Cognitive decline in older adults with a history of traumatic brain injury

The Lancet Neurology

Volumn 11, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1103-1112

  Moretti, Laura ^a   Cristofori, Irene ^a   Weaver, Starla M ^a   Chau, Aileen ^a   Portelli, Jaclyn N ^a   Grafman, Jordan ^a  

^a KESSLER FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DEMENTIA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; FAMILY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; LIFE; MEDICAL HISTORY; NOTE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK; SURVIVOR; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY;

AGING; BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS;

EID: 84869147445     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: 14744465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70226-0     Document Type: Note

References (155)

1. Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, Gururaj G, Kobusingye OC The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation 2007, 22:341-353.
2. CDC injury fact book. November, 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (accessed Sept 24, 2012). http://www.cdc.gov/injury/publications/factbook/.
3. Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, et al. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 2004, 43(suppl):28-60.
4. Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Bailes J, et al. Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery 2005, 57:719-726.
5. Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Casson IR, et al. Concussion in professional football: repeat injuries-part 4. Neurosurgery 2004, 55:860-873.
6. Warden DJ Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006, 21:398-402.
7. Maas AIR, Stocchetti N, Bullock R Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol 2008, 7:728-741.
8. Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006 http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf.
9. Neurological disorders: public health challenges. 2006 World Health Organization, (accessed Sept 24, 2012). http://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/neurodiso/en/index.html.
10. Thompson HJ, McCormick WC, Kagan SH Traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:1590-1595.
11. Frankel JE, Marwitz JH, Cifu DX, Kreutzer JS, Englander J, Rosenthal M A follow-up study of older adults with traumatic brain injury: taking into account decreasing length of stay. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006, 87:57-62.
12. Kraus JF, McArthur DL Epidemiology of brain injury. Neurology and trauma 1996, 3-17. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. R.W. Evans (Ed.).
13. Raymont V, Salazar AM, Krueger F, Grafman J "Studying injured minds": the Vietnam head injury study and 40 years of brain injury research. Front Neurol 2011, 2:1-13.
14. Whitnall L, McMillan TM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 5-7 year follow up of a prospective cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006, 77:640-645.
15. Brooks N, Campsie L, Symington C, Beattie A, McKinlay W The five year outcome of severe blunt head injury: a relative's view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986, 49:764-770.
16. Schwab K, Grafman J, Salazar AM, Kraft J Residual impairments and work status 15 years after penetrating head injury: report from the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology 1993, 43:95-103.
17. Thornton E, Vink R Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Prog Brain Res 2007, 161:303-316. Van Den Heuvel C.
18. Silver JM, Kramer R, Greenwald S, Weissman M The association between head injuries and psychiatric disorders: findings from the New Haven NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Brain Inj 2001, 15:935-945.
19. Teasdale TW, Engberg AW Suicide after traumatic brain injury: a population study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001, 71:436-440.
20. Morrison JH, Hof PR Life and death of neurons in the aging brain. Science 1997, 278:412.
21. Raz N, Rodrigue KM Differential aging of the brain: patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006, 30:730-748.
22. Raz N, Gunning FM, Head D, et al. Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cerebral Cortex 1997, 7:268-282.
23. Tisserand DJ, Pruessner JC, Sanz Arigita EJ, et al. Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: an MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2002, 17:657-669.
24. Masliah E, Crews L, Hansen L Synaptic remodeling during aging and in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2006, 9(suppl):91-99.
25. Masliah E, Mallory M, Hansen L, Alford M, DeTeresa R, Terry R An antibody against phosphorylated neurofilaments identifies a subset of damaged association axons in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 1993, 142:871-882.
26. Brown DR Role of microglia in age-related changes to the nervous system. ScientificWorldJournal 2009, 9:1061-1071.
27. Salat DH, Kaye JA, Janowsky JS Prefrontal gray and white matter volumes in healthy aging and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1999, 56:338-344.
28. Marner L, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y, Pakkenberg B Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age. J Comp Neurol 2003, 462:144-152.
29. Peters A The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: a review. J Neurocytol 2002, 31:581-593.
30. Pannese E Morphological changes in nerve cells during normal aging. Brain Struct Funct 2011, 216:85-89.
31. Gunning-Dixon FM, Brickman AM, Cheng JC, Alexopoulos GS Aging of cerebral white matter: a review of MRI findings. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009, 24:109-117.
