Residential Segregation and the Availability of Primary Care Physicians

Health Services Research

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 2353-2376

  Gaskin, Darrell J ^a   Dinwiddie, Gniesha Y ^b   Chan, Kitty S ^a   McCleary, Rachael R ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

ethnic; health care disparities; physician shortage; Primary care; racial; segregation

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; ASIAN; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DEMOGRAPHY; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HISPANIC; HOME; HUMAN; INCOME; PEDIATRICIAN; PERSONNEL SHORTAGE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; SOCIOECONOMICS; URBAN AREA;

CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; HEALTH MANPOWER; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; PHYSICIANS, PRIMARY CARE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84869081579     PISSN: 00179124     EISSN: 14756773     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01417.x     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Acevedo-Garcia, D,. 2000. " Residential Segregation and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases." Social Science & Medicine 51 (8): 1143-61.
2. Acevedo-Garcia, D,. 2001. " Zip Code-Level Risk Factors for Tuberculosis: Neighborhood Environment and Residential Segregation in New Jersey, 1985-1992." American Journal of Public Health 91 (5): 734-41.
3. Acevedo-Garcia, D., K. A. Lochner, T. L. Osypuk, and, S. V. Subramanian,. 2003. " Future Directions in Residential Segregation and Health Research: A Multilevel Approach." American Journal of Public Health 93 (2): 215-21.
4. Alba, R. D., J. R. Logan, and, P. E. Bellair,. 1994. " Living in Crime: Implications of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Suburban Location." Social Forces 73 (2): 395-434.
5. Barnes, J. S., and, C. E. Bennett,. 2002. The Asian Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief No. C2KBR/01-16) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
6. Bell, J. F., F. J. Zimmerman, and, J. D. Mayer,. 2007. " Associations between Residential Segregation and Smoking during Pregnancy among African American Women." Journal of Urban Health 84 (3): 372-88.
7. Bodenheimer, T,. 2006. " Primary Carea-Will It Survive? " New England Journal of Medicine 355 (9): 861-4.
8. Bronstein, J. M., E. K. Adams, and, C. S. Florence,. 2004. " The Impact of S-CHIP Enrollment on Physician Participation in Medicaid in Alabama and Georgia." Health Services Research 39 (2): 301-17.
9. Brown, T., J. X. Liu, and, R. M. Scheffler,. 2009. " Does the Under- or Overrepresentation of Minority Physicians across Geographical Areas Affect the Location Decisions of Minority Physicians? " Health Services Research 44 (4): 1290-308.
10. Burgess, D. J., Y. Ding, M. Hargreaves, M. van Ryn, and, S. Phelan,. 2008. " The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Underutilization of Needed Medical and Mental Health Care in a Multi-Ethnic Community Sample." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 19 (3): 894-911.
11. Casagrande, S. S., T. L. Gary, T. A. LaVeist, D. J. Gaskin, and, L. A. Cooper,. 2007. " Perceived Discrimination and Adherence to Medical Care in a Racially Integrated Community." Journal of General Internal Medicine 22 (3): 389-95.
12. Castillo-Page, L,. 2006. Diversity in the Physician Workforce: Fact & Figures 2006. Washington, DC: AAMC, Division of Diversity Policy and Programs.
13. Charles, C,. 2003. " The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation." Annual Review of Sociology 29: 167-207.
14. Christopher, A. J., 1993. " Segregation Levels in the Late-Apartheid City 1985-1991." Tijdschrift Voor Econonische en Sociale Geografie 82: 15-24.
15. Collins, C., and, D. R. Williams,. 1999. " Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism." Sociological Forum 14: 495-523.
16. Cornwell, E. Y., and, B. Cornwell,. 2008. " Access to Expertise as a Form of Social Capital: An Examination of Race- and Class-Based Disparities in Network Ties to Experts." Sociological Perspectives 51 (4): 853-76.
17. Cunningham, P. J., and, A. S. O'Malley,. 2009. " Do Reimbursement Delays Discourage Medicaid Participation by Physicians? " Health Affairs 28 (1): w17-28.
18. Dill, M. J., and, E. S. Salsberg,. 2008. The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections Through 2025. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.
19. Feng, Z., M. Lepore, M. A. Clark, D. Tyler, D. B. Smith, V. Mor, and, M. L. Fennell,. 2011. " Geographic Concentration and Correlates of Nursing Home Closures: 1999-2008." Archives of Internal Medicine 171 (9): 806-13.
20. Freed, G. L., and, J. A. Stockman,. 2009. " Oversimplifying Primary Care Supply and Shortages." Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (18): 1920-2.
21. Gaskin, D. J., 1997. " The Impact of HMO Penetration on Hospitals That Serve Minority Communities." Medical Care 35: 1190-203.
