Correction: Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Southern India: A latent class analysis (PLoS ONE (2012) 7:11 (e49548) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049548);Serodiagnosis of Tuberculosis in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Southern India: A Latent Class Analysis

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 2012, Pages

  Verma Kumar, Shalu ^a   Abraham, David ^b   Dendukuri, Nandini ^c   Cheeran, Jacob Varghese ^d   Sukumar, Raman ^a   Balaji, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE   (India)

^b NATURE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION   (India)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d Cheerans Lab (P) Limited   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD SAMPLING; ELEPHANT; ELEPHAS MAXIMUS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; INDIA; LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SERODIAGNOSIS; SEROPREVALENCE; TRUNK; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84869204692     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294550     Document Type: Erratum

References (72)

1. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, et al. (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451: 990-993.
2. Aguirre AA, Gomez A, (2009) Essential veterinary education in conservation medicine and ecosystem health: a global perspective. Rev Sci Tech 28: 597-603.
3. Choudhury A, Lahiri Choudhury DK, Desai A, Duckworth JW, Easa PS, et al. (2010) Elephas maximus. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 20102, 2010.
4. Fernando P, J P, (2011) Range-wide Status of Asian Elephants. Gajah 35: 15-29.
5. Bist SS, (2006) Elephant conservation in India- an overview. Gajah 25: 27-37.
6. Michalak K, Austin C, Diesel S, Bacon MJ, Zimmerman P, et al. (1998) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as a zoonotic disease: transmission between humans and elephants. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 283-287.
7. Davis M, (2001) Mycobacterium tuberculosis risk for elephant handlers and veterinarians. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 16: 350-353.
8. Montali RJ, Mikota SK, Cheng LI, (2001) Mycobacterium tuberculosis in zoo and wildlife species. Rev Sci Tech 20: 291-303.
9. Oh P, Granich R, Scott J, Sun B, Joseph M, et al. (2002) Human exposure following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a Metropolitan Zoo. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1290-1293.
10. Murphree R, Warkentin JV, Dunn JR, Schaffner W, Jones TF, (2011) Elephant-to-human transmission of tuberculosis, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 366-371.
11. Mikota SK, Maslow JN, (2011) Tuberculosis at the human-animal interface: an emerging disease of elephants. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 91: 208-211.
12. Keilty RA, (1915) A Study of the Cultivation of the Tubercle Bacillus Directly from the Sputum by the Method of Petroff. J Exp Med 22: 612-614.
13. Chu LS, (1955) Rapid method for cultivation of acid-fast bacilli. Science 122: 1189-1190.
14. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, et al. (2011) Rapid and accurate detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay-a clinical validation study. PLoS One 6: e20458.
15. The National Tuberculosis Working Group for Zoo and Wildlife Species (2008) USDA. Guidelines for the control of tuberculosis in elephants, 2008. Available: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/elephant/elephant_tb.pdf Accessed 2009 Jun 10.
16. Moller T, Roken B, Petersson L, Vitaud C, Lyashchenko K, (2005) Preliminary results of a new serological test for detection of TB-infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africanum)- Swedish Case studies. VerhberErkrgZootiere 42: 173-181.
17. Mikota SK, Peddie L, Peddie J, Isaza R, Dunker F, et al. (2001) Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Zoo Wildl Med 32: 1-16.
18. Lewerin SS, Olsson SL, Eld K, Roken B, Ghebremichael S, et al. (2005) Outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among captive Asian elephants in a Swedish zoo. Vet Rec 156: 171-175.
19. Payeur JB, Jarnagin JL, Marquardt JG, Whipple DL, (2002) Mycobacterial isolations in captive elephants in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 969: 256-258.
20. Larsen RS, Salman MD, Mikota SK, Isaza R, Montali RJ, et al. (2000) Evaluation of a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in captive elephants. J Zoo Wildl Med 31: 291-302.
21. Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Olsen JH, Ball R, et al. (2006) Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, potential for early diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 722-732.
22. Greenwald R, Lyashchenko O, Esfandiari J, Miller M, Mikota S, et al. (2009) Highly accurate antibody assays for early and rapid detection of tuberculosis in African and Asian elephants. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 605-612.
23. Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Mikota S, Miller M, et al. (2012) Field Application of Serodiagnostics to Identify Elephants with Tuberculosis prior to Case Confirmation by Culture. Clin Vaccine Immunol.
