메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 58, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1288-1294

Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli of healthy dogs after enrofloxacin or amoxicillin administration

Author keywords

lactams; Antimicrobial resistance; Escherichia coli; Fluoroquinolone

Indexed keywords

2 NAPHTHYLAMINE; AMIKACIN; AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIUM PROTEIN ACRR; BACTERIUM PROTEIN MARR; BACTERIUM PROTEIN SOXR; BACTERIUM PROTEIN SOXS; BETA LACTAMASE; BETA LACTAMASE CTX M; BETA LACTAMASE PSE 1; BETA LACTAMASE SHV; BETA LACTAMASE TEM 1; CEFPODOXIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); DNA TOPOISOMERASE IV; DOXYCYCLINE; ENROFLOXACIN; PHENYLARGINYL BETA NAPHTHYLAMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84869045340     PISSN: 00084166     EISSN: 14803275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/w2012-105     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (35)
  • 1
    • 14544299282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant strain of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O164 isolated in Japan
    • doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45908-0. PMID: 15713611
    • Ahmed, A.M., Miyoshi, S., Shinoda, S., and Shimamoto, T. 2005. Molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant strain of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O164 isolated in Japan. J. Med. Microbiol. 54(3): 273-278. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45908-0. PMID: 15713611.
    • (2005) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 273-278
    • Ahmed, A.M.1    Miyoshi, S.2    Shinoda, S.3    Shimamoto, T.4
  • 3
    • 0347362476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growing group of extended-spectrum β-lactamases: The CTX-M enzymes
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004. PMID:14693512
    • Bonnet, R. 2004. Growing group of extended-spectrum β-lactamases: the CTX-M enzymes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(1): 1-14. doi:10.1128/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004. PMID:14693512.
    • (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-14
    • Bonnet, R.1
  • 4
    • 0003746381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
    • Antimicrobial drugs, Boothe. Elsevier, Philadelphia, USA
    • Boothe, D.M. Antimicrobial drugs. 2012. In Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. Edited by D.M. Boothe. Elsevier, Philadelphia, USA. pp. 190-270.
    • (2012) Edited by D. M , pp. 190-270
    • Boothe, D.M.1
  • 5
    • 34547828223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in ESBL-producing enterobacterial isolates
    • doi:10.1093/jac/ dkm204. PMID:17561500
    • Cattoir, V., Poirel, L., Rotimi, V., Soussy, C.J., and Nordmann, P. 2007. Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in ESBL-producing enterobacterial isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(2): 394-397. doi:10.1093/jac/ dkm204. PMID:17561500.
    • (2007) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 394-397
    • Cattoir, V.1    Poirel, L.2    Rotimi, V.3    Soussy, C.J.4    Nordmann, P.5
  • 6
    • 84993953359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics mediated by β-lactamases: Structure, mechanism, and evolution
    • Edited by R.G. Wax, K. Lewis, A.A. Salyers, and H. Taber. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA
    • Cha, J., Kotra, L.P., and Mobashery, S. 2008. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics mediated by β-lactamases: structure, mechanism, and evolution. In Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. Edited by R.G. Wax, K. Lewis, A.A. Salyers, and H. Taber. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA. pp. 103-132.
    • (2008) In Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials , pp. 103-132
    • Cha, J.1    Kotra, L.P.2    Mobashery, S.3
  • 7
    • 8544271309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
    • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI document M100-S18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa., USA
    • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 16th Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa., USA.
    • (2008) 16th Informational Supplement
  • 8
    • 8844232644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of CTX-M-1 and TEM-52 β-lactamases in Escherichia coli strains from healthy pets in Portugal
    • doi:10.1093/jac/dkh444. PMID:15472002
    • Costa, D., Poeta, P., Briñas, L., Sáenz, Y., Rodrigues, J., and Torres, C. 2004. Detection of CTX-M-1 and TEM-52 β-lactamases in Escherichia coli strains from healthy pets in Portugal. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54(5): 960-961. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh444. PMID:15472002.
    • (2004) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 960-961
    • Costa, D.1    Poeta, P.2    Briñas, L.3    Sáenz, Y.4    Rodrigues, J.5    Torres, C.6
  • 10
    • 0038639673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mutant selection window and antimicrobial resistance
    • doi:10.1093/ jac/dkg269. PMID:12805267
    • Drlica, K. 2003. The mutant selection window and antimicrobial resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52(1): 11-17. doi:10.1093/ jac/dkg269. PMID:12805267.