22. Gaskin, D. J., J. J. Arbelaez, J. Brown, H. Petras, F. Wagner, and, L. A. Cooper,. 2007. " Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Site of Usual Source of Care." Journal of the National Medical Association 99 (1): 22-30.
23. Gaskin, D. J., A. Price, D. T. Brandon, and, T. A. LaVeist,. 2009. " Segregation and Disparities in Health Services Use." Medical Care Research and Review 66 (5): 578-89.
24. Gaskin, D. J., C. S. Spencer, P. Richard, G. Anderson, N. R. Powe, and, T. A. LaVeist,. 2011. " Do Minority Patients Use Lower Quality Hospitals? " Inquiry 48 (3): 209-20.
25. Gaskin, D. J, G. Y Dinwiddie, K Chan, and, R. R McCleary,. 2012. " Residential Segregation and the use of Healthcare Services." Medical Care Research and Review 69 (2): 158-175.
26. Hart, L. G., S. M. Skillman, M. Fordyce, M. Thompson, A. Hagopian, and, T. R. Konrad,. 2007. " International Medical Graduate Physicians in the United States: Changes Since 1981." Health Affairs 26 (4): 1159-69.
27. Hausmann, L. R., N. R. Kressin, B. H. Hanusa, and, S. A. Ibrahim,. 2010. " Perceived Racial Discrimination in Health Care and its Association with Patients' Healthcare Experiences: Does the Measure Matter? " Ethnicity & Disease 20 (1): 40-7.
28. Jha, A. K., E. J. Orav, and, A. M. Epstein,. 2007. " Concentration and Quality of Hospitals That Care for Elderly Black Patients." Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (11): 1177-82.
29. Johnson, R. L., S. Saha, J. J. Arbelaez, M.C. Beach, and, L. A. Cooper,. 2004. " Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patient Perceptions of Bias and Cultural Competence in Health Care." Journal of General Internal Medicine 19 (2): 101-10.
30. Johnston, R., M. Poulson, and, J. Forrest,. 2007. " Ethnic and Racial Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1980-2000: The Dimensions of Segregation Revisited." Urban Affairs Review 42 (4): 479-504.
31. Kletke, P,. 2004. " Physician Workforce Data: When the Best Is Not Good Enough." Health Services Research 39 (5): 1251-5.
32. Lakhan, S. E., and, C. Laird,. 2009. " Addressing the Primary Care Physician Shortage in an Evolving Medical Workforce." International Archives of Medicine 2 (1): 14.
33. LaVeist, T. A., 1989. " Linking Residential Segregation and Infant Mortality in U.S. Cities." Sociology and Social Research 73 (2): 90-4.
34. LaVeist, T. A.,. 1993. " Segregation, Poverty, and Empowerment: Health Consequences for African Americans." Milbank Quarterly 71 (1): 41-64.
35. LaVeist, T. A.,. 2003. " Racial Segregation and Longevity Among African Americans: An Individual-Level Analysis." Health Services Research 38 (6 Pt 2): 1719-33.
36. LaVeist, T. A., K. J. Nickerson, and, J. V. Bowie,. 2000. " Attitudes about Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care among African American and White Cardiac Patients." Medical Care Research and Review 57 (Suppl 1): 146-61.
37. LaVeist, T. A., N. C. Rolley, and, C. Diala,. 2003. " Prevalence and Patterns of Discrimination among U.S. Health Care Consumers." International Journal of Health Services 33 (2): 331-44.
38. Lillie-Blanton, M., R. M. Martinez, and, A. Salganicoff,. 2001. " Site of Medical Care: Do Racial and Ethnic Differences Persist? " Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1: 15-32.
39. Link, B., and, J. Phelan,. 1995. " Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease." Journal of Health and Social Behavior (extra issue) 35 (SI): 80-94.
40. Lowell, B. L., and, S. G. Gerova,. 2004. " Immigrants and the Healthcare Workforce: Profiles and Shortages." Work and Occupations 31 (4): 474-98.
41. Massey, D. S., G. A. Condran, and, N. A. Denton,. 1987. " The Effect of Residential Segregation on Black Social and Economic Well-Being." Social Forces 66 (1): 29-56.
42. Massey, D. S., and, N. A. Denton,. 1988. " The Dimensions of Segregations." Social Forces 67 (2): 281-315.
43. Massey, D. S., and, N. A. Denton,. 1989. " Hypersegregation in the US Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation along Five Dimensions." Demography 26 (3): 373-91.
44. Massey, D. S., and, N. A. Denton,. 1993. American Apartheid Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
45. Massey, D. S., and, E. Fong,. 1990. " Segregation and Neighborhood Quality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in San Francisco Metropolitan Areas." Social Forces 69 (1): 15-32.
46. Mayberry, R. M., F. Mili, and, E. Ofili,. 2005. " Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to Medical Care." Medical Care Research and Review 57 (Suppl 1): 108-45.
47. Mitchell, J. B., 1991. " Physician Participation in Medicaid Revisited." Medical Care 29 (7): 645-53.
48. Morello-Frosch, R., and, B. M. Jesdale,. 2006. " Separate and Unequal: Residential Segregation and Estimated Cancer Risks Associated with Ambient Air Toxics in U.S. Metropolitan Areas." Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (3): 386-93.
49. Morenoff, J. D., R. J. Sampson, and, S. W. Raudenbush,. 2001. " Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence." Criminology 29 (3): 517-60.
