Fuel cell perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane degradation correlating accelerated stress testing and lifetime

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 112, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 6075-6103

  Rodgers, Marianne P ^a   Bonville, Leonard J ^a   Kunz, H Russell ^a   Slattery, Darlene K ^a   Fenton, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATED STRESS TESTING; CARBON CORROSION; DEGRADATION MECHANISM; DEGRADATION TESTING; ELECTRODE DEGRADATION; LOSS OF PERFORMANCE; MEMBRANE DEGRADATION; MEMBRANE DURABILITY; OPERATING CONDITION; PARTICLE GROWTH; PERFLUORINATED SULFONIC ACID MEMBRANES; PLATINUM DISSOLUTION; SIDE-CHAINS;

DEGRADATION; DURABILITY; PLATINUM; PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC); SINTERING;

MEMBRANES;

EID: 84869161605     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: 15206890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr200424d     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. The US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Plan, Washington, DC, 2010.
2. Borup, R.; Meyers, J.; Pivovar, B.; Kim, Y. S.; Mukundan, R.; Garland, N.; Myers, D.; Wilson, M.; Garzon, F.; Wood, D.; Zelenay, P.; More, K.; Stroh, K.; Zawodzinski, T.; Boncella, J.; McGrath, J. E.; Inaba, M.; Miyatake, K.; Hori, M.; Ota, K.; Ogumi, Z.; Miyata, S.; Nishikata, A.; Siroma, Z.; Uchimoto, Y.; Yasuda, K.; Kimijima, K.-i.; Iwashita, N. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 3904
3. Wang, C.-Y. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4727
4. Wu, J.; Yuan, X. Z.; Martin, J. J.; Wang, H.; Zhang, J.; Shen, J.; Wu, S.; Merida, W. J. Power Sources 2008, 184, 104
5. de Bruijn, F. A.; Dam, V. A. T.; Janssen, G. J. M. Fuel Cells 2008, 8, 3
6. Shao, Y.; Yin, G.; Wang, Z.; Gao, Y. J. Power Sources 2007, 167, 235
7. Schmittinger, W.; Vahidi, A. J. Power Sources 2008, 180, 1
8. Zhang, S.; Yuan, X.; Wang, H.; Mérida, W.; Zhu, H.; Shen, J.; Wu, S.; Zhang, J. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34, 388
9. Collier, A.; Wang, H.; Zi Yuan, X.; Zhang, J.; Wilkinson, D. P. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31, 1838
10. Hamrock, S. J.; Yandrasits, M. A. Polym. Rev. 2006, 46, 219
11. Antolini, E.; Salgado, J. R. C.; Gonzalez, E. R. J. Power Sources 2006, 160, 957
12. Mauritz, K. A.; Moore, R. B. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4535
13. The U.S. DOE Cell Component Accelerated Stress Test Protocols for PEM Fuel Cells. Washington DC, 2007.
14. Smitha, B.; Sridhar, S.; Khan, A. A. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 259, 10
15. Wieser, C. Fuel Cells 2004, 4, 245
16. Department of Energy Request for Proposals: Research, Development, and Demonstration of Fuel Cell Technologies for Automotive, Stationary, and Portable Power Applications, Washington, DC, 2008.
17. Knights, S. D.; Colbow, K. M.; St-Pierre, J.; Wilkinson, D. P. J. Power Sources 2004, 127, 127
18. Endoh, E.; Terazono, S.; Widjaja, H.; Takimoto, Y. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2004, 7, A209
19. Paik, C. H.; Skiba, T.; Mittal, V.; Motupally, S.; Jarvi, T. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2006, 501, 771
20. Zhang, J.; Litteer, B. A.; Gu, W.; Liu, H.; Gasteiger, H. A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B1006
21. Bi, W.; Gray, G. E.; Fuller, T. F. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2007, 10, B101
22. Cheng, X.; Shi, Z.; Glass, N.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.; Song, D.; Liu, Z.-S.; Wang, H.; Shen, J. J. Power Sources 2007, 165, 739
23. Darling, R. M.; Meyers, J. P. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A1523
24. Darling, R. M.; Meyers, J. P. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A242
25. Ferreira, P. J.; O, G. J. l.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Morgan, D.; Makharia, R.; Kocha, S.; Gasteiger, H. A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A2256
26. Solasi, R.; Zou, Y.; Huang, X.; Reifsnider, K.; Condit, D. J. Power Sources 2007, 167, 366
27. Rodgers, M. P.; Brooker, R. P.; Mohajeri, N; Bonville, L. J.; Kunz, H. R.; Slattery, D. K.; Fenton, J. M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, F338
28. LaConti, A. B.; Hamdan, M.; McDonald, R. C. In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications; Vielstich, W.; Lamm, A.; Gasteiger, H., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, England, 2003; Vol. 3.