32. Zimmerman ME, Brickman AM, Paul RH, et al. The relationship between frontal gray matter volume and cognition varies across the healthy adult lifespan. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006, 14:823-833.
33. Corkin S, Rosen TJ, Sullivan EV, Clegg RA Penetrating head injury in young adulthood exacerbates cognitive decline in later years. J Neurosci 1989, 9:3876-3883.
34. Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2009, 89:369-382.
35. Stern Y Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2012, 11:1006-1012.
36. Hassing LB, Hofer SM, Nilsson SE, et al. Comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension exacerbates cognitive decline: evidence from a longitudinal study. Age Ageing 2004, 33:355-361.
37. Rafnsson SB, Deary IJ, Smith FB, et al. Cognitive decline and markers of inflammation and hemostasis: the Edinburgh Artery Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007, 55:700-707.
38. Corkin S, Sullivan EV, Carr FA Prognostic factors for life expectancy after penetrating head injury. Arch Neurol 1984, 41:975-977.
39. Klein M, Houx PJ, Jolles J Long term persisting cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury and the effect of age. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996, 184:459-467.
40. Ewing R, McCarthy D, Gronwall D, Wrightson P Persisting effects of minor head injury observable during hypoxic stress. J Clin Neuropsychol 1980, 2:147-155.
41. De Beaumont L, Theoret H, Mongeon D, et al. Brain function decline in healthy retired athletes who sustained their last sports concussion in early adulthood. Brain 2009, 132:695-708.
42. Grafman J, Jonas B, Salazar A Wisconsin card sorting test performance based on location and size of neuroanatomical lesion in Vietnam veterans with penetrating head injury. Percept Motor Skills 1990, 71:1120-1122.
43. Grafman J, Schwab K, Warden D, Pridgen A, Brown HR, Salazar AM Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology 1996, 46:1231-1238.
44. Christodoulou C, DeLuca J, Ricker JH, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory impairment after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001, 71:161-168.
45. Rasmussen IA, Xu J, Antonsen IK, et al. Simple dual tasking recruits prefrontal cortices in chronic severe traumatic brain injury patients, but not in controls. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:1057-1070.
46. Inglese M, Bomsztyk E, Gonen O, Mannon LJ, Grossman RI, Rusinek H Dilated perivascular spaces: hallmarks of mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:719-724.
47. Bigler ED, Anderson CV, Blatter DD Temporal lobe morphology in normal aging and traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002, 23:255-266.
48. Trivedi MA, Ward MA, Hess TM, et al. Longitudinal changes in global brain volume between 79 and 409 days after traumatic brain injury: relationship with duration of coma. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24:766-771.
49. Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, et al. Topography of axonal injury as defined by amyloid precursor protein and the sector scoring method in mild and severe closed head injury. J Neurotrauma 1995, 12:565-572.
50. Povlishok JT Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol 1992, 2:1-12.
51. Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF, et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1994, 15:1583-1589.
52. Mayer AR, Mannell MV, Ling J, Gasparovic C, Yeo RA Functional connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury. Hum Brain Mapp 2011, 32:1825-1835.
53. Kasahara M, Menon DK, Salmond CH, et al. Altered functional connectivity in the motor network after traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2010, 75:168-176.
54. Sharp DJ, Ham TE Investigating white matter injury after mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2011, 24:558-563.
55. Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, et al. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 2008, 6:e159.
56. Greicius MD, Supekar K, Menon V, Dougherty RF Resting-state functional connectivity reflects structural connectivity in the default mode network. Cereb Cortex 2009, 19:72-78.
57. Rocca MA, Pagani E, Absinta M, et al. Altered functional and structural connectivities in patients with MS: a 3-T study. Neurology 2007, 69:2136-2145.
58. Anderson V, Catroppa C, Morse S, Haritou F, Rosenfeld J Functional plasticity or vulnerability after early brain injury?. Pediatrics 2005, 116:1374-1382.
59. Vespa PM, McArthur DL, Xu Y, et al. Nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury are associated with hippocampal atrophy. Neurology 2010, 75:792-798.
60. Bach-y-Rita P Theoretical basis for brain plasticity after a TBI. Brain Inj 2003, 17:643-651.
61. Tasker RC, Salmond CH, Westland AG, et al. Head circumference and brain and hippocampal volume after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood. Pediatr Res 2005, 58:302-308.
