Forensic polymer engineering: Why polymer products fail in service

Forensic Polymer Engineering: Why Polymer Products Fail in Service

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Lewis, Peter Rhys ^a   Gagg, Colin ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869380957     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845697808     Document Type: Book

References (221)

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103. Lewis, Peter Rhys, Reynolds, Ken and Gagg, Colin, Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies, CRC Press (2003).
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121. BS ISO 19013-1:2005 Rubber hoses and tubing for fuel circuits for internal combustion engines. (Diesel fuels); BS ISO 19013-2:2005 Rubber hoses and tubing for fuel circuits for internal combustion engines (Gasoline fuels); there are many other standards for all types of hose, including hydraulic hose in a wide variety of industries supplied by British Standards.
122. BS ISO 19013-2:2005 Rubber hoses and tubing for fuel circuits for internal combustion engines (Gasoline fuels); there are many other standards for all types of hose, including hydraulic hose in a wide variety of industries supplied by British Standards.
123. BEA, Final report on the accident that happened to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France on 25 July 2000 at Gonesse (France), (2004); available for download at: http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/htm/f-sc000725a.html.
124. Information on the events of the accident and the consequences available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590.
125. Discussed briefl y in Lewis, Peter Rhys, Reynolds, Ken and Gagg, Colin, Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies, CRC Press (2003), p 194 ff.
126. Brydson, J, Plastics Materials, Butterworth, 7th edn (1999).
127. Information available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Road_Tunnel.
128. Lewis, Peter Rhys, Reynolds, Ken and Gagg, Colin, Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies, CRC Press (2003), p 199 ff.
129. Lewis, Peter R and Hainsworth, S, Fuel Line Failure from stress corrosion cracking, Engineering Failure Analysis, 13 (2006) 946-962.
130. Such as the case of Grimshaw-v-Ford Motor Co (1981) available at: http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA3/119CA3d757.htm.
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136. Elf Atochem tech brochures, available on the web at http://www.pebax.com
137. ANTEC 2001, Dallas, USA.
138. Lewis, PR and Gagg, C, Failure of an Epidural Catheter, Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(6), 1805-1815 (2009).
139. Scheirs, J, Compositional and Failure Analysis of Polymers: a Practical Approach, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p 352 (2000).
140. ISO 594/1 (1986) Conical fi ttings with a 6% (Luer) taper for syringes, needles and certain other medical equipment; EN 20594-1 (1993).
141. Lewis, PR, Environmental stress cracking of polycarbonate catheter connectors, Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(6), 1816-1824 (2009).
142. Stubstad, J, Female Luers - The Frequent Failers, ANTEC Proceedings, 291-293 (1992).
143. Stubstad, J, Troubleshooting Plastics, Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry, 100-103 April (1992).
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149. Moskala, EJ and Jones, M, Evaluating ESC of Medical Plastics, Medical Plastics and Biomaterials (May 1996).
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151. Federal Food and Drugs Administration website at www.fda.gov for several databases dealing with product failure.
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158. Brandon-H-J et al., Variability in the properties of silicone gel breast implants. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 108 (3), 647-655 (2001).
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162. British Standards, Non-active surgical implants - Body contouring implants - Specifi c requirements for mammary implants, BS EN 12180:2000.
163. Stafford, T, Plastics in Pressure Pipes, RAPRA Review Reports, 9(6), (1998).
164. Wright, David C, Failure of Plastics and Rubber Products, RAPRA Technology Ltd (2001).
165. Lewis, Peter Rhys, Reynolds Ken, and Gagg, Colin, Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies, CRC Press (2004), p 184ff.
166. Maker, John, Failure Analysis for Grey Cast Iron Water Pipes, AWWA Distribution System Symposium, Reno, Nevada (Sept 1999).
167. Pilkey, W D, Peterson's Stress Concentration Factors, Wiley Interscience, 2nd edn (1997), Chart 3.5, p 157.
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169. Saul Arlosoroff et al., Community Water Supply: The Handpump Option, UNDP/The World Bank, Washington USA (1987).
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171. BS 4346-3:1982 Specifi cation for PVC-U joints and fi ttings for use with PVC-U pressure pipes and specifi cation for solvent cement (1982).
172. HSE (Hazardous Installations Directorate), Investigation of the Explosion at Linfi eld Street, Dundee, 22 October 2000, report (2003); available as download at http://www.hse.gov.uk.
173. NTSB, Special Investigation Report, Brittle-like behavior in Plastic Pipe for Gas Service (1998); available for download at: http://www.ntsb.gov/Publictn/1998/SIR9801.pdf
174. NTSB Pipeline Accident Brief, Waterloo Iowa Explosion (April, 1998); available for download at: http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/1998/PAB9802.pdf
175. NTSB Pipeline Accident Report, San Juan Gas Company, Inc./ENRON Corp. Propane Gas Explosion in San Juan, PUERTO RICO, on Nov 21, 1996 (1997); available for download at: http://www.ntsb.gov/Publictn/1997/PAR9701.pdf