29. Mathias, M. F.; Makharia, R.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Conley, J. J.; Fuller, T. J.; Gittleman, C. J.; Kocha, S. S.; Miller, D. P.; Mittelsteadt, C. K.; Xie, T. Electrochem. Soc. Interface 2005, 14
30. Wilkinson, D. P.; St-Pierre, J. In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications; Vielstich, W.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Lamm, A., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, England, 2003; Vol. 3.
31. Kundu, S.; Fowler, M. W.; Simon, L. C.; Grot, S. J. Power Sources 2006, 157, 650
32. Wilkie, C. A.; Thomsen, J. R.; Mittleman, M. L. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1991, 42, 901
33. Samms, S. R.; Wasmus, S.; Savinell, R. F. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 1498
34. Surowiec, J.; Bogoczek, R. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 1988, 33, 1097
35. Curtin, D. E.; Lousenberg, R. D.; Henry, T. J.; Tangeman, P. C.; Tisack, M. E. J. Power Sources 2004, 131, 41
36. Imbalzano, J. F.; Kerbow, D. L. U.S. Patent 4,743,658, 1988.
37. Zawodzinski, T. A.; Karuppaiah, C.; Uribe, F.; Gottesfeld, S. Presented at the Electrochemical Society Meeting, Montreal, Canada, 1997; p 139.
38. Kim, Y. S.; Dong, L.; Hickner, M. A.; Glass, T. E.; Webb, V.; McGrath, J. E. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 6281
39. Yoshida, H.; Miura, Y. J. Membr. Sci. 1992, 68, 1
40. Hietala, S.; Holmberg, S.; Näsman, J.; Ostrovskii, D.; Paronen, M.; Serimaa, R.; Sundholm, F.; Torell, L.; Torkkeli, M. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1997, 253, 151
41. Gupta, B.; Haas, O.; Scherer, G. G. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1995, 57, 855
42. Alink, R.; Gerteisen, D.; Oszcipok, M. J. Power Sources 2008, 182, 175
43. He, S.; Mench, M., M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A1724
44. Yan, Q.; Toghiani, H.; Lee, Y.-W.; Liang, K.; Causey, H. J. Power Sources 2006, 160, 1242
45. Cho, E.; Ko, J.-J.; Ha, H. Y.; Hong, S.-A.; Lee, K.-Y.; Lim, T.-W.; Oh, I.-H. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A1667
46. McDonald, R. C.; Mittelsteadt, C. K.; Thompson, E. L. Fuel Cells 2004, 4, 208
47. Qi, Z. Fuel Cells Durability; Knowledge Press: Brookline, MA, 2006; p 163.
48. Roberts, J.; St-Pierre, J.; van Der Geest, M.; Atbi, A.; Fletcher, N. International Patent Application WO 01/24296 2001.
49. Liu, W.; Ruth, K.; Rusch, G. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 2001, 4, 227
50. Xie, J.; Wood, D. L.; More, K. L.; Atanassov, P.; Borup, R. L. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A1011
51. Dillard, D. A.; Lai, Y.-H.; Budinski, M.; Gittleman, C. Tear Resistance of Proton Exchange Membranes, ASME: Ypsilanti, Michigan, U.S.A., 2005; p 153.
52. Lai, Y.-H.; Mittelsteadt, C. K.; Gittleman, C. S.; Dillard, D. A. Mechanical Characterization of Perfluorosulfonic Acid (PFSA) Polymer Electrolyte Membranes, ASME, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA, 2005; p 161.
