Oncogenic activation in prostate cancer progression and metastasis: Molecular insights and future challenges

Journal of Carcinogenesis

Volumn 11, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Dasgupta, Subhamoy ^a   Srinidhi, Srinivasa ^a   Vishwanatha, Jamboor ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

growth factor receptors; oncogene; PI3K Akt; Prostate cancer; proteases; signaling pathways

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; GEFITINIB; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; HISTONE H3; MATRILYSIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN C; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ETS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOGENESIS; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; CAUSE OF DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; CYTOSKELETON; DOWN REGULATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPIGENETICS; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GLEASON SCORE; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; OSTEOCLAST; PATIENT CARE; PHENOTYPE; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84869072462     PISSN: 09746773     EISSN: 14773163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.93001     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Signoretti S, Montironi R, Manola J, Altimari A, Tam C, Bubley G, et al. Her-2-neu expression and progression toward androgen independence in human prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1918-25. (Pubitemid 32036922)
2. Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA, Holt JA, Wong SG, Keith DE, et al. Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 1989;244:707-12. (Pubitemid 19147683)
3. Sliva D. Signaling pathways responsible for cancer cell invasion as targets for cancer therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2004;4:327-36. (Pubitemid 38797244)
4. Pollak MN, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE. Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:505-18. (Pubitemid 38868620)
5. Sayeed A, Alam N, Trerotola M, Languino LR. Insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulation of androgen receptor activity requires (1A) integrins. J Cell Physiol 2012;227:751-8.
6. Liao Y, Abel U, Grobholz R, Hermani A, Trojan L, Angel P, et al. Up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor axis components in human primary prostate cancer correlates with tumor grade. Hum Pathol 2005;36:1186-96. (Pubitemid 41540395)
7. Wolk A, Mantzoros CS, Andersson SO, Bergstrm R, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and prostate cancer risk: a population-based, case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:911-5. (Pubitemid 28304159)
8. Goya M, Miyamoto S, Nagai K, Ohki Y, Nakamura K, Shitara K, et al. Growth inhibition of human prostate cancer cells in human adult bone implanted into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice by a ligand-specific antibody to human insulin-like growth factors. Cancer Res 2004;64:6252-8. (Pubitemid 39129428)
9. Wang Z, Prins GS, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ, Green JE, Ray VH, et al. Disruption of growth hormone signaling retards early stages of prostate carcinogenesis in the C3(1)/T antigen mouse. Endocrinology 2005;146:5188-96. (Pubitemid 41653032)
10. Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad S. Relationship of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene polymorphism with the susceptibility to development of prostate cancer and influence on serum levels of IGF-I, and IGFBP-3. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011;21:146-54.
11. Kawabata R, Oie S, Takahashi M, Kanayama H, Oka T, Itoh K. Up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) leads to the potent anti-proliferative effect of androgen deprivation therapy combined with 5-FU in human prostate cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2011;38:1489-500.
12. Massoner P, Colleselli D, Matscheski A, Pircher H, Geley S, Jansen Drr P, et al. Novel mechanism of IGF-binding protein-3 action on prostate cancer cells: inhibition of proliferation, adhesion, and motility. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009;16:795-808.
13. Shahjee H, Bhattacharyya N, Zappala G, Wiench M, Prakash S, Rechler MM. An N-terminal fragment of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells in an IGF-independent manner. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007;18:188-97.
14. Mikami K, Ozasa K, Nakao M, Miki T, Hayashi K, Watanabe Y, et al. Prostate cancer risk in relation to insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3: A nested case-control study in large scale cohort study in Japan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009;10 Suppl:57-61.
15. Aggarwal RR, Ryan CJ, Chan JM. Insulin-like growth factor pathway: A link between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), insulin resistance, and disease progression in patients with prostate cancer? Urol Oncol 2011. [In Press]
16. Hellawell GO, Turner GD, Davies DR, Poulsom R, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM. Expression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is up-regulated in primary prostate cancer and commonly persists in metastatic disease. Cancer Res 2002;62:2942-50. (Pubitemid 34525783)
17. Burfeind P, Chernicky CL, Rininsland F, Ilan J, Ilan J. Antisense RNA to the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor suppresses tumor growth and prevents invasion by rat prostate cancer cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7263-8. (Pubitemid 26243537)
18. Culig Z, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Radmayr C, Trapman J, Hittmair A, et al. Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-I, keratinocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Eur Urol 1995;27 Suppl 2:45-7.