176. NTSB Pipeline Accident Brief, Dubois Penn, August 2004; available for download at: http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2006/PAB0601.pdf
177. Young, W C, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, McGraw-Hill, 6th edn (1989), Table 32, p 638.
178. Open University, Forensic Engineering T839, Block 1 case study; Lewis, P R, Degradation of an Acetal Plumbing Fitting by Chlorine, Fapsig-SPE session, Orlando (2000).
179. Lewis, P R, Designing with Plastics, RAPRA Review-reports, No 64 (1993).
180. Anon, Plastic pipe is expensive for industry, Chemical Reporter, 18 March (1991).
181. Armstrong, James and Duvall, Plaintiffs Exhibits in Chris and Diane Babb-v- Shell Chemical Co et al., Matagorda County Court, Texas (1992).
182. US Army Center for Public Works, The Use of Plastic Plumbing Materials (1996); available as download from: http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/ PWTB/pwtb_420_49_6.pdf.
183. Barker, S J and Price, M B, The chemistry of degradation and stabilization of poloxymethylenes, Section 2.3, p 22, in Polyacetals, Iliffe Books - The Plastics Institute (1970).
184. Brown, R P, Handbook of polymer testing, CRC Press (1999), p 362.
185. Bigg, D M et al., Analysis of the degradation of poly(1-butene) pipe through oxidation induction time tests, Advances in Polymer Technology, 24 (3), 215-225 (2005).
186. Chudnovsky, A et al., Experimental and theoretical investigation of stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth of polyethylene pipes, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94 (5), 859-867 (2009).
187. Chudnovsky, A et al., Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials, Fapisg-SPE Dallas (2001); available for download at: http://www.janalab.com/pdf/ANTEC%202001%20Paper%202.pdf.
188. Hensler, D et al., Class Action Dilemmas:Pursuing Public Goals for Private Gain, Rand Corp (2000), Chapter 13 Polybutene plumbing pipes litigation: Cox-v-Shell et al.
189. Farshad, M, Plastic Pipe Systems: Failure Investigation and Diagnosis, Elsevier (2006).
190. Brydson, J, Plastics Materials, 7th edn, Butterworth (1999).
191. Open University, Design and Manufacture with Polymers (T838), Data Book (1999).
192. Joseph Lucas (Batteries) Ltd. and Another-v-Gaedor Ltd et al. Reports of Patent cases (RPC), 10, 297-396 (1978).
193. Bone, WA and Townend, DTA, Flame and Combustion in Gases, Longmans Green and Co, Chapter XIX, p 217 ff (1927).
194. Van Krevelen, DW, Properties of Polymers, 3rd edn, Elsevier, p 732 ff (1990).
195. Examples are shown at http://www.tractorshed.com/fordnclub/npic6856.htm and http://www.rayvaughan.com/battery_safety.htm with descriptions of the incidents.
196. The site at http://www.indpwrbattery.com/hydrogen.aspx describes such an explosion.
197. http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/hydrogen.html discusses the use of hydrogen in space exploration.
198. Open University, Forensic Engineering (T839), Block 3 Catastrophes (2000).
199. Trimble, S, Report of Airship 'Hindenburg' Accident Investigation, Air Commerce Bulletin, 9(2), 21-37 (1937).
200. Bain, Addison, The Freedom Element: Living with Hydrogen, Blue Note Books (2004).
201. HM Factory Inspectorate, The explosion at Laporte Industries Ltd., Ilford, 5 April 1975, HMSO (1976).
202. Duckham, Baron and Helen, Great Pit Disasters: Great Britain 1700 to the Present Day, David & Charles (1973).
203. Oldham, CE, Vintage Centenary Issue, Oldham Batteries Ltd (1965).
204. Lewis, PR and Ward, RJ, Polishing, thinning and etching of polycarbonate, J Colloid and Interface Science, 47, 661 (1974).
205. Doi, M, Fujimoto, K and Kobayashi, S, Etch Pit Formation Model During Chemical and Electrochemical Etching in Polycarbonate Foil, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 37, 5-12 (1991).
206. Mills, B, Jones, H and Leak, GM, Thermal grooving in 3% silicon-iron, Metal Sci J, 1, 9 (1967).
207. Wagner, C, Contribution to the Theory of Electropolishing, J Electrochemical Soc, 101, 225 (1954).
208. Allinson, IM and Bacchus, KM, Design of internal load bearing fl anges, Paper 13 in Experimental Stress Analysis. Proc 4th Int Conf on Experimental Stress Analysis, IMechE, Cambridge (1970).
209. Mills, NJ, Plastics: Microstructure and Engineering Applications, 3rd edn, Butterworth (2005).
210. Peterson, RE, Stress Concentration Factors, Wiley-Interscience (1974); Pilkey, W, Peterson's Stress concentration factors, Wiley-Interscience, 2nd edn (1997).
211. Pilkey, W, Peterson's Stress concentration factors, Wiley-Interscience, 2nd edn (1997).
212. Young, WC, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th edn, McGraw-Hill (1989).
213. Mohammadi, S, Extended Finite Element Method: For Fracture Analysis of Structures, Wiley-Blackwell (2007).
214. National Transportation Safety Board, A Highway Accident Report, Collapse of US 35 Highway Bridge, (Washington: GPO, 1971).
215. Wright, D, Failure of Plastics and Rubber Products: Causes Effects and Case Studies involving Degradation, RAPRA (2001).
216. Brydson, J, Plastics Materials, Butterworth, 7th edn (1999).
217. Barker, SJ and Price, MB, Polyacetals, Iliffe Books/Plastics Institute, London (1970); Vogl, O, Polyaldehydes, Edward Arnold and Dekker (1967).
218. Weinberger, D, Everything is Miscellaneous: The Power of Digital Disorder, Holt, New York (2007).
219. Websites with extensive collections of failure case studies include: http://technology.open.ac.uk/materials/mem/ and http://www.tech.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/UoA30/Consulting.htm#Consulting%20Work
220. See the entry at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIKIPEDIA. Editors can track the status of articles on their own watchlist.
221. Anderson, C, The Long Tail: How Endless Choice is creating Unlimited Demand, Random House (2006).