    • (2003) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-17
    • Drlica, K.1
  • 11
    • 0345306192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of CTX-M extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian hospitals
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.47.12.3724-3732.2003. PMID:14638473
    • Edelstein, M., Pimkin, M., Palagin, I., Edelstein, I., and Stratchounski, L. 2003. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of CTX-M extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(12): 3724-3732. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.12.3724-3732.2003. PMID:14638473.
    • (2003) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.47 , Issue.12 , pp. 3724-3732
    • Edelstein, M.1    Pimkin, M.2    Palagin, I.3    Edelstein, I.4    Stratchounski, L.5
  • 12
    • 33746051315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica
    • doi:10.1086/505397. PMID:16804843
    • Gay, K., Robicsek, A., Strahilevitz, J., Park, C.H., Jacoby, G., Barrett, T.J., et al. 2006. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(3): 297-304. doi:10.1086/505397. PMID:16804843.
    • (2006) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 297-304
    • Gay, K.1    Robicsek, A.2    Strahilevitz, J.3    Park, C.H.4    Jacoby, G.5    Barrett, T.J.6
  • 13
    • 51549115638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AcrS/EnvR represses expression of the acrAB multidrug efflux genes in Escherichia coli
    • doi:10.1128/JB.00190-08. PMID:18567659
    • Hirakawa, H., Takumi-Kobayashi, A., Theisen, U., Hirata, T., Nishino, K., and Yamaguchi, A. 2008. AcrS/EnvR represses expression of the acrAB multidrug efflux genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 190(18): 6276-6279. doi:10.1128/JB.00190-08. PMID:18567659.
    • (2008) J. Bacteriol. , vol.190 , Issue.18 , pp. 6276-6279
    • Hirakawa, H.1    Takumi-Kobayashi, A.2    Theisen, U.3    Hirata, T.4    Nishino, K.5    Yamaguchi, A.6
  • 14
    • 0033081949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance
    • doi:10.1054/drup.1998.0068. PMID: 11504468
    • Hooper, D.C. 1999. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance. Drug Resist. Updat. 2(1): 38-55. doi:10.1054/drup.1998.0068. PMID: 11504468.
    • (1999) Drug Resist. Updat. , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-55
    • Hooper, D.C.1
  • 15
    • 33845412093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-Lactam resistance in the 21st century
    • Lavy. Edited by D.G. White, M.N. Alekshun, P.F. McDermott, and S.B. Levy. ASM Press, Herndon, Va., USA
    • Jacoby, G., and Bush, K. 2005. β-Lactam resistance in the 21st century. In Frontiers in antimicrobial resistance: a tribute to Stuart B. Lavy. Edited by D.G. White, M.N. Alekshun, P.F. McDermott, and S.B. Levy. ASM Press, Herndon, Va., USA. pp. 53-65.
    • (2005) In Frontiers in antimicrobial resistance: A tribute to Stuart B , pp. 53-65
    • Jacoby, G.1    Bush, K.2
  • 16
    • 0035028431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced expression of the multidrug efflux pumps AcrAB and AcrEF associated with insertion element transposition in Escherichia coli mutants selected with a fluoroquinolone
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.45.5.1467-1472.2001. PMID:11302812
    • Jellen-Ritter, A.S., and Kern, W.V. 2001. Enhanced expression of the multidrug efflux pumps AcrAB and AcrEF associated with insertion element transposition in Escherichia coli mutants selected with a fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(5): 1467-1472. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.5.1467-1472.2001. PMID:11302812.
    • (2001) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 1467-1472
    • Jellen-Ritter, A.S.1    Kern, W.V.2
  • 17
    • 33947187977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-Lactam resistance and β-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin
    • doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01. 015. PMID:17306475
    • Li, X.Z., Mehrotra, M., Ghimire, S., and Adewoye, L. 2007. β-Lactam resistance and β-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin. Vet. Microbiol. 121(3-4): 197-214. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01. 015. PMID:17306475.
    • (2007) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.121 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 197-214
    • Li, X.Z.1    Mehrotra, M.2    Ghimire, S.3    Adewoye, L.4
  • 18
    • 48749120335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coprevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QepA, Qnr, and AAC(6)-Ib-cr among 16S rRNA methylase RmtB producing Escherichia coli isolates from pigs
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.01686-07. PMID:18490500
    • Liu, J.-H., Deng, Y.-T., Zeng, Z.-L., Gao, J.-H., Chen, L., Arakawa, Y., and Chen, Z.-L. 2008. Coprevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QepA, Qnr, and AAC(6)-Ib-cr among 16S rRNA methylase RmtB producing Escherichia coli isolates from pigs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(8): 2992-2993. doi:10.1128/AAC.01686-07. PMID:18490500.