19. Verras M, Sun Z. Beta-catenin is involved in insulin-like growth factor 1-mediated transactivation of the androgen receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2005;19:391-8. (Pubitemid 40223463)
20. Fan W, Yanase T, Morinaga H, Okabe T, Nomura M, Daitoku H, et al. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1/Insulin Signaling Activates Androgen Signaling through Direct Interactions of Foxo1 with Androgen Receptor. J Biol Chem 2007;282:7329-38. (Pubitemid 47093686)
21. Zhang M, Latham DE, Delaney MA, Chakravarti A. Survivin mediates resistance to antiandrogen therapy in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2005;24:2474-82. (Pubitemid 40593038)
22. Plymate SR, Haugk K, Coleman I, Woodke L, Vessella R, Nelson P, et al. An antibody targeting the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor enhances the castration-induced response in androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:6429-39. (Pubitemid 350075033)
23. Turney BW, Turner GD, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM. Serial analysis of resected prostate cancer suggests up-regulation of type 1 IGF receptor with disease progression. BJU Int 2011;107:1488-99.
24. Sroka IC, McDaniel K, Nagle RB, Bowden GT. Differential localization of MT1-MMP in human prostate cancer tissue: role of IGF-1R in MT1-MMP expression. Prostate 2008;68:463-76. (Pubitemid 351500207)
25. Marelli MM, Moretti RM, Procacci P, Motta M, Limonta P. Insulin-like growth factor-I promotes migration in human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via the alphavbeta3 integrin and PI3-K/Akt signaling. Int J Oncol 2006;28:723-30.
26. Kharaishvili G, Simkova D, Makharoblidze E, Trtkova K, Kolar Z, Bouchal J. Wnt signaling in prostate development and carcinogenesis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2011;155:11-8.
27. Yee DS, Tang Y, Li X, Liu Z, Guo Y, Ghaffar S, et al. The Wnt inhibitory factor 1 restoration in prostate cancer cells was associated with reduced tumor growth, decreased capacity of cell migration and invasion and a reversal of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Mol Cancer 2010;9:162.
28. Yu X, Wang Y, DeGraff DJ, Wills ML, Matusik RJ. Wnt/b-Catenin activation promotes prostate tumor progression in a mouse model. Oncogene 2011;30:1868-79.
29. Wang Q, Symes AJ, Kane CA, Freeman A, Nariculam J, Munson P, et al. Novel role for Wnt/Ca2, signaling in actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell motility in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2010;5:e10456.
30. Uysal-Onganer P, Kawano Y, Caro M, Walker MM, Diez S, Darrington RS, et al. Wnt-11 promotes neuroendocrine-like differentiation, survival and migration of prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2010;9:55.
31. Baxevanis CN, Voutsas IF, Gritzapis AD, Perez SA, Papamichail M. HER-2/neu as a target for cancer vaccines. Immunotherapy 2010;2:213-26.
32. Mofid B, Jalali Nodushan M, Rakhsha A, Zeinali L, Mirzaei H. Relation between HER-2 gene expression and Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer. Urol J 2007;4:101-4.
33. Osman I, Mikhail M, Shuch B, Clute M, Cheli CD, Ghani F, et al. Serum levels of shed Her2/neu protein in men with prostate cancer correlate with disease progression. J Urol 2005;174:2174-7. (Pubitemid 41611768)
34. Okegawa T, Kinjo M, Nutahara K, Higashihara E. Pretreatment serum level of HER2/nue as a prognostic factor in metastatic prostate cancer patients about to undergo endocrine therapy. Int J Urol 2006;13:1197-201. (Pubitemid 44410909)
35. Neto AS, Tobias-Machado M, Wroclawski ML, Fonseca FL, Teixeira GK, Amarante RD, et al. Her-2/neu expression in prostate adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysiso. J Urol 2010;184:842-50.
36. Mofid B, Jalali Nodushan M, Rakhsha A, Zeinali L, Mirzaei H. Relation between HER-2 gene expression and Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer. Urol J 2007;4:101-4.
37. Wen Y, Hu MC, Makino K, Spohn B, Bartholomeusz G, Yan DH, et al. HER-2/neu promotes androgen-independent survival and growth of prostate cancer cells through the Akt pathway. Cancer Res 2000;60:6451-5.
38. Mukherjee R, McGuinness DH, McCall P, Underwood MA, Seywright M, Orange C, et al. Upregulation of MAPK pathway is associated with survival in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2011;104:1920-8.
39. Epis MR, Giles KM, Barker A, Kendrick TS, Leedman PJ. miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2009;284:24696-704.
40. Yuan TC, Lin FF, Veeramani S, Chen SJ, Earp HS 3rd, Lin MF. ErbB-2 via PYK2 upregulates the adhesive ability of androgen receptor-positive human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2007;26:7552-29.
