.
27. Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, Bhandare S, Riek A, Butler B, et al. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin d inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2009;120:687- 98.
28. Chen S, Law CS, Gardner DG. Vitamin D-dependent suppression of endothelin-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through inhibition of CDK2 activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;118: 135-41.
29. Tare M, Emmett SJ, Coleman HA, Skordilis C, Eyles DW, Morley R, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with impaired vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function and hypertension in young rats. J Physiol 2011;589: 4777-86.
30. Molinari C, Uberti F, Grossini E, Vacca G, Carda S, Invernizzi M, et al. 1 α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces nitric oxide production in cultured endothelial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011;27:661- 8.
31. Argacha JF, Egrise D, Pochet S, Fontaine D, Lefort A, Libert F, et al. Vitamin D deficiency-induced hypertension is associated with vascular oxidative stress and altered heart gene expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011;58: 65-71.
32. Finch JL, Suarez EB, Husain K, Ferder L, Cardema MC, Glenn DJ, et al. Effect of combining an ACE inhibitor and a VDR activator on glomerulosclerosis, proteinuria, and renal oxidative stress in uremic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012;302:F141-9.
33. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR. Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009;6: 621-30.
34. Wolden-Kirk H, Overbergh L, Christesen HT, Brusgaard K, Mathieu C. Vitamin D and diabetes: its importance for beta cell and immune function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011;347: 106-20.
35. Jorde R, Grimnes G. Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids. Prog Lipid Res 2011;50: 303-12.
36. Jaimungal S, Wehmeier K, Mooradian AD, Haas MJ. The emerging evidence for vitamin D-mediated regulation of apolipoprotein A-I synthesis. Nutr Res 2011;31: 805-12.
37. Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC. Vitamin D and inflammation. Joint Bone Spine 2010;77: 552-7.
38. Dusso AS, Tokumoto M. Defective renal maintenance of the vitamin D endocrine system impairs vitamin D renoprotection: a downward spiral in kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011;79: 715-29.
39. Geldmeyer-Hilt K, Heine G, Hartmann B, Baumgrass R, Radbruch A, Worm M. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 impairs NF- κ B activation in human naïve B cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407: 699-702.
40. Chen Y, Kong J, Sun T, Li G, Szeto FL, Liu W, et al. 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses inflammation-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by blocking nuclear factor- κ B activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011;507: 241-7.
41. Zittermann A, Gummert JF, Börgermann J. The role of vitamin D in dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des 2011;17: 933-42.
42. Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36: 387-96.
43. Orsini N, Larsson SC, Wolk A. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2011;29: 636-45.
44. Tomaschitz A, Pilz S, Ritz E, Grammer T, Drechsler C, Boehm BO, et al. Independent association between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the renin-angiotensin system: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411: 1354-60.
45. Vaidya A, Williams JS. The relationship between vitamin D and the renin-angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of hypertension, kidney disease, and diabetes. Metabolism 2012;61: 450-8.
46. Muraru MD, Pittas AG. Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65: 1005-15.
47. Hutchinson MS, Figenschau Y, Njölstad I, Schirmer H, Jorde R. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)). The Troms o Study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2011;71: 399-406.
48. Thorand B, Zierer A, Huth C, Linseisen J, Meisinger C, Roden M, et al. Effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D on risk for type 2 diabetes may be partially mediated by subclinical inflammation: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study. Diabetes Care 2011;34: 2320-2.
49. Amer M, Qayyum R. Relation between serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein in asymptomatic adults (From the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2006). Am J Cardiol 2012;109: 226-30.
50. Wehr E, Pilz S, Schweighofer N, Giuliani A, Kopera D, Pieber TR, et al. Association of hypovitaminosis D with metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161: 575-82.
51. Dorjgochoo T, Shi J, Gao YT, Long J, Delahanty R, Xiang YB, et al. Genetic variants in vitamin D metabolism-related genes and body mass index: analysis of genome-wide scan data of approximately 7000 Chinese women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011 Dec 13. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.246. [Epub ahead of print].
52. Wehr E, Pilz S, Boehm BO, März W, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73: 243-8.
53. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res 2011;43: 223-5.
54. de Boer IH, Katz R, Chonchol M, Ix JH, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6: 2141-9.
55. Joergensen C, Reinhard H, Schmedes A, Hansen PR, Wiinberg N, Petersen CL, et al. Vitamin d levels and asymptomatic coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion rate. Diabetes Care 2012;35: 168-72.
56. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. Vitamin D and vascular calcification. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007;18: 41-6. (Pubitemid 46090236)
57. Mayer O Jr, Filipovsk y J, Seidlerova J, Vaněk J, Dolejšova M, Vrzalov a J, et al. The association between low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased aortic stiffness. J Hum Hypertens 2011 Oct 20. DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.94. [Epub ahead of print].
58. Chitalia N, Recio-Mayoral A, Kaski JC, Banerjee D. Vitamin D deficiency and endothelial dysfunction in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Atherosclerosis 2012;220: 265-8.
59. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 1174-80. (Pubitemid 351831400)
60. Kestenbaum B, Katz R, de Boer I, Hoofnagle A, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, et al. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular events among older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58: 1433-41.
61. Timms PM, Mannan N, Hitman GA, Noonan K, Mills PG, Syndercombe-Court D, et al. Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? QJM 2002;95: 787-96. (Pubitemid 36032948)
62. Khalili H, Talasaz AH, Salarifar M. Serum vitamin D concentration status and its correlation with early biomarkers of remodeling following acute myocardial infacrtion Clin Res Cardiol 2012;101: 321-7.
63. Anderson J, May HT, Horne BD, Bair TL, Hall NL, Carlquist JF, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010;106: 963-8.
64. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Aro A, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Heliövaara M, et al. Vitamin D status and the risk of cardiovascular disease death. Am J Epidemiol 2009;170: 1032-9.
65. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Fischer JE, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Boehm BO, et al. Low vitamin d levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. Stroke 2008;39:2611- 3.
66. Deo R, Katz R, Shlipak MG, Sotoodehnia N, Psaty BM, Sarnak MJ, et al. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and sudden cardiac death: results from the cardiovascular health study. Hypertension 2011;58: 1021-8.
67. Drechsler C, Pilz S, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Verduijn M, Tomaschitz A, Krane V, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sudden cardiac death, combined cardiovascular events, and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Eur Heart J 2010;31: 2253-61.
68. Pilz S, Marz W, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dimai HP, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3927- 35.
69. Grandi NC, Breitling LP, Brenner H. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Prev Med 2010;51: 228-33.
70. Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2010;152: 307-14.
71. Scragg R. Vitamin D and public health: an overview of recent research on common diseases and mortality in adulthood. Public Health Nutr 2011;14: 1515-32.
72. Hagström E, Hellman P, Larsson TE, Ingelsson E, Berglund L, Sundström J, et al. Plasma parathyroid hormone and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the community. Circulation 2009;119: 2765-71.
73. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Boehm BO, Grammer TB, et al. Parathyroid hormone level is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Eur Heart J 2010;31: 1591-8.
74. Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2009;27: 1948-54.
75. Wu SH, Ho SC, Zhong L. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure. South Med J 2010;103: 729-37.
76. Krause R, Buhring M, Hopfenmuller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet 1998;352: 709-10. (Pubitemid 28398716)
77. Scragg R, Wishart J, Stewart A, Ofanoa M, Kerse N, Dyall L, et al. No effect of ultraviolet radiation on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. J Hypertens 2011;29: 1749-56.
78. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Stocklin E, Sidelnikov E, Willett WC, Orav EJ, et al. Oral supplementation with 25(OH)D(3) versus vitamin D(3): effects on 25(OH)D levels, lower extremity function, blood pressure and markers of innate immunity. Bone Miner Res 2011. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.551.
79. Mitri J, Dawson-Hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AG. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94: 486-94.
80. Neyestani TR, Nikooyeh B, Alavi-Majd H, Shariatzadeh N, Kalayi A, Tayebinejad N, et al. Improvement of vitamin D status via daily intake of fortified yogurt drink either with or without extra calcium ameliorates systemic inflammatory biomarkers, including adipokines, in the subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2005-11.
81. Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89: 1321-7.
82. Yusupov E, Li-Ng M, Pollack S, Yeh JK, Mikhail M, Aloia JF. Vitamin d and serum cytokines in a randomized clinical trial. Int J Endocrinol 2010;2010:pii305054.
83. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83: 754-9. (Pubitemid 44713136)
84. Smolders J, Peelen E, Thewissen M, Cohen Tervaert JW, Menheere P, Hupperts R, et al. Safety and T cell modulating effects of high dose vitamin D3 supplementation in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010;5:e15235.