62. Wilde EA, Hunter JV, Newsome MR, et al. Frontal and temporal morphometric findings on MRI in children after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2005, 22:333-344.
63. Levine B, Kovacevic N, Nica EI, et al. The Toronto traumatic brain injury study: injury severity and quantified MRI. Neurology 2008, 70:771-778.
64. Kim J, Avants B, Patel S, et al. Structural consequences of diffuse traumatic brain injury: a large deformation tensor-based morphometry study. NeuroImage 2008, 39:1014-1026.
65. Tomaiuolo F, Carlesimo GA, Di Paola M, et al. Gross morphology and morphometric sequelae in the hippocampus, fornix, and corpus callosum of patients with severe non-missile traumatic brain injury without macroscopically detectable lesions: a T1 weighted MRI study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:1314-1322.
66. Sidaros A, Skimminge A, Liptrot MG, et al. Long-term global and regional brain volume changes following severe traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study with clinical correlates. NeuroImage 2009, 44:1-8.
67. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD Quantitative structural changes in white and gray matter 1 year following traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neuropathol 2002, 103:607-614.
68. Rodriguez-Paez AC, Brunschwig JP, Bramlett HM Light and electron microscopic assessment of progressive atrophy following moderate traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 2005, 109:603-616.
69. French LR, Schuman LM, Mortimer JA, Hutton JT, Boatman RA, Christians B A case-control study of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121:414-421.
70. Mortimer JA, French LR, Hutton JT, Schuman LM Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1985, 35:264-267.
71. Graves AB, White E, Koepsell TD, et al. The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990, 131:491-501.
72. Van Duijn CM, Tanja TA, Haaxma R, et al. Head trauma and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 1992, 135:775-782.
73. Ashman TA, Cantor JB, Gordon WA, et al. A comparison of cognitive functioning in older adults with and without traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2008, 23:139-148.
74. Salib E, Hillier V Head injury and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997, 12:363-368.
75. Jellinger KA, Paulus W, Wrocklage C, Litvan I Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: comparison of two retrospective autopsy cohorts with evaluation of ApoE genotype. BMC Neurol 2001, 18:1-3.
76. Jordan BD Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing. Sem Neurol 2000, 20:179-186.
77. Starkstein SE, Jorge R Dementia after traumatic brain injury. Int Psychogeriatr 2005, 17:93-107.
78. Bazarian JJ, Cernak I, Noble-Haeusslein L, Potolicchio S, Temkin N Long-term neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehab 2009, 24:439-451.
79. Rudelli R, Strom JO, Welch PT, Ambler MW Posttraumatic premature Alzheimer's disease: neuropathologic findings and pathogenetic considerations. Arch Neurol 1982, 39:570-575.
80. Lye TC, Shores EA Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Neuropsychol Rev 2000, 10:115-129.
81. Mortimer JA, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol 1991, 20(suppl 2):S28-S35. for the EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group.
82. Rasmusson DX, Brandt J, Martin DB, Folstein MF Head injury as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Inj 1995, 9:213-219.
83. Victor MR, Ropper AH Adams and Victor's principles of neurology 2001, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York.
84. Roberts GW, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Murray L, Landon M, Graham DI Beta amyloid protein deposition in the brain after severe head injury: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:419-425.
85. Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-beta pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease?. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010, 11:361-370.
86. Katzman R, Aromsom M, Fuld P, et al. Development of dementing illnesses in an 80 year old volunteer cohort. Ann Neurol 1989, 25:317-324.
87. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-e{open}4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995, 45:555-557.
88. O'Meara ES, Kukull WA, Sheppard L, et al. Head injury and risk of Alzheimer's disease by apolipoprotein E genotype. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 146:373-384.
89. Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology 2000, 54:1316-1323.
90. Mauri M, Sinforiani E, Bono G, et al. Interaction between apolipoprotein e{open}4 and traumatic brain injury in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Funct Neurol 2006, 21:223-228.
91. Brooks N Mental deterioration late after head injury: does it happen?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003, 74:1014.
92. Fleminger S, Oliver DL, Lovestone S, Rabe-Hesketh S, Giora A Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: the evidence 10 years on; a partial replication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003, 74:857-862.
93. Chamelian L, Reis M, Feinstein A Six-month recovery from mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: the role of APOE-epsilon4 allele. Brain 2004, 127:2621-2628.
