Continental governance and environmental management mechanisms under the Antarctic Treaty System: Sufficient for the biodiversity challenges of this century?

Biodiversity

Volumn 13, Issue 3-4, 2012, Pages 234-248

  Convey, Peter ^a   Hughes, Kevin A ^a   Tin, Tina ^b  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b Antarctic Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)   (France)

Author keywords

activity footprint; human impact; protected area; strategic environmental assessment; terrestrial biodiversity; tourism

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869407302     PISSN: 14888386     EISSN: 21600651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2012.703551     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Adventure Network International.http://www.adventure-network.com
2. Aislabie, JM, Balks, MR, Foght, JM and Waterhouse, EJ. 2004. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils: effects and management. Environmental Science and Technology, 38: 1265-74.
3. Aronson, RB, Thatje, S, McClintock, JB and Hughes, KA. 2011. Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223: 82-107.
4. ASOC (Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition). 2001. Strategic needs and decision-making in Antarctica. Paper presented at XXIV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, July 9-20, in St. Petersburg, Russia, IP 54
5. ASOC. 2002. Strategic environmental assessment in Antarctica: a 'stepping stone' to Madrid Protocol objectives. Paper presented at XXV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, September 10-20, in Warsaw, Poland, IP 25
6. ASOC. 2010. Tourism and land-based facilities in Antarctica: analysis of a questionnaire distributed to Antarctic Treaty parties at XXXII ATCM. Paper presented at XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, May 3-14, in Punta del Este, Uruguay, IP 79
7. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 1994. Final report of the XVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 11-22, in Kyoto, Japan
8. ATCM. 2008. Final report of XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, June 2-13, in Kiev, Ukraine
9. ATCM. 2009. Final report of XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 6-17, in Baltimore, MD
10. ATCM. 2010. Final report of the XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, May 3-14, in Punta del Este, Uruguay
11. ATS (Antarctic Treaty Secretariat). 2012a. Information exchange. Permanent information.http://www.ats.aq/devAS/ie_permanent.aspx?lang=e
12. ATS. 2012b. Antarctic protected areas database.http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected.aspx?lang=e
13. Australia. 2010. Topic summary: footprint. Paper presented at XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, May 3-14, Punta del Este, Uruguay, IP 48
14. Bargagli, R. 2005. Antarctic ecosystems. Environmental contamination, climate change, and human impact. Ecological Studies 175, Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
15. Bastmeijer, CJ. 2003. The Antarctic Environmental Protocol and its domestic legal implementation, The Hague, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
16. Bastmeijer, CJ, Lamers, M and Harcha, J. 2008. Permanent land-based facilities for tourism in Antarctica: the need for regulation. Reciel, 17: 84-99.
17. Bastmeijer, CJ and Roura, R. 2007. "Environmental impact assessment in Antarctica". In Theory and practice of transboundary environmental impact assessment, Edited by: Bastmeijer, C.J. and Koivurova, T. 175-220. Leiden: The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
18. Bergstrom, DM and Chown, SL. 1999. Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14: 472-6.
19. Bergstrom, D.M., P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes, eds. 2006. Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer+
20. Bertram, E and Stonehouse, B. 2007. "Tourism management for Antarctica". In Prospects for polar tourism, Edited by: Snyder, J. and Stonehouse, B. 285-309. Oxon, UK, and Cambridge, MA: CABI.
21. Braun, C, Mustafa, O, Nordt, A, Pfeiffer, S and Peter, H-U. 2012. Environmental monitoring and management proposals for the Fildes Region, King George Island, Antarctica. Polar Research, 31: 18206 doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18206
22. Chile. 2009. The effect of marathons held on the Antarctic continent. Paper presented at XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 6-17, in Baltimore, MD, WP 54
23. Chown, SL and Convey., P. 2007. Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362: 2307-31.
24. Chown, S.L., A.H.L. Huiskes, N.J.M. Gremmen, J.E. Lee, A. Terauds, K. Crosbie, Y. Frenot, et al. 2012. Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 4938-43
25. COMNAP (Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs). 2012. Main Antarctic facilities operated by national Antarctic programs in the Antarctic Treaty Area (south of 60° latitude south).https://www.comnap.aq/Information/SitePages/Home.aspx
26. Connor, MA. 2008. Wastewater treatment in Antarctica. Polar Record, 44: 165-71.
27. Cooney, R and Dickson, B. 2005. Biodiversity and the precautionary principle: risk and uncertainty in conservation and sustainable use, London: Earthscan.
