Minimal Residual Disease in Myeloma: Are We There Yet?

Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Volumn 18, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1790-1799

  Hart, Andrew J ^a   Jagasia, Madan H ^a   Kim, Annette S ^b   Mosse, Claudio A ^b   Savani, Bipin N ^a   Kassim, Adetola ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Flow cytometry; Minimal residual disease; Multiple myeloma; PCR

Indexed keywords

CARMUSTINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; MELPHALAN; PREDNISONE; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; AUTOLOGOUS PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; DRUG MEGADOSE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MONITORING; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMANS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RECURRENCE;

EID: 84869089863     PISSN: 10838791     EISSN: 15236536     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.05.009     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Durie B.G., Salmon S.E. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer 1975, 36:842-854.
2. Greipp P.R., San Miguel J., Durie B.G., et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:3412-3420.
3. Fonseca R., Bergsagel P.L., Drach J., et al. International Myeloma Working Group molecular classification of multiple myeloma: spotlight review. Leukemia 2009, 23:2210-2221.
4. Shaughnessy J.D., Zhan F., Burington B.E., et al. A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1. Blood 2007, 109:2276-2284.
5. Decaux O., Lodé L., Magrangeas F., et al. Prediction of survival in multiple myeloma based on gene expression profiles reveals cell cycle and chromosomal instability signatures in high-risk patients and hyperdiploid signatures in low-risk patients: a study of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4798-4805.
6. Durie B.G., Harousseau J.L., Miguel J.S., et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2006, 20:1467-1473.
7. Chanan-Khan A.A., Giralt S. Importance of achieving a complete response in multiple myeloma, and the impact of novel agents. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2612-2624.
8. Haessler J., Shaughnessy J.D., Zhan F., et al. Benefit of complete response in multiple myeloma limited to high-risk subgroup identified by gene expression profiling. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:7073-7079.
9. Kyrtsonis M.C., Vassilakopoulos T.P., Kafasi N., et al. Prognostic value of serum free light chain ratio at diagnosis in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2007, 137:240-243.
10. van Rhee F., Bolejack V., Hollmig K., et al. High serum-free light chain levels and their rapid reduction in response to therapy define an aggressive multiple myeloma subtype with poor prognosis. Blood 2007, 110:827-832.
11. Snozek C.L., Katzmann J.A., Kyle R.A., et al. Prognostic value of the serum free light chain ratio in newly diagnosed myeloma: proposed incorporation into the international staging system. Leukemia 2008, 22:1933-1937.
12. Hoering A., Crowley J., Shaughnessy J.D., et al. Complete remission in multiple myeloma examined as time-dependent variable in terms of both onset and duration in Total Therapy protocols. Blood 2009, 114:1299-1305.
13. Kim J.S., Kim K., Cheong J.W., et al. Complete remission status before autologous stem cell transplantation is an important prognostic factor in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing upfront single autologous transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009, 15:463-470.
14. Tatsas A.D., Jagasia M.H., Chen H., McCurley T.L. Monitoring residual myeloma: high-resolution serum/urine electrophoresis or marrow biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis?. Am J Clin Pathol 2010, 134:139-144.
15. Chee C.E., Kumar S., Larson D.R., et al. The importance of bone marrow examination in determining complete response to therapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2009, 114:2617-2618.
16. Fernández de Larrea C., Tovar N., Rozman M., et al. Multiple myeloma in serologic complete remission after autologous stem cell transplantation: impact of bone marrow plasma cell assessment by conventional morphology on disease progression. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011, 17:1084-1087.
17. Zamagni E., Patriarca F., Nanni C., et al. Prognostic relevance of 18-F FDG PET/CT in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with up-front autologous transplantation. Blood 2011, 118:5989-5995.
18. Singhal S., Vickrey E., Krishnamurthy J., Singh V., Allen S., Mehta J. The relationship between the serum free light chain assay and serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and the definition of concordant and discordant free light chain ratios. Blood 2009, 114:38-39.
19. Giarin M.M., Giaccone L., Sorasio R., et al. Serum free light chain ratio, total kappa/lambda ratio, and immunofixation results are not prognostic factors after stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Clin Chem 2009, 55:1510-1516.
20. de Larrea C.F., Cibeira M.T., Elena M., et al. Abnormal serum free light chain ratio in patients with multiple myeloma in complete remission has strong association with the presence of oligoclonal bands: implications for stringent complete remission definition. Blood 2009, 114:4954-4956.
21. Mead G.P., Drayson M.T. Sensitivity of serum free light chain measurement of residual disease in multiple myeloma patients. Blood 2009, 114:1717.