50. Morrison, R. S., S. Wallenstein, D. K. Natale, R. S. Senzel, and, L. Huang,. 2000. " We Don't Carry Thata-Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Non-White Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics." New England Journal of Medicine 342 (14): 1023-6.
51. Myer, L., R. I. Ehrlich, and, E. S. Susser,. 2004. " Social Epidemiology in South Africa." Epidemiologic Reviews 26: 112-23.
52. Nazroo, J. Y., and, D. R. Williams,. 2006." The Social Determination of Ethnic/Racial Inequalities in Health." In Social Determinants of Health, edited by, M. Marmot, and, R. G. Wilkinson, pp. 238-66. New York: Oxford University Press.
53. Osypuk, T. L., and, D. Acevedo-Garcia,. 2008. " Are Racial Disparities in Preterm Birth Larger in Hypersegregated Areas? " American Journal of Epidemiology 167 (11): 1295-304.
54. Palloni, A., and, A. Elizabeth,. 2004. " Paradox Lost: Explaining the Hispanic Adult Mortality Advantage." Demography 41 (3): 385-415.
55. Perloff, J. D., P. R. Kletke, J. W. Fossett, and, S. Banks,. 1997. " Medicaid Participation among Urban Primary Care Physicians." Medical Care 35 (2): 142-57.
56. Polednak, A. P., 1991. " Black-White Differences in Infant Mortality in 38 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas." American Journal of Public Health 81 (11): 1480-2.
57. Polednak, A. P.,. 1996a. " Segregation, Discrimination and Mortality in U.S. Blacks." Ethnicity & Disease 6 (1-2): 99-108.
58. Polednak, A. P.,. 1996b. " Trends in U.S. Urban Black Infant Mortality, by Degree of Residential Segregation." American Journal of Public Health 86 (5): 723-6.
59. Probst, J. C., S. B. Laditka, J. Wang, and, A. O. Johnson,. 2007. " Effects of Residence and Race on Burden of Travel for Care: Cross Sectional Analysis of the 2001 U.S. National Household Travel Survey." BMC Health Service Research 7: 40. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-40.
60. Reschovsky, J. D., and, A. S. O'Malley,. 2007. " Do Primary Care Physicians Treating Minority Patients Report Problems Delivering High-Quality Care? " Health Affairs 26 (3): w222-31.
61. Rittenhouse, D. R., E. Mertz, D. Keane, and, K. Grumbach,. 2004. " No Exit: An Evaluation of Measures of Physician Attrition." Health Services Research 39 (5): 1571-88.
62. Shaw, M., D. Dorling, and, G. D. Smith,. 2006. " Poverty, Social Exclusion, and Minorities." In Social Determinants of Health, 2d Edition, edited by, M. Marmot, and, R. G. Wilkinsom, pp. 198-223. New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Shi, L,. 1999. " Experience of Primary Care by Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States." Medical Care 37 (10): 1068-77.
64. Shihadeh, E. S., and, N. Flynn,. 1996. " Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence." Social Forces 74: 1325-52.
65. Smedley, B. D., A. Y. Stith, and, A. R. Nelson, (Eds.). 2003. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
66. Smith, D. B., 1998. " The Racial Segregation of Hospital Care Revisited: Medicare Discharge Patterns and Their Implication." American Journal of Public Health 88 (3): 461-3.
67. Smith, D. B.,. 1999. Health Care Divided: Race and Healing a Nation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
68. Smith, D. B., Z. Feng, M. L. Fennel, J. S. Zinn, and, V. Mor,. 2007. " Separate and Unequal: Racial Segregation and Disparities in Quality across U.S. Nursing Homes." Health Affairs 26 (5): 1448-58.
69. Stafford, M., P. Martikainen, E. Lahelma, and, M. Marmot,. 2004. " Neighbourhoods and Self Rated Health: A Comparison of Public Sector Employees in London and Helsinki." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58: 772-8.
70. Steinbrook, R,. 2009. " Easing The Shortage in Adult Primary Carea-Is it All about Money? " New England Journal of Medicine 360 (26): 2696-9.
71. Szwarcwald, C. L., C. L. Lourenco, T. de Andrade, and, F. I. Bastos,. 2002. " Income Inequality, Residential Poverty, Clustering and Infant Mortality: A Study of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Social Science and Medicine 55: 2083-92.
72. U.S. Department of Health, Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2008. National Healthcare Disparities Report, 2007 No. 08-0041). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
73. White, P., 1998." Urban Life and Social Stress." In The New Europe: Economy, Society and Environment, edited by, D. Pinder, pp. 305-22. Chichester, England: Wiley.
74. Williams, D. R., and, C. Collins,. 2001. " Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health." Public Health Reports 116 (5): 404-16.
75. Wilson, W. J., 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
76. Wyndham, C,. 1981. " The Loss from Premature Deaths of Economically Active Manpower in the Various Populations of the RSA. Part I. Leading Causes of Death: Health Strategies for Reducing Mortality." South African Medical Journal 60: 411-9.
77. Yankauer, A,. 1950. " The Relationship of Fetal and Infant Mortality to Residential Segregation." American Sociological Review 15 (5): 644-8.