28. Convey, P. 2007. "Antarctic ecosystems". In Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 2nd (online) ed. Edited by: Levin, S.A. doi:10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00014-6. San Diego, USA: Elsevier
29. Convey, P. 2008. "Non-native species in Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments: presence, sources, impacts and predictions". In Non-native species in the Antarctic proceedings, Edited by: Rogan-Finnemore, M. 97-130. Christchurch: New Zealand: Gateway Antarctica.
30. Convey, P. 2011. Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity in a changing world. Polar Biology, 11: 1629-41.
31. Convey, P, Bindschadler, RA, di Prisco, G, Fahrbach, E, Gutt, J, Hodgson, DA, Mayewski, P, Summerhayes, CP and Turner., J. 2009. Antarctic climate change and the environment. Antarctic Science, 21: 541-63.
32. Convey, P, Gibson, J, Hillenbrand, C-D, Hodgson, DA, Pugh, PJA, Smellie, JL and Stevens, MI. 2008. Antarctic terrestrial life-challenging the history of the frozen continent?. Biological Reviews, 83: 103-17.
33. Convey, P, Smith, RIL, Peat, HJ and Pugh, PJA. 2000. The terrestrial biota of Charcot Island, eastern Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica: an example of extreme isolation. Antarctic Science, 12: 406-13.
34. Cowan, DA, Chown, SL, Convey, P, Tuffin, M, Hughes, K, Pointing, S and Vincent, W. 2011. Non-indigenous microorganisms in the Antarctic: assessing the risks. Trends in Microbiology, 19: 540-8.
35. Dalal-Clayton, B., and B. Sadler, eds. 2005. Strategic environmental assessment. A sourcebook and reference guide to international experience. London: Earthscan
36. Enzenbacher, DJ. 1992. Tourists in Antarctica: numbers and trends. Polar Record, 28(164): 17-22.
37. Enzenbacher, DJ. 1993. Tourists in Antarctica: numbers and trends. Tourism Management, 14: 143-6.
38. Frenot, Y, Chown, SL, Whinam, J, Selkirk, P, Convey, P, Skotnicki, M and Bergstrom, D. 2005. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80: 45-72.
39. Giuliani, P. 1996. "Inspections under the Antarctic Treaty". In International Law for Antarctica, Edited by: Francioni, F. and Scovazzi, T. 459-74. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
40. Grantham, HS, Wilson, KA, Moilanen, A, Rebelo, T and Possingham, HP. 2009. Delaying conservation actions for improved knowledge: how long should we wait?. Ecology Letters, 12: 293-301.
41. Guyomard, A.-I. 2010. La protection de l'environnement en Antarctique-Droit international et droit comparé. Thèse de Doctorat Droit des Espaces, Centre de Droit Maritime et Océanique CDMO, Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Politiques, Nantes, France
42. Haase, D, Storey, B, McIntosh, A, Carr, A and Gilbert, N. 2007. Stakeholder perspectives on regulatory aspects of Antarctic tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4: 167-83.
43. Headland, RK. 2009. A chronology of Antarctic exploration: a synopsis of events and activities from the earliest times until the International Polar Years, 2007-09, London: Quaritch.
44. Hemmings, AD and Kriwoken, LK. 2010. High level Antarctic EIA under the Madrid Protocol: state practice and the effectiveness of the comprehensive environmental evaluation process. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 10: 187-208.
45. Hemmings, AD and Roura, R. 2003. A square peg in a round hole: fitting impact assessment under the Antarctic Environmental Protocol to Antarctic tourism. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21: 13-24.
46. Hemmings, A.D., Rothwell, D.R., and Scott, K.N., eds. 2012. Antarctic security in the twentyfirst century. Legal and policy perspectives. London: Routledge
47. Hogg, ID, Cary, SC, Convey, P, Newsham, K, O'Donnell, T, Adams, BJ, Aislabie, J, Frati, FF, Stevens, MI and Wall, DH. 2006. Biotic interactions in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems: are they a factor?. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38: 3035-40.