22. Mead G.P., Carr-Smith H.D., Drayson M.T., Morgan G.J., Child J.A., Bradwell A.R. Serum free light chains for monitoring multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2004, 126:348-354.
23. Kantarjian H., Schiffer C., Jones D., Cortes J. Monitoring the response and course of chronic myeloid leukemia in the modern era of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors: practical advice on the use and interpretation of monitoring methods. Blood 2008, 111:1774-1780.
24. Brüggemann M., Schrauder A., Raff T., et al. Standardized MRD quantification in European ALL trials: proceedings of the Second International Symposium on MRD assessment in Kiel, Germany, 18-20 September 2008. Leukemia 2010, 24:521-535.
25. Grimwade D., Jovanovic J.V., Hills R.K., et al. Prospective minimal residual disease monitoring to predict relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia and to direct pre-emptive arsenic trioxide therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:3650-3658.
26. Hadzidimitriou A., Stamatopoulos K., Belessi C., et al. Immunoglobulin genes in multiple myeloma: expressed and non-expressed repertoires, heavy and light chain pairings and somatic mutation patterns in a series of 101 cases. Haematologica 2006, 91:781-787.
27. Sarasquete M.E., García-Sanz R., González D., et al. Minimal residual disease monitoring in multiple myeloma: a comparison between allelic-specific oligonucleotide real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Haematologica 2005, 90:1365-1372.
28. Corradini P., Voena C., Astolfi M., et al. High-dose sequential chemoradiotherapy in multiple myeloma: residual tumor cells are detectable in bone marrow and peripheral blood cell harvests and after autografting. Blood 1995, 85:1596-1602.
29. Björkstrand B., Ljungman P., Bird J.M., Samson D., Gahrton G. Double high-dose chemoradiotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation can induce molecular remissions in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995, 15:367-371.
30. Swedin A., Lenhoff S., Olofsson T., Thuresson B., Westin J. Clinical utility of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement identification for tumour cell detection in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1998, 103:1145-1151.
31. Corradini P., Voena C., Tarella C., et al. Molecular and clinical remissions in multiple myeloma: role of autologous and allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic cells. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:208-215.
32. Martinelli G., Terragna C., Zamagni E., et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2000, 85:930-934.
33. Martinelli G., Terragna C., Zamagni E., et al. Molecular remission after allogeneic or autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:2273-2281.
34. Cavo M., Terragna C., Martinelli G., et al. Molecular monitoring of minimal residual disease in patients in long-term complete remission after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood 2000, 96:355-357.
35. Bird J.M., Russell N.H., Samson D. Minimal residual disease after bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma: evidence for cure in long-term survivors. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993, 12:651-654.
36. Galimberti S., Benedetti E., Morabito F., et al. Prognostic role of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma patients after non-myeloablative allogeneic transplantation. Leuk Res 2005, 29:961-966.
37. Corradini P., Cavo M., Lokhorst H., et al. Molecular remission after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation predicts a better relapse-free survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2003, 102:1927-1929.
38. Raab M.S., Cremer F.W., Breitkreutz I.N., et al. Molecular monitoring of tumour load kinetics predicts disease progression after non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Ann Oncol 2005, 16:611-617.
39. Ladetto M., Donovan J.W., Harig S., et al. Real-time polymerase chain reaction of immunoglobulin rearrangements for quantitative evaluation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000, 6:241-253.
40. Rasmussen T., Poulsen T.S., Honoré L., Johnsen H.E. Quantitation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma using an allele-specific real-time PCR assay. Exp Hematol 2000, 28:1039-1045.
41. Bakkus M.H., Bouko Y., Samson D., et al. Post-transplantation tumour load in bone marrow, as assessed by quantitative ASO-PCR, is a prognostic parameter in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2004, 126:665-674.
42. Fenk R., Ak M., Kobbe G., et al. Levels of minimal residual disease detected by quantitative molecular monitoring herald relapse in patients with multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2004, 89:557-566.
43. Novella E., Giaretta I., Elice F., et al. Fluorescent polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis for IgH rearrangement and minimal residual disease evaluation in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2002, 87:1157-1164.
44. Korthals M., Sehnke N., Kronenwett R., et al. The level of minimal residual disease in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma before high-dose therapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation is an independent predictive parameter. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012, 18:423-431.
45. Ladetto M., Pagliano G., Ferrero S., et al. Major tumor shrinking and persistent molecular remissions after consolidation with bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with autografted myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2077-2084.