53. Yu, J.; Matsuura, T.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Islam, M. N.; Hori, M. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2005, 8, A156
54. Kundu, S.; Simon, L. C.; Fowler, M.; Grot, S. Polymer 2005, 46, 11707
55. Hong, W.; Capuano, G. A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 780
56. Sompalli, B.; Litteer, B. A.; Gu, W.; Gasteiger, H. A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B1349
57. Liu, Z.; Wainright, J. S.; Huang, W.; Savinell, R. F. Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49, 923
58. Adler, S. B.; Henderson, B. T.; Wilson, M. A.; Taylor, D. M.; Richards, R. E. Solid State Ionics 2000, 134, 35
59. Yandrasits, M. Presented at the International Conference on Polymer Batteries and Fuel Cells, Las Vegas, NV, 2005.
60. Satterfield, M. B.; Majsztrik, P. W.; Ota, H.; Benziger, J. B.; Bocarsly, A. B. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2006, 44, 2327
61. Page, K. A.; Cable, K. M.; Moore, R. B. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 6472
62. Page, K. A.; Landis, F. A.; Phillips, A. K.; Moore, R. B. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 3939
63. Buchi, F. N.; Srinivasan, S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, 2767
64. Yu, J.; Matsuura, T.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Nazrul Islam, M.; Hori, M. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, 373
65. Huang, X.; Solasi, R.; Zou, Y.; Feshler, M.; Reifsnider, K.; Condit, D.; Burlatsky, S.; Madden, T. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2006, 44, 2346
66. Healy, J.; Hayden, C.; Xie, T.; Olson, K.; Waldo, R.; Brundage, M.; Gasteiger, H.; Abbott, J. Fuel Cells 2005, 5, 302
67. Kolde, J. A.; Bahar, B.; Wilson, M. S.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Gottesfeld, S. First Int. Symp. Proton Conduct. Membr. Fuel Cells 1995, 193
68. Kusoglu, A.; Karlsson, A. M.; Santare, M. H.; Cleghorn, S.; Johnson, W. B. J. Power Sources 2006, 161, 987
69. Yaliang, T.; Michael, H. S.; Anette, M. K.; Simon, C.; William, B. J. J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. 2006, 3, 119
70. Tang, Y.; Karlsson, A. M.; Santare, M. H.; Gilbert, M.; Cleghorn, S.; Johnson, W. B. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 2006, 425, 297
71. Escobedo, G.; Raiford, K.; Nagarajan, G. S.; Schwiebert, K. E. ECS Trans. 2006, 1, 303
72. Liu, Y.-H.; Yi, B.; Shao, Z.-G.; Xing, D.; Zhang, H. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2006, 9, A356
73. Deng, Q.; Wilkie, C. A.; Moore, R. B.; Mauritz, K. A. Polymer 1998, 39, 5961
74. Hill, M. L.; Kim, Y. S.; Einsla, B. R.; McGrath, J. E. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 283, 102
75. Yang, C.; Srinivasan, S.; Bocarsly, A. B.; Tulyani, S.; Benziger, J. B. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 237, 145
76. Adjemian, K. T.; Lee, S. J.; Srinivasan, S.; Benziger, J.; Bocarsly, A. B. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, A256
77. Steck, A. E.; Wei, J. U.S. Patent, 5,464,700, 1995.
78. Bonk, S. P.; Krasij, M.; Reiser, C. A. U.S. Patent, 6,399,234, 2002.
79. Barton, R. H. G. P. R.; Ronne, J. A.; Voss, H. H. U.S. Patent, 6,057,054, 2000.
80. Schmid, O. E., Jr. U.S. Patent 6,080,503, 2000.
81. Kelland, J. W. B. S. G. U.S. Patent 5,187,025, 1992.
82. Baldwin, R.; Pham, M.; Leonida, A.; McElroy, J.; Nalette, T. J. Power Sources 1990, 29, 399
83. Pianca, M.; Barchiesi, E.; Esposto, G.; Radice, S. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 95, 71
84. Coms, F. D. ECS Trans. 2008, 16, 235
85. Panchenko, A.; Dilger, H.; Kerres, J.; Hein, M.; Ullrich, A.; Kaz, T.; Roduner, E. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2004, 6, 2891
86. Endoh, E.; Hommura, S.; Terazono, S.; Widjaja, H.; Anzai, J. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1083
87. Xie, J.; David L. Wood, I.; Wayne, D. M.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Atanassov, P.; Borup, R. L. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A104