48. Holmes, N, Giese, M and Kriwoken, LK. 2008. Linking variation in penguin responses to pedestrian activity for best practise management on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Polarforschung, 77: 7-15.
49. Hughes, KA. 2010. How committed are we to monitoring human impact in Antarctica?. Environmental Research Letters, 5: 041001
50. Hughes, KA and Convey, P. 2010. The protection of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems from inter- and intra-continental transfer of non-indigenous species by human activities: a review of current systems and practices. Global Environmental Change, 20: 96-112.
51. Hughes, KA and Convey, P. 2012. Determining the native/non-native status of newly discovered terrestrial and freshwater species in Antarctica-current knowledge, methodology and management action. Journal of Environmental Management, 93: 52-66.
52. Hughes, KA, Fretwell, P, Rae, J, Holmes, K and Fleming, A. 2011. Untouched Antarctica: mapping a finite and diminishing environmental resource. Antarctic Science, 23: 537-48.
53. IAATO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators). 2007a. Boot, clothing and equipment decontamination guidelines for small boat operations, Colorado, USA: International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators.
54. IAATO. 2007b. Marine wildlife watching guidelines (whales and dolphins, seals and seabirds), Colorado, USA: International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators.
55. IAATO. 2009a. Report of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators 2008-2009. Paper presented at XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 6-17, in Baltimore, MD, IP 33 rev.1
56. IAATO. 2009b. 2008-2009 Summary of seaborne, airborne, and land-based Antarctic tourism.http://image.zenn.net/REPLACE/CLIENT/1000037/1000116/application/pdf/tourism_summary_byexpedition1.pdf. (accessed 31 August 2010)
57. IAATO. 2009c. IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism: 2008-09 Antarctic season and preliminary estimates for 2009-10 Antarctic season. IP 86 rev 1, Paper presented at XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 6-17, in Baltimore, MD, IP 33 rev.1
58. IAATO. 2010. IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism: 2009-10 season and preliminary estimates for 2010-11 and beyond. Paper presented at XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, May 3-14, in Punta del Este, Uruguay, IP 113
59. IAATO. 2011. IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism. 2010-11 Antarctic season and preliminary estimates for 2011-12 Antarctic season. Paper presented at XXXIV Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, June 20- July 1, in Buenos Aires, IP 106
60. IAATO. 2012. Tourism statistics.http://iaato.org/tourism-statistics;jsessionid=9517B89DB019BF5BAA9163EEA1B0264F
61. IMO (International Maritime Organization).http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/44-MARPOL-amends.aspx
62. Jabour, J. 2009. "National Antarctic programs and their impact on the environment". In Health of Antarctic wildlife: a challenge for science and policy, Edited by: Kerry, K.R. and Riddle, M.J. 211-29. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
63. Kennicutt II, MC, Klein, A, Montagna, P, Sweet, S, Wade, T, Palmer, T, Sericano, J and Denoux, G. 2010. Temporal and spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Environmental Research Letters, 5: 034010
64. Kerry, K.R., and M. Riddle, eds. 2009. Health of Antarctic wildlife: a challenge for science and policy. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag
65. Kriwoken, LK and Rootes, D. 2000. Tourism on ice: environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 18: 138-50.
66. Lamers, M, Amelung, B and Stel, JH. 2010. "Business as (un)usual: integrated scenario analysis for tourism in Antarctica". In Tourism and change in polar regions: climate, environment and experiences, Edited by: Hall, M. and Saarinen, J. London: Routledge.
67. Lemelin, H., J. Dawson, and E. Stewart, eds. 2011. Last chance tourism: adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world. London: Routledge
68. Lynch, HJ, Crosbie, K, Fagan, WF and Naveen, R. 2010. Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula Region. Antarctic Science, 22: 123-30.