41. Cai C, Portnoy DC, Wang H, Jiang X, Chen S, Balk SP. Androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells is suppressed by activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB2. Cancer Res 2009;69:5202-9.
42. Nishio Y, Yamada Y, Kokubo H, Nakamura K, Aoki S, Taki T, et al. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical expression of the HER-2/neu oncoprotein in bone metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 2006;68:110-5. (Pubitemid 44037732)
43. Zhau HY, Zhou J, Symmans WF, Chen BQ, Chang SM, Sikes RA, et al. Transfected neu oncogene induces human prostate cancer metastasis. Prostate 1996;28:73-83. (Pubitemid 26066244)
44. Chinni SR, Yamamoto H, Dong Z, Sabbota A, Bonfil RD, Cher ML. CXCL12/CXCR4 transactivates HER2 in lipid rafts of prostate cancer cells and promotes growth of metastatic deposits in bone. Mol Cancer Res 2008;6:446-57. (Pubitemid 351416535)
45. Peraldo-Neia C, Migliardi G, Mello-Grand M, Montemurro F, Segir R, Pignochino Y, et al. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutation analysis, gene expression profiling and EGFR protein expression in primary prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2011;11:31.
46. Addepalli MK, Ray KB, Kumar B, Ramnath RL, Chile S, Rao H. RNAi-mediated knockdown of AURKB and EGFR shows enhanced therapeutic efficacy in prostate tumor regression. Gene Ther 2010;17:252-9.
47. Di Lorenzo G, Tortora G, D'Armiento FP, De Rosa G, Staibano S, Autorino R, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor correlates with disease relapse and progression to androgen-independence in human prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:3438-44. (Pubitemid 35340719)
48. Xu S, Weihua Z. Loss of EGFR induced autophagy sensitizes hormone refractory prostate cancer cells to adriamycin. Prostate 2011;71:1216-24.
49. Mukherjee B, Mayer D. Dihydrotestosterone interacts with EGFR/MAPK signalling and modulates EGFR levels in androgen receptor-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2008;33:623-9.
50. Myers MP, Stolarov JP, Eng C, Li J, Wang SI, Wigler MH, et al. P-TEN, the tumor suppressor from human chromosome 10q23, is a dual-specificity phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:9052-7.
51. Majumder PK, Sellers WR. Akt-regulated pathways in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2005;24:7465-74. (Pubitemid 41637986)
52. Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, et al. Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature 2005;436:117-22. (Pubitemid 40966196)
53. Zoncu R, Efeyan A, Sabatini DM. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011;12:21-35.
54. Brugarolas JB, Vazquez F, Reddy A, Sellers WR, Kaelin WG Jr. TSC2 regulates VEGF through mTOR-dependent and-independent pathways. Cancer Cell 2003;4:147-58. (Pubitemid 37045363)
55. Dasgupta S, Wasson LM, Rauniyar N, Prokai L, Borejdo J, Vishwanatha JK. Novel gene C17orf37 in 17q12 amplicon promotes migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2009;28:2860-72.
56. Dasgupta S, Cushman I, Kpetemey M, Casey PJ, Vishwanatha JK. Prenylated c17orf37 induces filopodia formation to promote cell migration and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2011;286:25935-46.
57. Antonarakis ES, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA. Novel targeted therapeutics for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2010;291:1-13.
58. Dasgupta S. Novel Gene C17ORF37 in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Fort Worth, Tx: University of North Texas Health Science Center. Available from: http://www.digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/theses/100. [Last accessed on 2010].
59. Bruni-Cardoso A, Johnson LC, Vessella RL, Peterson TE, Lynch CC. Osteoclast-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 directly affects angiogenesis in the prostate tumor-bone microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res 2010;8:459-70.
60. Tan ML, Choong PF, Dass CR. Direct anti-metastatic efficacy by the DNA enzyme Dz13 and downregulated MMP-2, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP in tumours. Cancer Cell Int 2010;10:9.
61. Littlepage LE, Sternlicht MD, Rougier N, Phillips J, Gallo E, Yu Y, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases contribute distinct roles in neuroendocrine prostate carcinogenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis progression. Cancer Res 2010;70:2224-34.
62. Trudel D, Fradet Y, Meyer F, Ttu B. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is associated with Gleason score in prostate cancer but not with prognosis. Human Pathol 2010;41:1694-701.
63. Johnson TR, Koul S, Kumar B, Khandrika L, Venezia S, Maroni PD, et al. Loss of PDEF, a prostate-derived Ets factor is associated with aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer: regulation of MMP 9 by PDEF. Mol Cancer 2010;9:148.