94. Teasdale GM, Murray GD, Nicoll JA The association between APOE e{open}4, age and outcome after head injury: a prospective cohort study. Brain 2005, 128:2556-2561.
95. Stern Y What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsycho Soc 2002, 8:448-460.
96. Stern Y Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47:2015-2028.
97. Satz P Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: a formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory. Neuropsychology 1993, 7:273-295.
98. Mehta KM, Ott A, Kalmijn S, et al. Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1999, 53:1959-1962.
99. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology 2000, 55:1158-1166.
100. Himanen L, Portin R, Isoniemi H, Helenius H, Kurki T, Tenovuo O Longitudinal cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. Neurology 2006, 66:187-192.
101. Rapoport M, Verhoeff NPLG, van Reekum R Traumatic brain injury and dementia. Can Alzheimer's Dis Rev 2004, 1:4-8.
102. Piao CS, Loane DJ, Stoica BA, et al. Combined inhibition of cell death induced by apoptosis inducing factor and caspases provides additive neuroprotection in experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2012, 46:745-758.
103. Bell RD, Winkler EA, Singh I, et al. Apolipoprotein E controls cerebrovascular integrity via cyclophilin A. Nature 2012, 485:512-516.
104. Mesulam MM Neuroplasticity failure in Alzheimer's disease: bridging the gap between plaques and tangles. Neuron 1999, 24:521-529.
105. Grafman J, Salazar A, Weingartner H, Vance S, Amin D The relationship of brain-tissue loss volume and lesion location to cognitive deficit. J Neurosci 1986, 2:301-307.
106. Raymont V, Greathouse A, Reding K, et al. Demographic, structural and genetic predictors of late cognitive decline after penetrating head injury. Brain 2008, 131:543-558.
107. AFQT-7A: Department of Defense form 1293 1960, US Department of Defense, US Department of Defense, Washington.
108. Zhou W, Xu D, Peng X, Zhang Q, Jia J, Crutcher KA Meta-analysis of APOE4 allele and outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:279-290.
109. Teasdale GM, Nicoll JAR, Murray G, Fiddes M Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury. Lancet 1997, 350:1069-1071.
110. Friedman G, Froom P, Sazbon L, et al. Apolipoprotein E-e{open}4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurology 1999, 52:244-248.
111. Chiang MF, Chang JG, Hu CJ Association between apolipoprotein E genotype and outcome of traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003, 145:649-654.
112. Collie A, Maruff P, Falleti M APOE influences on neuropsychological function after mild head injury: within-person comparisons. Neurology 2004, 63:2460.
113. Crawford FC, Vanderploeg RD, Freeman MJ, et al. APOE genotype influences acquisition and recall following traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2002, 58:1115-1118.
114. Starkstein SE, Jorge R Dementia after traumatic brain injury. Int Psychogeriatr 2005, 17(suppl 1):S93-107.
115. Krueger F, Pardini M, Huey ED, et al. The role of the Met66 brain-derived neurotrophic factor allele in the recovery of executive functioning after combat-related traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2011, 31:598-606.
116. Rostami E, Krueger F, Zoubak S, et al. BDNF polymorphism predicts general intelligence after penetrating traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27389.
117. Fay TB, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, et al. Cognitive reserve as a moderator of postconcussive symptoms in children with complicated and uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010, 16:94-105.
118. Kesler SR, Adams HF, Blasey CM, Bigler ED Premorbid intellectual functioning, education, and brain size in traumatic brain injury: an investigation of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Appl Neuropsychol 2003, 10:153-162.
119. Glass L, Krueger F, Solomon J, Raymont V, Grafman J Mental paper folding performance following penetrating traumatic brain injury in combat veterans: a lesion mapping study. Cereb Cortex 2012, published online June 4. 10.1093/cercor/bhs153.
120. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, Pickard JD, Sahakian BJ Cognitive reserve as a resilience factor against depression after moderate/severe head injury. J Neurotrauma 2006, 23:1049-1058.
121. Kramer AF, Bherer L, Colcombe SJ, Dong W, Greenough WT Environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity during aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004, 59:940-957.
122. Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011, 92:519-530.
123. Salazar AM, Warden DL, Schwab K, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury, a randomized trial. JAMA 2000, 283:3075-3081.
124. Bogdanova Y, Verfaellie M Cognitive sequelae of blast-induced traumatic brain injury: recovery and rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rev 2012, 22:4-20.