88. Bernardi, D. M.; Verbrugge, M. W. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1992, 139, 2477
89. Assink, R. A.; Arnold, C., Jr; Hollandsworth, R. P. J. Membr. Sci. 1991, 56, 143
90. Pozio, A.; Silva, R. F.; De Francesco, M.; Giorgi, L. Electrochim. Acta 2003, 48, 1543
91. Liu, H.; Laconti, A.; Gasteiger, H.; Zhang, J. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2006, 502, 1193
92. Mittal, V. O.; Kunz, H. R.; Fenton, J. M. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2006, 9, A299
93. Cipollini, N., E. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1071
94. Hicks, M. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, 2005.
95. Schiraldi, D. A.; Zhou, C.; Thomas Zawodzinski, J. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2006, 602, 443
96. Conradi, O. D. Presented at the International Workshop on Accelerated Testing in Fuel Cells Ulm, Germany, 2008.
97. Ghassemzadeh, L.; Kreuer, K.-D.; Maier, J.; Müller, K. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 14635
98. Finsterwalder, F. Presented at the International Workshop on Accelerated Testing in Fuel Cells Ulm, Germany, 2008
99. LaConti, A. B.; Hamdan, M.; McDonald, R. C. In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications; Vielstich, W.; Lamm, A.; Gasteiger, H., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, England, 2003; Vol. 3.
100. Kadirov, M. K.; Bosnjakovic, A.; Schlick, S. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 7664
101. Mittal, V. O.; Kunz, H. R.; Fenton, J. M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B652
102. Yu, T. H.; Sha, Y.; Liu, W.-G.; Merinov, B. V.; Shirvanian, P.; Goddard, W. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 19857
103. Kumar, M.; Paddison, S. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2010, 1002, 777
104. Endoh, E.; Kawazoe, H.; Honmura, S. S. Presented at the Fuel Cell Seminar, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2006; p 284.
105. Hommura, S.; Kawahara, K.; Shimohira, T.; Teraoka, Y. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155, A29
106. Buxton, G. V.; Greenstock, C. L.; Helman, W. P.; Ross, A. B. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1988, 17, 513
107. Danilczuk, M.; Coms, F. D.; Schlick, S. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 8031
108. Liu, H.; Zhang, J.; Coms, F.; Gu, W.; Litteer, B.; Gasteiger, H. A. ECS Trans. 2006, 3, 493
109. Vogel, B.; Aleksandrova, E.; Mitov, S.; Krafft, M.; Dreizler, A.; Kerres, J.; Hein, M.; Roduner, E. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1105
110. Huang, C.; Seng Tan, K.; Lin, J.; Lee Tan, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003, 371, 80
111. LaConti, A. B.; Fragala, A. R.; Boyack, J. R. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrode Materials and Process for Energy Conversion and Storage; McIntyre, J. D. E.; Srinivasan, S.; Wills, F. G., Eds.; The Electrochemical Society. Inc.: Princeton, NJ, 1977; Vol. 77.
112. Aarhaug, T. A.; Kjelstrup, S.; Moller-Holst, S. Presented at the Fuel Cell Seminar, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2006.
113. Cooper, K. R.; Ramani, V.; Fenton, J. M.; Kunz, H. R. Experimental Methods and Data Analyses for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, 1.5 ed.; Scribner Associates, Inc.: Southern Pines, NC, 2005.
114. Kocha, S. S.; Yang, J. D.; Yi, J. S. AIChE J. 2006, 52, 1916
115. Sakai, T.; Takenaka, H.; Wakabayashi, N.; Kawami, Y.; Torikai, E. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1985, 132, 1328
116. Cleghorn, S. J. C.; Mayfield, D. K.; Moore, D. A.; Moore, J. C.; Rusch, G.; Sherman, T. W.; Sisofo, N. T.; Beuscher, U. J. Power Sources 2006, 158, 446
117. U.S. Department of Energy Technical Plan-Fuel Cells, Washington, DC, 2007; Vol. 2010.
118. Endoh, E. Presented at the Fuel Cell Seminar, Palm Springs, California, USA, 2005; p 180.
119. Inaba, M.; Kinumoto, T.; Kiriake, M.; Umebayashi, R.; Tasaka, A.; Ogumi, Z. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 51, 5746
120. Garzon, F.; Brosha, E.; Pivovar, B.; Rockward, T.; Springer, T.; Uribe, F.; Urdampilleta, I.; Valerio, J. Annual DOE Fuel Cell Program Review, Washington, D.C., USA, 2006.