64. Wang Q, Diao X, Sun J, Chen Z. Regulation of VEGF, MMP-9, and metastasis by CXCR4 in a prostate cancer cell line. Cell Biol Int 2011;35:897-904 .
65. Bekes EM, Schweighofer B, Kupriyanova TA, Zajac E, Ardi VC, Quigley JP, et al. Tumor-recruited neutrophils and neutrophil TIMP-free MMP-9 regulate coordinately the levels of tumor angiogenesis and efficiency of malignant cell intravasation. Am J Pathol 2011;179:1455-70.
66. Szarvas T, Becker M, Vom Dorp F, Meschede J, Scherag A, Bnkfalvi A, et al. levated serum matrix metalloproteinase 7 levels predict poor prognosis after radical prostatectomy. Int J Cancer 2011;128:1486-92.
67. Maruta S, Sakai H, Kanda S, Hayashi T, Kanetake H, Miyata Y. E1AF expression is associated with extra-prostatic growth and matrix metalloproteinase-7 expression in prostate cancer. APMIS 2009;117:791-6.
68. Lynch CC, Hikosaka A, Acuff HB, Martin MD, Kawai N, Singh RK, et al. MMP-7 promotes prostate cancer-induced osteolysis via the solubilization of RANKL. Cancer Cell 2005;7:485-96. (Pubitemid 40719131)
69. Iiizumi M, Bandyopadhyay S, Pai SK, Watabe M, Hirota S, Hosobe S, et al. RhoC promotes metastasis via activation of the Pyk2 pathway in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:7613-20.
70. dos Reis ST, Villanova FE, Andrade PM, Pontes J Jr, de Sousa-Canavez JM, Saudo A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 polymorphism is associated with prognosis in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2010, 28, 624-7.
71. Stearns M, Stearns ME. Evidence for increased activated metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2a) expression associated with human prostate cancer progression. Oncol Res 1996;8:69-75. (Pubitemid 26134926)
72. Yu L, Wang CY, Shi J, Miao L, Du X, Mayer D, et al. Estrogens promote invasion of prostate cancer cells in a paracrine manner through up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in prostatic stromal cells. Endocrinology 2011;152:773-81.
73. Wegiel B, Bjartell A, Tuomela J, Dizeyi N, Tinzl M, Helczynski L, et al. Multiple Cellular Mechanisms Related to Cyclin A1 in Prostate Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1022-36. (Pubitemid 352019801)
74. Clark J, Merson S, Jhavar S, Flohr P, Edwards S, Foster CS, et al. Diversity of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts in the human prostate. Oncogene 2007;26:2667-73. (Pubitemid 46632014)
75. Mosquera JM, Perner S, Genega EM, Sanda M, Hofer MD, Mertz KD, et al. Characterization of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and potential clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:3380-5.
76. Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, Dhanasekaran SM, Mehra R, Sun XW, et al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science 2005;310:644-8. (Pubitemid 41528150)
77. Lapointe J, Li C, Giacomini CP, Salari K, Huang S, Wang P, et al. Genomic profiling reveals alternative genetic pathways of prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2007;67:8504-10. (Pubitemid 47437424)
78. Attard G, Swennenhuis JF, Olmos D, Reid AH, Vickers E, A'Hern R, et al. Characterization of ERG, AR and PTEN gene status in circulating tumor cells from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009;69:2912-8.
79. Mertz KD, Setlur SR, Dhanasekaran SM, Demichelis F, Perner S, Tomlins S, et al. Molecular characterization of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in the NCI-H660 prostate cancer cell line: a new perspective for an old model. Neoplasia 2007;9:200-6. (Pubitemid 46457237)
80. Clark JP, Cooper CS. ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2009;6:429-39.
81. Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Dhanasekaran SM, Helgeson BE, Cao X, Morris DS, et al. Distinct classes of chromosomal rearrangements create oncogenic ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nature 2007;448:595-9. (Pubitemid 47206938)
82. Ellwood-Yen K, Graeber TG, Wongvipat J, Iruela-Arispe ML, Zhang J, Matusik R, et al. Myc-driven murine prostate cancer shares molecular features with human prostate tumors. Cancer Cell 2003;4:223-38. (Pubitemid 37163836)
83. Cai C, Hsieh CL, Omwancha J, Zheng Z, Chen SY, Baert JL, et al. ETV1 is a novel androgen receptor-regulated gene that mediates prostate cancer cell invasion. Mol Endocrinol 2007;21:1835-46. (Pubitemid 47173795)
84. Sun C, Dobi A, Mohamed A, Li H, Thangapazham RL, Furusato B, et al. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, a common genomic alteration in prostate cancer activates C-MYC and abrogates prostate epithelial differentiation. Oncogene 2008;27:5348-53.