85. Stubbs JR, Idiculla A, Slusser J, Menard R, Quarles LD. Cholecalciferol supplementation alters calcitriol-responsive monocyte proteins and decreases inflammatory cytokines in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21: 353-61.
86. Prietl B, Pilz S, Wolf M, Tomaschitz A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Graninger W, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and regulatory T cells in apparently healthy subjects: vitamin D treatment for autoimmune diseases? Isr Med Assoc J 2010;12: 136-9.
87. Bock G, Prietl B, Mader JK, Höller E, Wolf M, Pilz S, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on peripheral regulatory T cells and β cell function in healthy humans: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011;27: 942-5.
88. Hyppönen E, L a a r a E, Reunanen A, J a rvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 2001;358: 1500-3. (Pubitemid 33055701)
89. Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB, Kestenbaum B, van Meurs JB, Berry D, et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 2010;376: 180-8.
90. Cooper JD, Smyth DJ, Walker NM, Stevens H, Burren OS, Wallace C, et al. Inherited variation in vitamin D genes is associated with predisposition to autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011;60:1624- 31.
91. Harris RA, Pedersen-White J, Guo DH, Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Keeton D, Huang Y, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation for 16 weeks improves flow-mediated dilation in overweight African- American adults. Am J Hypertens 2011;24: 557-62.
92. Witham MD, Dove FJ, Sugden JA, Doney AS, Struthers AD. The effect of vitamin D replacement on markers of vascular health in stroke patients - A randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010;2010:pii: 305054.
93. Shab-Bidar S, Neyestani TR, Djazayery A, Eshraghian MR, Houshiarrad A, Gharavi A, et al. Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (Doogh) improved endothelial biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. BMC Med 2011;9:125.
94. Pollock NK, Harris RA, Keeton D, Huang Y, Li K, Bassali R, et al. A 16-week randomized clinical trial of 2000 international units daily vitamin D3 supplementation in black youth: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, adiposity, and arterial stiffness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95: 4584-91.
95. Witham MD, Crighton LJ, Gillespie ND, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3: 195-201.
96. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, Audhya P, Coyne D, Garimella T, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376: 1543-51.
97. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. Br Med J 2011;342:d2040.
98. Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med 2010;152: 315-23.
99. Avenell A, Maclennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, McPherson GC, McDonald AM, Pant PR, et al. Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D3 and/or calcium (RECORD trial). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97: 614-22.
100. Lishmanov A, Dorairajan S, Pak Y, Chaudhary K, Chockalingam A. Treatment of 25-OH vitamin D deficiency in older men with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4 is associated with reduction in cardiovascular events. Am J Ther 2011 Aug 17. [Epub ahead of print].
101. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CD, Snijder MB, et al. Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;71: 666-72.
102. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 1629-37.
103. Micha e lsson K, Baron JA, Snellman G, Gedeborg R, Byberg L, Sundström J, et al. Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92: 841-8.
104. Cawthon PM, Parimi N, Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA, Ensrud KE, Hoffman AR, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95: 4625-34.
105. Zittermann A, Iodice S, Pilz S, Grant WB, Bagnardi V, Gandini S. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95: 91-100.
106. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Friedl C, Amrein K, Drechsler C, Ritz E, et al. Vitamin D status and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:3603- 9.
107. Drechsler C, Verduijn M, Pilz S, Dekker FW, Krediet RT, Ritz E, et al. Vitamin D status and clinical outcomes in incident dialysis patients: results from the NECOSAD study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:1024- 32.
108. Pilz S, Iodice S, Zittermann A, Grant WB, Gandini S. Vitamin D status and mortality risk in CKD: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58: 374-82.
109. Vacek JL, Vanga SR, Good M, Lai SM, Lakkireddy D, Howard PA. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation and relation to cardiovascular health. Am J Cardiol 2012;109: 359-63.
110. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;2011:CD007470.
111. Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, Cook NR, Albert MA, Gordon D, et al. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials 2012;33:159- 71.
112. Leu M, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D: epidemiology of cardiovascular risks and events. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Meta 2011;25: 633-46.
113. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008;117:503- 11.
114. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, Hathcock J, Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int 2010;21: 1121-32.
115. Robinson I, de Serna DG, Gutierrez A, Schade DS. Vitamin E in humans: an explanation of clinical trial failure. Endocr Pract 2006;12: 576-82. (Pubitemid 46456048)
116. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Sinprasert S. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharm Ther 2011;36: 53-63.
117. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 53-8.