121. Kienitz, B.; Baskaran, H.; Zawodzinski, T.; Pivovar, B. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 777
122. Borup, R.; Inbody, M.; Davey, J.; Wood, D.; Garzon, F.; Tafoya, J.; Xie, J.; Pacheco, S. DOE Annual Review, Washington, DC, 2004; p 579.
123. Mittal, V. O.; Kunz, H. R.; Fenton, J. M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A1755
124. Tomohiro, T.; Fusayoshi, M.; Yu, M. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2006, 501, 1511
125. Debe, M.; Hendricks, S.; Schmoeckel, A.; Atanasoski, R.; Vernstrom, G.; Haugen, G. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2006, 502, 1170
126. Ferreira, P. J.; Yang, S.-H. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2007, 10, B60
127. Guilminot, E.; Corcella, A.; Charlot, F.; Maillard, F.; Chatenet, M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B96
128. Kim, L.; Chung, C. G.; Sung, Y. W.; Chung, J. S. J. Power Sources 2008, 183, 524
129. Peron, J.; Jones, D.; Roziere, J. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1313
130. Rodgers, M. P.; Mohajeri, N.; Bonville, L. J.; Slattery, D. K. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, B564
131. Yasuda, K.; Taniguchi, A.; Akita, T.; Ioroi, T.; Siroma, Z. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2006, 8, 746
132. Chen, S.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Hayakawa, K.; Tada, T.; Shao-Horn, Y. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, A82
133. Akita, T.; Taniguchi, A.; Maekawa, J.; Siroma, Z.; Tanaka, K.; Kohyama, M.; Yasuda, K. J. Power Sources 2006, 159, 461
134. Yasuda, K.; Taniguchi, A.; Akita, T.; Tsutomu, I.; Siroma, Z. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A1599
135. Muylder, J. V.; Zoubov, N. d.; Pourbaix, M. Atlas déquilibres électrochimiques; Gauthier-Villars and Cie: Paris, 1963.
136. Perminder, B.; Sidney, J. C.; Ernest, Y. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1979, 126, 1631
137. Honji, A.; Mori, T.; Tamura, K.; Hishinuma, Y. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1988, 135, 355
138. Passalacqua, E.; Antonucci, P. L.; Vivaldi, M.; Patti, A.; Antonucci, V.; Giordano, N.; Kinoshita, K. Electrochim. Acta 1992, 37, 2725
139. Wang, X.; Kumar, R.; Myers, D. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Arlington VA, 2005.
140. Wang, X.; Kumar, R.; Myers, D. J. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2006, 9, A225
141. Borup, R. L.; Davey, J. R.; Garzon, F. H.; Wood, D. L.; Inbody, M. A. J. Power Sources 2006, 163, 76
142. Charlot, G. LAnalyse Quantitative et les Réactions en Solution; Masson et Cie: Paris, 1963.
143. Kazuhiro, T.; Kentaro, K.; Shohji, T.; Shuichiro, H. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2006, 9, A475
144. Swider, K. E.; Rolison, D. R. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 813
145. Aragane, J.; Urushibata, H.; Murahashi, T. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1996, 26, 147
146. Burlatsky, S., F.; Atrazhev, V.; Cipollini, N.; Condit, D.; Erikhman, N. ECS Trans. 2006, 1, 239
147. Liu, W.; Zuckerbrod, D. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A1165
148. Atrazhev, V. V.; Erikhman, N. S.; Burlatsky, S. F. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2007, 601, 251
149. Kundu, S.; Cimenti, M.; Lee, S.; Bessarabov, D. Membr. Technol. 2009, 2009, 7
150. Kinoshita, K.; Lundquist, J. T.; Stonehart, P. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1973, 48, 157
151. Yu, P.; Pemberton, M.; Plasse, P. J. Power Sources 2005, 144, 11
152. Schulenburg, H.; Schwanitz, B.; Krbanjevic, J.; Linse, N.; Scherer, G. G.; Wokaun, A. Electrochem. Commun. 2011, 13, 921
153. Cho, Y.-H.; Yoo, S. J.; Park, I.-S.; Jeon, T.-Y.; Cho, Y.-H.; Lim, J. W.; Kwon, O. J.; Yoon, W.-S.; Sung, Y.-E. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 56, 717