    • (2008) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.52 , Issue.8 , pp. 2992-2993
    • Liu, J.-H.1    Deng, Y.-T.2    Zeng, Z.-L.3    Gao, J.-H.4    Chen, L.5    Arakawa, Y.6    Chen, Z.-L.7
  • 19
    • 84869879369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms accounting for fluoroquinolone multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from companion animals
    • In press. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.019. PMID:22877517
    • Liu, X., Boothe, D.M., Thungrat, K., and Aly, Sh. 2012. Mechanisms accounting for fluoroquinolone multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from companion animals. Vet. Microbiol. In press. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.019. PMID:22877517.
    • (2012) Vet. Microbiol
    • Liu, X.1    Boothe, D.M.2    Thungrat, K.3    Aly, S.4
  • 20
    • 0030023489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The local repressor AcrR plays a modulating role in the regulation of acrAB genes of Escherichia coli by global stress signals
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.357881.x. PMID:8821940
    • Ma, D., Alberti, M., Lynch, C., Nikaido, H., and Hearst, J.E. 1996. The local repressor AcrR plays a modulating role in the regulation of acrAB genes of Escherichia coli by global stress signals. Mol. Microbiol. 19(1): 101-112. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.357881.x. PMID:8821940.
    • (1996) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 101-112
    • Ma, D.1    Alberti, M.2    Lynch, C.3    Nikaido, H.4    Hearst, J.E.5
  • 21
    • 0036016825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomics of the marA/soxS/rob regulon of Escherichia coli: Identification of directly activated promoters by application of molecular genetics and informatics to microarray data
    • doi:10.1046/ j.1365-2958.2002.02985.x. PMID:12067348
    • Martin, R.G., and Rosner, J.L. 2002. Genomics of the marA/soxS/rob regulon of Escherichia coli: identification of directly activated promoters by application of molecular genetics and informatics to microarray data. Mol. Microbiol. 44(6): 1611-1624. doi:10.1046/ j.1365-2958.2002.02985.x. PMID:12067348.
    • (2002) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 1611-1624
    • Martin, R.G.1    Rosner, J.L.2
  • 22
    • 0032515790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid
    • doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07322-4. PMID:9519952
    • Martínez-Martínez, L., Pascual, A., and Jacoby, G.A. 1998. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet, 351(9105): 797-799. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07322-4. PMID:9519952.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9105 , pp. 797-799
    • Martínez-Martínez, L.1    Pascual, A.2    Jacoby, G.A.3
  • 23
    • 0003785155 scopus 로고
    • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Woodbury, N.Y., USA
    • Miller, J.H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Woodbury, N.Y., USA.
    • (1972) Experiments in molecular genetics
    • Miller, J.H.1
  • 24
    • 33644649604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired antimicrobial resistance in the intestinal microbiota of diverse cat populations
    • doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.004. PMID:16330058
    • Moyaert, H., De Graef, E.M., Haesebrouck, F., and Decostere, A. 2006. Acquired antimicrobial resistance in the intestinal microbiota of diverse cat populations. Res. Vet. Sci. 81(1): 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.004. PMID:16330058.
    • (2006) Res. Vet. Sci. , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-7
    • Moyaert, H.1    de Graef, E.M.2    Haesebrouck, F.3    Decostere, A.4
  • 25
    • 33750597138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence in the United States of aac(6=)-Ib-cr encoding a ciprofloxacin-modifying enzyme
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.00915-06. PMID:16954321
    • Park, C.H., Robicsek, A., Jacoby, G.A., Sahm, D., and Hooper, D.C. 2006. Prevalence in the United States of aac(6=)-Ib-cr encoding a ciprofloxacin-modifying enzyme. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(11): 3953-3955. doi:10.1128/AAC.00915-06. PMID:16954321.
    • (2006) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.50 , Issue.11 , pp. 3953-3955
    • Park, C.H.1    Robicsek, A.2    Jacoby, G.A.3    Sahm, D.4    Hooper, D.C.5
  • 26
    • 37249087837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic support of extendedspectrum β-lactamases
    • doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01865.x. PMID:18154530
    • Poirel, L., Naas, T., and Nordmann, P. 2008. Genetic support of extendedspectrum β-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(Suppl. 1): 75-81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01865.x. PMID:18154530.