85. Oikawa T. ETS transcription factors: possible targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Sci 2004;95:626-33. (Pubitemid 39255808)
86. Janknecht R. Regulation of the ER81 transcription factor and its coactivators by mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). Oncogene 2003;22:746-55. (Pubitemid 36269288)
87. Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Varambally S, Cao X, Yu J, Helgeson BE, et al. Role of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2008;10:177-88. (Pubitemid 351240884)
88. Van Den Berg C, Guan XY, Von Hoff D, Jenkins R, Bittner, Griffin C, et al. DNA sequence amplification in human prostate cancer identified by chromosome microdissection: potential prognostic implications. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:11-8.
89. Nupponen NN, Kakkola L, Koivisto P, Visakorpi T. Genetic alterations in hormone-refractory recurrent prostate carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1998;153:141-8. (Pubitemid 28317516)
90. Wang L, Liu R, Li W, Chen C, Katoh H, Chen GY, et al. Somatic single hits inactivate the X-linked tumor suppressor FOXP3 in the prostate. Cancer Cell 2009;16:336-46.
91. He HC, Bi XC, Dai QS, Wang SS, Wei HA, Zhong WD, et al. Detection of pim-1 mRNA in prostate cancer diagnosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007;120:1491-3.
92. Valdman A, Fang X, Pang ST, Ekman P, Egevad L. Pim-1 expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and human prostate cancer. Prostate 2004;60:367-71. (Pubitemid 39050657)
93. Zippo A, De Robertis A, Serafini R, Oliviero S. PIM1-dependent phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 is required for MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and oncogenic transformation. Nat Cell Biol 2007;9:932-44. (Pubitemid 47190448)
94. Kim MJ, Bhatia-Gaur R, Banach-Petrosky WA, Desai N, Wang Y, Hayward SW, et al. Nkx3.1 mutant mice recapitulate early stages of prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2002;62:2999-3004. (Pubitemid 34602384)
95. Gurel B, Ali TZ, Montgomery EA, Begum S, Hicks J, Goggins M, et al. NKX3.1 as a marker of prostatic origin in metastatic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:1097-105.
96. Balaji KC, Koul H, Mitra S, Maramag C, Reddy P, Menon M, et al. Antiproliferative effects of c-myc antisense oligonucleotide in prostate cancer cells: a novel therapy in prostate cancer. Urology 1997;50:1007-15. (Pubitemid 28021129)
97. Van Quaquebeke E, Mahieu T, Dumont P, Dewelle J, Ribaucour F, Simon G, et al. 2,2,2-Trichloro-N-({2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H- benzo[de]isoquinolin-5-yl}carbamoyl)acetamide (UNBS3157), a novel nonhematotoxic naphthalimide derivative with potent antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2007;50:4122-34. (Pubitemid 47301744)
98. Heinlein CA, Chang C. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: an overview. Endocr Rev 2002;23:175-200. (Pubitemid 34299023)
99. Taylor BS, Schultz N, Hieronymus H, Gopalan A, Xiao Y, Carver BS, et al. Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2010;18:11-22.
100. Agoulnik IU, Vaid A, Nakka M, Alvarado M, Bingman WE 3rd, Erdem H, et al. Androgens modulate expression of transcription intermediary factor 2, an androgen receptor coactivator whose expression level correlates with early biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:10594-602. (Pubitemid 44799783)
101. Agoulnik IU, Weigel NL. Androgen receptor coactivators and prostate cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;617:245-55.
102. Gnanapragasam VJ, Leung HY, Pulimood AS, Neal DE, Robson CN. Expression of RAC 3, a steroid hormone receptor co-activator in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2001;85:1928-36. (Pubitemid 34775331)
103. Zhou HJ, Yan J, Luo W, Ayala G, Lin SH, Erdem H, et al. SRC-3 is required for prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Cancer Res 2005;65:7976-83. (Pubitemid 41297277)
104. Zhou G, Hashimoto Y, Kwak I, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Role of the steroid receptor coactivator SRC-3 in cell growth. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:7742-55. (Pubitemid 37271472)
105. Chung AC, Zhou S, Liao L, Tien JC, Greenberg NM, Xu J. Genetic ablation of the amplified-in-breast cancer 1 inhibits spontaneous prostate cancer progression in mice. Cancer Res 2007;67:5965-75 (Pubitemid 46985033)