154. Bett, J. A. S.; Cipollini, N. E.; Jarvi, T. D.; Breault, R. D. U.S. Pat. Appl. 6 855 453 B2, 2005.
155. Uchimura, M.; Sugawara, S.; Suzuki, Y.; Zhang, J.; Kocha, S. S. ECS Trans. 2008, 16, 225
156. Xu, H.; Kunz, R.; Fenton, J. M. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2007, 10, B1
157. Bett, J. A. S.; Kinoshita, K.; Stonehart, P. J. Catal. 1976, 41, 124
158. Wilson, M. S.; Valerio, J. A.; Gottesfeld, S. Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 355
159. Chu, Y. F.; Ruckenstein, E. Surf. Sci. 1977, 67, 517
160. Vleeming, J. H.; Kuster, B. F. M.; Marin, G. B.; Oudet, F.; Courtine, P. J. Catal. 1997, 166, 148
161. Liu, G.; Chen, K.; Zhou, H.; Ren, K.; Pereira, C.; Ferreira, J. M. F. Mater. Res. Bull. 2006, 41, 547
162. Mathias, M.; Gasteiger, H.; Makharia, R.; Kocha, S.; Fuller, T.; Pisco, J. Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 228, U653
163. Aoki, M.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 8, 1509
164. Aoki, M.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Electrochem. Commun. 2005, 7, 1434
165. Hagihara, H.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 51, 3979
166. Hasegawa, N.; Asano, T.; Hatanaka, T.; Kawasumi, M.; Morimoto, Y. ECS Trans. 2008, 16, 1713
167. Stucki, S.; Scherer, G. G.; Schlagowski, S.; Fischer, E. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1998, 28, 1041
168. Ohma, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Shinohara, K. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1181
169. Zhao, D.; Yi, B. L.; Zhang, H. M.; Liu, M. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 4606
170. Bonakdarpour, A.; Dahn, T. R.; Atanasoski, R. T.; Debe, M. K.; Dahn, J. R. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2008, 11, B208
171. Gummalla, M.; Atrazhev, V. V.; Condit, D.; Cipollini, N.; Madden, T.; Kuzminyh, N. Y.; Weiss, D.; Burlatsky, S. F. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B1542
172. Ball, S. C.; Hudson, S. L.; Theobald, B.; Thompsett, D. ECS Trans. 2006, 3, 595
173. Hinds, G. Performance and durability of PEM fuel cells: a review, National Physical Laboratory Report DEPC-MPE 002, 2004.
174. Kundu, S.; Fowler, M. W.; Simon, L. C.; Abouatallah, R.; Beydokhti, N. J. Power Sources 2008, 183, 619
175. Hiroyuki, U.; Yoshihiko, U.; Hiroki, H.; Masahiro, W. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A57
176. Mingqiang, L.; Zhi-Gang, S.; Huamin, Z.; Yu, Z.; Xiaobin, Z.; Baolian, Y. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2006, 9, A92
177. Herring, A., M.; Haugen, M. G.; Meng, F.; Aieta, N.; Horan, J., L; Frey, M., H.; Hamrock, S., J.; Kuo, M. C. ECS Trans. 2006, 3, 551
178. Endoh, E. ECS Trans. 2008, 16, 1229
179. Coms, F. D.; Liu, H.; Owejan, J. E. ECS Trans. 2008, 16, 1735
180. Trogadas, P. P.; Javier; Ramani; Vijay Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2008, 11, B113
181. Trogadas, P.; Parrondo, J.; Ramani, V. In Functional Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage and Conversion; Wang, Q., Zhu, L., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 1034; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
182. Watanabe, M.; Uchida, H.; Emori, M. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 3129
183. Masahiro, W.; Hiroyuki, U.; Yasuhiro, S.; Masaomi, E.; Paul, S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 3847
184. Masahiro, W.; Hiroyuki, U.; Masaomi, E. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 1137
185. Gubler, L.; Kuhn, H.; Schmidt, T. J.; Scherer, G. G.; Brack, H. P.; Simbeck, K. Fuel Cells 2004, 4, 196
186. Sethuraman, V. A.; Weidner, J. W.; Haug, A. T.; Protsailo, L. V. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155, B119
187. Ralph, T. R.; Barnwell, D. E.; Bouwman, P. J.; Hodgkinson, A. J.; Petch, M. I.; Pollington, M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155, B411
188. Chen, J.; Asano, M.; Yamaki, T.; Yoshida, M. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 100, 4565