46. Ladetto M, Ferrero S, Drandi D, et al. Long-term results of the GIMEMA VTD Consolidation Trial in autografted multiple myeloma patients (VEL-03-096): impact of minimal residual disease detection by real time quantitative PCR on late recurrences and overall survival. 53rd ASH Annual Meeting Exposition 2011 Abstract 827.
47. van Dongen J.J., Langerak A.W., Brüggemann M., et al. Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia 2003, 17:2257-2317.
48. Evans P.A., Ch Pott, Groenen P.J., et al. Significantly improved PCR-based clonality testing in B-cell malignancies by use of multiple immunoglobulin gene targets. Report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BHM4-CT98-3936. Leukemia 2007, 21:207-214.
49. Liu H., Bench A.J., Bacon C.M., et al. A practical strategy for the routine use of BIOMED-2 PCR assays for detection of B- and T-cell clonality in diagnostic haematopathology. Br J Haematol 2007, 138:31-43.
50. van Krieken J.H., Langerak A.W., Macintyre E.A., et al. Improved reliability of lymphoma diagnostics via PCR-based clonality testing: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BHM4-CT98-3936. Leukemia 2007, 21:201-206.
51. Martínez-Sánchez P., Montejano L., Sarasquete M.E., et al. Evaluation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma patients by fluorescent-polymerase chain reaction: the prognostic impact of achieving molecular response. Br J Haematol 2008, 142:766-774.
52. de Tute R.M., Jack A.S., Child J.A., Morgan G.J., Owen R.G., Rawstron A.C. A single-tube six-colour flow cytometry screening assay for the detection of minimal residual disease in myeloma. Leukemia 2007, 21:2046-2049.
53. Rawstron A.C., Davies F.E., DasGupta R., et al. Flow cytometric disease monitoring in multiple myeloma: the relationship between normal and neoplastic plasma cells predicts outcome after transplantation. Blood 2002, 100:3095-3100.
54. Rawstron A.C., Orfao A., Beksac M., et al. Report of the European Myeloma Network on multiparametric flow cytometry in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Haematologica 2008, 93:431-438.
55. Marsee D.K., Li B., Dorfman D.M. Single tube, six-color flow cytometric analysis is a sensitive and cost-effective technique for assaying clonal plasma cells. Am J Clin Pathol 2010, 133:694-699.
56. Cannizzo E., Bellio E., Sohani A.R., et al. Multiparameter immunophenotyping by flow cytometry in multiple myeloma: the diagnostic utility of defining ranges of normal antigenic expression in comparison to histology. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2010, 78:231-238.
57. Almeida J., Orfao A., Ocqueteau M., et al. High-sensitive immunophenotyping and DNA ploidy studies for the investigation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1999, 107:121-131.
58. Liu H., Yuan C., Heinerich J., et al. Flow cytometric minimal residual disease monitoring in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: a retrospective study. Leuk Lymphoma 2008, 49:306-314.
59. Paiva B., Vidriales M.B., Cerveró J., et al. Multiparameter flow cytometric remission is the most relevant prognostic factor for multiple myeloma patients who undergo autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 2008, 112:4017-4023.
60. Mateo G., Montalbán M.A., Vidriales M.B., et al. Prognostic value of immunophenotyping in multiple myeloma: a study by the PETHEMA/GEM cooperative study groups on patients uniformly treated with high-dose therapy. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:2737-2744.
61. Paiva B., Gutiérrez N.C., Rosiñol L., et al. High-risk cytogenetics and persistent minimal residual disease by multiparameter flow cytometry predict unsustained complete response after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Blood 2012, 119:687-691.
62. Lioznov M., Badbaran A., Fehse B., Bacher U., Zander A.R., Kröger N.M. Monitoring of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma after allo-SCT: flow cytometry vs PCR-based techniques. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008, 41:913-916.
63. Zhao X., Huang Q., Slovak M., Weiss L. Comparison of ancillary studies in the detection of residual disease in plasma cell myeloma in bone marrow. Am J Clin Pathol 2006, 125:895-904.
64. Paiva B., Martinez-Lopez J., Vidriales M.B., et al. Comparison of immunofixation, serum free light chain, and immunophenotyping for response evaluation and prognostication in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:1627-1633.
65. Kumar S.K., Lacy M.Q., Dispenzieri A., et al. Early versus delayed autologous transplantation after immunomodulatory agents-based induction therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Cancer 2012, 118:1585-1592.
66. Davies F.E., Forsyth P.D., Rawstron A.C., et al. The impact of attaining a minimal disease state after high-dose melphalan and autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2001, 112:814-819.
67. San Miguel J.F., Almeida J., Mateo G., et al. Immunophenotypic evaluation of the plasma cell compartment in multiple myeloma: a tool for comparing the efficacy of different treatment strategies and predicting outcome. Blood 2002, 99:1853-1856.
68. Kumar S, Flinn IW, Richardson PG, et al. Novel three- and four-drug combination regimens of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide, for previously untreated multiple myeloma: results from the Multi-Center, Randomized, Phase 2 EVOLUTION Study. ASH Annual Meeting 2010 Abstract 621.