24. Harboe M, Oettinger T, Wiker HG, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P, (1996) Evidence for occurrence of the ESAT-6 protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and virulent Mycobacterium bovis and for its absence in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 64: 16-22.
25. Skjot RL, Oettinger T, Rosenkrands I, Ravn P, Brock I, et al. (2000) Comparative evaluation of low-molecular-mass proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies members of the ESAT-6 family as immunodominant T-cell antigens. Infect Immun 68: 214-220.
26. Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, Garnier T, Churcher C, et al. (1998) Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature 393: 537-544.
27. Chaturvedi R, Bansal K, Narayana Y, Kapoor N, Sukumar N, et al. (2010) The multifunctional PE_PGRS11 protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a role in regulating resistance to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 285: 30389-30403.
28. Bansal K, Elluru SR, Narayana Y, Chaturvedi R, Patil SA, et al. (2010) PE_PGRS antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induce maturation and activation of human dendritic cells. J Immunol 184: 3495-3504.
29. Alonzo TA, Pepe MS, (1999) Using a combination of reference tests to assess the accuracy of a new diagnostic test. Stat Med 18: 2987-3003.
30. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (2010) Principles of validation of diagnostic assays for infectious diseases. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals OIE, Paris, France: 1-18.
31. TDR Diagnostics Evaluation Expert Panel, Banoo S, Bell D, Bossuyt P, Herring A, et al. (2010) Evaluation of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases: general principles. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: S17-29.
32. Rindskopf D, Rindskopf W, (1986) The value of latent class analysis in medical diagnosis. Stat Med 5: 21-27.
33. Qu Y, Tan M, Kutner MH, (1996) Random effects models in latent class analysis for evaluating accuracy of diagnostic tests. Biometrics 52: 797-810.
34. Pepe MS, Janes H, (2007) Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance. Biostatistics 8: 474-484.
35. Boelaert M, Aoun K, Liinev J, Goetghebeur E, Van der Stuyft P, (1999) The potential of latent class analysis in diagnostic test validation for canine Leishmania infantum infection. Epidemiol Infect 123: 499-506.
36. Frossling J, Bonnett B, Lindberg A, Bjorkman C, (2003) Validation of a Neospora caninum iscom ELISA without a gold standard. Prev Vet Med 57: 141-153.
37. Rose N, Boutrouille A, Fablet C, Madec F, Eloit M, et al. (2010) The use of Bayesian methods for evaluating the performance of a virus-like particles-based ELISA for serology of hepatitis E virus infection in swine. J Virol Methods 163: 329-335.
38. Clegg TA, Duignan A, Whelan C, Gormley E, Good M, et al. (2011) Using latent class analysis to estimate the test characteristics of the gamma-interferon test, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test and a multiplex immunoassay under Irish conditions. Vet Microbiol 151: 68-76.
39. Morton JM, McCoy RJ, Kann RK, Gardner IA, Meers J, (2012) Validation of real-time polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus infection in domestic cats using Bayesian latent class models. Prev Vet Med 104: 136-148.
40. Greiner M, Gardner IA, (2000) Epidemiologic issues in the validation of veterinary diagnostic tests. Prev Vet Med 45: 3-22.
41. More SJ, Cameron AR, Greiner M, Clifton-Hadley RS, Rodeia SC, et al. (2009) Defining output-based standards to achieve and maintain tuberculosis freedom in farmed deer, with reference to member states of the European Union. Prev Vet Med 90: 254-267.
42. Pai M, Dendukuri N, Wang L, Joshi R, Kalantri S, et al. (2008) Improving the estimation of tuberculosis infection prevalence using T-cell-based assay and mixture models. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12: 895-902.
43. Dendukuri N, Hadgu A, Wang L, (2009) Modeling conditional dependence between diagnostic tests: a multiple latent variable model. Stat Med 28: 441-461.
44. Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Salamon H, Wang HY, Davidow AL, Molina DM, et al. (2010) Dynamic antibody responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 14703-14708.
45. Davidow A, Kanaujia GV, Shi L, Kaviar J, Guo X, et al. (2005) Antibody profiles characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection state. Infect Immun 73: 6846-6851.
46. Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Gennaro ML, (2011) Immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a dynamic view of biomarker discovery. Clin Microbiol Rev 24: 792-805.
47. Steingart KR, Dendukuri N, Henry M, Schiller I, Nahid P, et al. (2009) Performance of purified antigens for serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 260-276.
48. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A, (2010) Evidence-based comparison of commercial interferon-gamma release assays for detecting active TB: a metaanalysis. Chest 137: 952-968.
49. Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Giehl C, Girardi E, et al. (2011) Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 37: 100-111.
50. Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N, Schiller I, Laal S, et al. (2011) Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 8: e1001062.
51. Arloing S, (1898) Agglutination de bacille de la tuberculose vraie. Les Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 126: 1398-1400.
52. Narayana Y, Joshi B, Katoch VM, Mishra KC, Balaji KN, (2007) Differential B-cell responses are induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE antigens Rv1169c, Rv0978c, and Rv1818c. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1334-1341.
53. Espitia C, Laclette JP, Mondragon-Palomino M, Amador A, Campuzano J, et al. (1999) The PE-PGRS glycine-rich proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a new family of fibronectin-binding proteins? Microbiology 145 (Pt 12): 3487-3495.
54. Singh KK, Dong Y, Patibandla SA, McMurray DN, Arora VK, et al. (2005) Immunogenicity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE55 (Rv3347c) protein during incipient and clinical tuberculosis. Infect Immun 73: 5004-5014.
55. Aagaard C, Govaerts M, Meikle V, Vallecillo AJ, Gutierrez-Pabello JA, et al. (2006) Optimizing antigen cocktails for detection of Mycobacterium bovis in herds with different prevalences of bovine tuberculosis: ESAT6-CFP10 mixture shows optimal sensitivity and specificity. J Clin Microbiol 44: 4326-4335.
56. Ameni G, Aseffa A, Engers H, Young D, Hewinson G, et al. (2006) Cattle husbandry in Ethiopia is a predominant factor affecting the pathology of bovine tuberculosis and gamma interferon responses to mycobacterial antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 1030-1036.
57. Lafferty K, (2002) Good medicine for conservation biology: The intersection of epidemiology and conservation theory. Conservation Biology 16: 593-604.
58. Michel AL, Venter L, Espie IW, Coetzee ML, (2003) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in eight species at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, 1991-2001. J Zoo Wildl Med 34: 364-370.
59. Kania SA, Richman LK, Kennedy MA, Montali RJ, Potgieter LND, (1997) The isolation, Detection, and Cross-Reactivity of Asian Elephant IgG for the Development of Serological Diagnostic Tests. Veterinary Allergy Clinical Immunology 5: 125-128.
60. Kelly PJ, Carter SD, Azwai SM, Cadman HF, (1998) Isolation and characterisation of immunoglobulin g and IgG subclasses of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 21: 65-73.
61. Guo Y, Bao Y, Wang H, Hu X, Zhao Z, et al. (2011) A preliminary analysis of the immunoglobulin genes in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). PLoS One 6: e16889.
62. Archie E, Henry T, Maldonado J, Moss C, Poole J, et al. (2010) Major histocompatibility complex variation and evolution at a single, expressed DQA locus in two genera of elephants. Immunogenetics 62: 85-100.
63. Mushi EZ, Hill FWG, Dawe P, Riess R, (1990) Antibodies to bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses in the sera of elephants in Zimbabwe. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 38: 475.
64. Davies F, Otieno S, (1977) Elephants and zebras as possible reservoir hosts for African horse sickness virus. Veterinary Record 100: 291-292.
65. Clark HW, Laughlin DC, Bailey JS, Brown TM, (1980) Mycoplasma Species and Arthritis in Captive Elephants. The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 11: 3-15.
66. Rajan A, Vikram-Reddy M, Sulochana S, Valsala K, (1980) Demonstration of T lymphocyte distribution in the peripheral blood of Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) using acid Alpha Napthyl Acetate Esterase activity as a T cell marker. African Journal of Clinical Experimental Immunology 2: 357-362.
67. Looringh van Beeck F, Reinink P, Hermsen R, Zajonc D, Laven M, et al. (2009) Functional CD1d and/or NKT cell invariant chain transcript in horse, pig, African elephant and guinea pig, but not in ruminants. Molecular Immunology 46: 1424-1431.
68. Khan IH, Ravindran R, Yee J, Ziman M, Lewinsohn DM, et al. (2008) Profiling antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by multiplex microbead suspension arrays for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15: 433-438.
69. Abraham D, Davis J, (2008) Revised Trunk was collection procedure for captive elephants in a range country setting. Gajah 28: 46-47.
70. A SK, Bansal K, Holla S, Verma-Kumar S, Sharma P, et al. (2012) ESAT-6 induced COX-2 expression involves coordinated interplay between PI3K and MAPK signaling. Mol Immunol 49: 655-663.
71. Manual AAL (1988) Protocols for Immunaffinity purification. In: Harlow E, Lane D, editors. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, New York. 519-554.
72. Macdonald PDM, Du J (2010) Mixdist: Finite Mixture Distribution Models. R package version 0.5-3. 2010.Available: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mixdist/index.html. Accessed 2011 Sep 21.