189. Lin, J. C.; Fenton, J. M.; Kunz, H. R.; Cutlip, M. B. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 238
190. Buchi, F. N.; Gupta, B.; Haas, O.; Scherer, G. G. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 3044
191. Jingrong, Y.; Toyoaki, M.; Yusuke, Y.; Md Nazrul, I.; Michio, H. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2005, 8, A156
192. Fowler, M. W.; Mann, R. F.; Amphlett, J. C.; Peppley, B. A.; Roberge, P. R. J. Power Sources 2002, 106, 274
193. Satoru, H.; Kengo, K.; Tetsuji, S. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2006, 501, 803
194. Bas, C.; Flandin, L.; Danerol, A. S.; Claude, E.; Rossinot, E.; Alberola, N. D. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 117, 2121
195. Yuan, X.-Z.; Zhang, S.; Wang, H.; Wu, J.; Sun, J. C.; Hiesgen, R.; Friedrich, K. A.; Schulze, M.; Haug, A. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 7594
196. Guilminot, E.; Corcella, A.; Chatenet, M.; Maillard, F.; Charlot, F.; Berthome, G.; Iojoiu, C.; Sanchez, J. Y.; Rossinot, E.; Claude, E. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B1106
197. Liu, D.; Case, S. J. Power Sources 2006, 162, 521
198. Hori, M.; Kato, M.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Yu, J.; Matsuura, T. Presented at the Fuel Cell Seminar, Palm Springs, CA, 2005.
199. Schumb, W. C.; Satterfield, C. N.; Wentworth, R. L. Hydrogen Peroxide; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company: New York, 1955.
200. St-Pierre, J.; Wilkinson, D. P.; Knights, S.; Bos, M. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 2000, 3, 99
201. Gode, P.; Lindbergh, G.; Sundholm, G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2002, 518, 115
202. Broka, K.; Ekdunge, P. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1997, 27, 117
203. Tang, H.; Peikang, S.; Jiang, S. P.; Wang, F.; Pan, M. J. Power Sources 2007, 170, 85
204. Balasubramanian, L.; Wayne, H.; David, O.; John, W. W. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2003, 6, A282
205. Nakayama, H.; Tsugane, T.; Kato, M.; Nakagawa, Y.; Hori, M. Presented at the Fuel Cell Seminar, Hawaii, 2006.
206. Kundu, S.; Fowler, M.; Simon, L. C.; Abouatallah, R. J. Power Sources 2008, 182, 254
207. Kinumoto, T.; Inaba, M.; Nakayama, Y.; Ogata, K.; Umebayashi, R.; Tasaka, A.; Iriyama, Y.; Abe, T.; Ogumi, Z. J. Power Sources 2006, 158, 1222
208. Atsushi, O.; Sohei, S.; Shinji, Y.; Kazuhiko, S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B757
209. Neyerlin, K. C.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Mittelsteadt, C. K.; Jorne, J.; Gu, W. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A1073
210. Benjamin, T. G. Presented at the High Temperature Membrane Working Group Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2007.
211. Knights, S. Presented at the 4th Annual International Fuel Cell Testing Workshop, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2007.
212. Sisofo, N. Presented at the 4th Annual International Fuel Cell Testing Workshop, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2007.
213. Uchimura, M.; Kocha, S. S. ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1215
214. Protsailo, L. V. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Arlington, VA, 2006.
215. Chen, C.; Fuller, T. F. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2009, 94, 1436
216. Zhang, S.; Yuan, X.-Z.; Hin, J. N. C.; Wang, H.; Wu, J.; Friedrich, K. A.; Schulze, M. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 1142
217. Tang, H.; Pan, M.; Wang, F.; Shen, P. K.; Jiang, S. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 8684
218. AricoÌ, A. S.; Stassi, A.; Gatto, I.; Monforte, G.; Passalacqua, E.; Antonucci, V. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 15823
219. Ohma, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Shinohara, K. J. Power Sources 2008, 182, 39
220. Patil, Y. P.; Jarrett, W. L.; Mauritz, K. A. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 356, 7