    • (2008) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 75-81
    • Poirel, L.1    Naas, T.2    Nordmann, P.3
  • 27
    • 0033836084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gramnegative bacteria
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.44.9.2233-2241.2000. PMID:10952561
    • Poole, K. 2000. Efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gramnegative bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(9): 2233-2241. doi:10.1128/AAC.44.9.2233-2241.2000. PMID:10952561.
    • (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.44 , Issue.9 , pp. 2233-2241
    • Poole, K.1
  • 29
    • 33746932128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • qnr prevalence in ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the United States
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.01647-05. PMID: 16870791
    • Robicsek, A., Strahilevitz, J., Sahm, D.F., Jacoby, G.A., and Hooper, D.C. 2006. qnr prevalence in ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(8): 2872-2874. doi:10.1128/AAC.01647-05. PMID: 16870791.
    • (2006) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.50 , Issue.8 , pp. 2872-2874
    • Robicsek, A.1    Strahilevitz, J.2    Sahm, D.F.3    Jacoby, G.A.4    Hooper, D.C.5
  • 30
    • 70349895029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of fluoroquinolone resistance level in clinical canine and feline Escherichia coli pathogens using rapid real-time PCR assay
    • doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.05.016. PMID:19596530
    • Shaheen, B.W., Wang, C., Johnson, C.M., Kaltenboeck, B., and Boothe, D.M. 2009. Detection of fluoroquinolone resistance level in clinical canine and feline Escherichia coli pathogens using rapid real-time PCR assay. Vet. Microbiol. 139(3-4): 379-385. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.05.016. PMID:19596530.
    • (2009) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.139 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 379-385
    • Shaheen, B.W.1    Wang, C.2    Johnson, C.M.3    Kaltenboeck, B.4    Boothe, D.M.5
  • 31
    • 0342467839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to antibiotics in the normal flora of animals
    • doi:10.1051/ vetres:2001121. PMID:11432415
    • Sørum, H., and Sunde, M. 2001. Resistance to antibiotics in the normal flora of animals. Vet. Res. 32(3-4): 227-241. doi:10.1051/ vetres:2001121. PMID:11432415.
    • (2001) Vet. Res. , vol.32 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 227-241
    • Sørum, H.1    Sunde, M.2
  • 32
    • 78751683371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of multidrug efflux pump genes acrAB-TolC, mdfA and norE in Escherichia coli clinical isolates as a function of fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.00996-10. PMID: 21098250
    • Swick, M.C., Morgan-Linnell, S.K., Carlson, K.M., and Zechiedrich, L. 2011. Expression of multidrug efflux pump genes acrAB-TolC, mdfA and norE in Escherichia coli clinical isolates as a function of fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(2): 921-924. doi:10.1128/AAC.00996-10. PMID: 21098250.
    • (2011) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 921-924
    • Swick, M.C.1    Morgan-Linnell, S.K.2    Carlson, K.M.3    Zechiedrich, L.4
  • 33
    • 0038312025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China
    • doi:10.1128/ AAC.47.7.2242-2248.2003. PMID:12821475
    • Wang, M., Tran, J.H., Jacoby, G.A., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., and Hooper, D.C. 2003. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(7): 2242-2248. doi:10.1128/ AAC.47.7.2242-2248.2003. PMID:12821475.
    • (2003) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.47 , Issue.7 , pp. 2242-2248
    • Wang, M.1    Tran, J.H.2    Jacoby, G.A.3    Zhang, Y.4    Wang, F.5    Hooper, D.C.6
  • 34
    • 0034960154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli
    • doi:10.1051/vetres: 2001124. PMID:11432418
    • Webber, M., and Piddock, L.J.V. 2001. Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Vet. Res. 32(3-4): 275-284. doi:10.1051/vetres: 2001124. PMID:11432418.
    • (2001) Vet. Res. , vol.32 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 275-284
    • Webber, M.1    Piddock, L.J.V.2
  • 35
    • 42049086071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated qepA gene among Escherichia coli clinical isolates from Japan
    • doi:10.1128/AAC.01137-07. PMID:18285488
    • Yamane, K., Wachino, J., Suzuki, S., and Arakawa, Y. 2008. Plasmid-mediated qepA gene among Escherichia coli clinical isolates from Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(4): 1564-1566. doi:10.1128/AAC.01137-07. PMID:18285488.
    • (2008) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 1564-1566
    • Yamane, K.1    Wachino, J.2    Suzuki, S.3    Arakawa, Y.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.