125. Constantinidou F, Thomas RD, Robinson L Benefits of categorization training in patients with traumatic brain injury during post-acute rehabilitation: additional evidence from a randomized controlled trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2008, 23:312-328.
126. Wilson BA, Emslie H, Quirk K, Evans J, Watson P A randomized control trial to evaluate a paging system for people with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2005, 19:891-894.
127. Powell J, Heslin J, Greenwood R Community based rehabilitation after severe traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72:193-202.
128. Draganski B, Gaser C, Busch V, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, May A Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature 2004, 427:311-312.
129. Boyke J, Driemeyer J, Gaser C, Büchel C, May A Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. J Neurosci 2008, 28:7031-7035.
130. Strangman GE, O'Neil-Pirozzi TM, Goldstein R, et al. Prediction of memory rehabilitation outcomes in traumatic brain injury by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89:974-981.
131. Raymont V, Grafman J Cognitive neural plasticity during learning and recovery from brain damage. Prog Brain Res 2006, 157:199-206.
132. Hummel F, Celnik P, Giraux P, et al. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain 2005, 128:490-499.
133. Kang EK, Baek MJ, Kim S, Paik NJ Non-invasive cortical stimulation improves post-stroke attention decline. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2009, 27:645-650.
134. Ropacki MT, Elias JW Preliminary examination of cognitive reserve theory in closed head injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003, 18:643-654.
135. Raymont V, Salazar AM, Lipsky R, Goldman D, Tasick G, Grafman J Correlates of posttraumatic epilepsy 35 years following combat brain injury. Neurology 2010, 75:224-229.
136. Fann JR, Burington B, Leonetti A, Jaffe K, Katon WJ, Thompson RS Psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury in an adult health maintenance organization population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:53-61.
137. Olson-Madden JH, Brenner LA, Corrigan JD, Emrick CD, Britton PC Substance use and mild traumatic brain injury risk reduction and prevention: a novel model for treatment. Rehabil Res Pract 2012, 2012:174579.
138. Bogner JA, Corrigan JD, Mysiw WJ, Clinchot D, Fugate L A comparison of substance abuse and violence in the prediction of long-term rehabilitation outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82:571-577.
139. Brenner LA, Harwood JE, Homaifar BY, Cawthra E, Waldman J, Adler LE Psychiatric hospitalization and veterans with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2008, 23:401-406.
140. Fann JR, Hart T, Schomer KG Treatment for depression after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma 2009, 26:2383-2402.
141. Jorge RE, Starkstein SE, Arndt S, Moser D, Crespo-Facorro B, Robinson RG Alcohol misuse and mood disorders following traumatic brain injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:742-749.
142. Rapoport MJ, McCullagh S, Shammi P, Feinstein A Cognitive impairment associated with major depression following mild and moderate traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005, 17:61-65.
143. Silver JM, McAllister TW, Arciniegas DB Depression and cognitive complaints following mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:653-661.
144. Fann JR, Hart T, Schomer KG Treatment for depression after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma 2009, 26:2383-2402.
145. Kersel DA, Marsh NV, Havill JH, Sleigh JW Psychosocial functioning during the year following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2001, 15:683-696.
146. Bier N, Dutil E, Couture M Factors affecting leisure participation after a traumatic brain injury: an exploratory study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2009, 24:187-194.
147. Tilvis RS, Kähönen-Väre MH, Jolkkonen J, Valvanne J, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE Predictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10-year period. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004, 59:268-274.
148. Gow AJ, Pattie A, Whiteman MC, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ Social support and successful aging: investigating the relationships between lifetime cognitive change and life satisfaction. J Indiv Differ 2007, 28:103-115.
149. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:234-240.
150. Lefebvre H, Cloutier G, Josée Levert M Perspectives of survivors of traumatic brain injury and their caregivers on long-term social integration. Brain Inj 2008, 22:535-543.
151. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2001, 58:1985-1992.
152. Collie A, Maruff P, Shafiq-Antonacci R, et al. Memory decline in healthy older people: implications for identifying mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2001, 56:1533-1538.
153. Mattila J, Koikkalainen J, Virkki A, et al. A disease state fingerprint for evaluation of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011, 27:163-176.
154. Soininen H, Mattila J, Koikkalainen J, et al. Software tool for improved prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis 2012, 10:149-152.
155. Herholz K, Ebmeier K Clinical amyloid imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2011, 10:667-670.