69. Morgan, F., G. Barker, C. Briggs, R. Price, and H. Keys. 2007. Environmental domains of Antarctica. Version 2.0. Final report. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd
70. New Zealand. 2005. A review of the Antarctic Protected Area System. Paper presented at XXVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, June 6-17, in Stockholm, Sweden, WP 11
71. New Zealand. 2009. Updated analysis of representation of Annex V categories and environmental domains in the system of Antarctic Specially Protected and Managed Areas. Paper presented at XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 6-17, in Baltimore, MD, WP 3
72. New Zealand. 2010. The concept of human footprint in the Antarctic. Paper presented at XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, May 3-14, in Punta del Este, Uruguay, IP 49
73. Nielsen, UN, Wall, DH, Adams, BJ and Virginia, RA. 2011. Antarctic nematode communities: observed and predicted responses to climate change. Polar Biology, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1021-2
74. Pugh, PJA and Convey, P. 2008. Surviving out in the cold: Antarctic endemic invertebrates and their refugia. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 2176-86.
75. Roura, RM and Hemmings, AD. 2011. Realising strategic environmental assessment in Antarctica. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 13: 483-514.
76. SALE GOS. 2001. Report of the Subglacial Antarctic Lake Exploration Group of Specialists. Presented at Meeting I, November 29-30, in Bologna, Italy. http://SALE GOS-scar.montana.edu/docs
77. SCAR Antarctic Digital Database. http://www.add.scar.org:8080/add/ (accessed May 2012)
78. Scott, SV. 2001. How cautious is precautious? Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 50: 963-71.
79. Terauds, A, Chown, SL, Morgan, F, Peat, HJ, Watt, D, Keys, H, Convey, P and Bergstrom, DM. 2012. Conservation biogeography of the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions, 18: 726-41.
80. Therivel, R. 2010. Strategic environmental assessment in action, London: Earthscan.
81. Therivel, R and Ross, WA. 2007. Cumulative effects assessment: does scale matter?. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 27: 365-85.
82. Tin, T, Fleming, Z, Hughes, KA, Ainley, D, Convey, P, Moreno, C, Pfeiffer, S, Scott, J and Snape, I. 2009. Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment: a review. Antarctic Science, 21: 3-33.
83. Tin, T, Hemmings, AD and Roura, R. 2008. Pressures on the wilderness values of the Antarctic continent. International Journal of Wilderness, 14: 7-12.
84. Trathan, PN, Forcada, J, Atkinson, R, Downie, RH and Shears, JR. 2008. Population assessments of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) breeding at an important Antarctic tourist site, Goudier Island, Port Lockroy, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Biological Conservation, 141: 3019-28.
85. Turner, J., R. Bindschadler, P. Convey, G. di Prisco, E. Fahrbach, J. Gutt, D. Hodgson, P. Mayewski, and C. Summerhayes, eds. 2009. Antarctic climate change and the environment. Cambridge, UK: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
86. United Kingdom. 2008. Developing a strategic vision of Antarctic tourism for the next decade. Paper presented at XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, June 2-13, in Kiev, Ukraine, WP 51
87. United Kingdom. 2009. Strategic vision of Antarctic Tourism for the next decade. Paper presented at XXXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, April 6-17, in Baltimore, MD, WP 10
88. United Kingdom. 2010. Assessing cumulative environmental impacts: identifying the distribution and concentration of national operator activities in Antarctica. Paper presented at XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, May 3-14, in Punta del Este, Uruguay, WP 23
89. United Kingdom, Australia, and France. 2006a. Antarctica's future environmental challenges. A summary report of the CEP workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 9-10 June 2006. Paper presented at XXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, June 12-23, in Edinburgh, UK, WP 42
90. United Kingdom, Australia, and France. 2006b. Antarctica's future environmental challenges. Report of the CEP workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 9-10 June 2006. Paper presented at XXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, June 12-23, in Edinburgh, UK, IP 113
91. University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2012). Antarctic meteorological research center and automatic weather stations project.http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/
92. Wall, DH, Berry Lyons, W, Convey, P, Howard-Williams, C, Quesada, A and Vincent, WF. 2011. Long-term ecosystem networks to record change: an international imperative. Antarctic Science, 23: 209
93. Walther, G-R, Post, E, Convey, P, Parmesan, C, Menzel, M, Beebee, TJC, Fromentin, J-M, Hoegh-Guldberg, O and Bairlein, F. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416: 389-95.
94. Wheeler, M, Villiers, M.S. de and Majiedt, PA. 2008. The effect of frequency and nature of pedestrian approaches on the behaviour of wandering albatrosses at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Polar Biology, 33: 197-205.