Cardiovascular disease risk in the offspring of diabetic women: The impact of the intrauterine environment

Experimental Diabetes Research

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Marco, Laura J ^a   McCloskey, Kate ^b,c   Vuillermin, Peter J ^b,c,d   Burgner, David ^b,d   Said, Joanne ^a,d   Ponsonby, Anne Louise ^b,d  

^a ROYAL WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c Child Health Research Unit   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EYE PHOTOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; REVIEW; VASCULARIZATION; ANIMAL; BLOOD; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MALE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; RISK;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETES, GESTATIONAL; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MALE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS; RISK;

EID: 84869031299     PISSN: 16875214     EISSN: 16875303     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/565160     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Freinkel N., Of pregnancy and progeny. Diabetes 1980 29 12 1023 1035 2-s2.0-0019241940 (Pubitemid 11017928)
2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010 33 supplement 1 S62 S69 10.2337/dc10-S062
3. AEP Limited, The shifting burden of cardiovascular disease in Australia. 2005
4. Holman R. L., Atherosclerosisa pediatric nutrition problem? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1961 9 565 569
5. Nakashima Y., Chen Y. X., Kinukawa N., Sueishi K., Distributions of diffuse intimal thickening in human arteries: preferential expression in atherosclerosis-prone arteries from an early age. Virchows Archiv 2002 441 3 279 288 2-s2.0-0036379214 10.1007/s00428-002-0605-1
6. McGill H. C., McMahan C. A., Zieske A. W., Sloop G. D., Walcott J. V., Troxclair D. A., Malcom G. T., Tracy R. E., Oalmann M. C., Strong J. P., Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2000 20 8 1998 2004 2-s2.0-0033898153 (Pubitemid 30644650)
7. Berenson G. S., Srinivasan S. R., Bao W., Newman W. P., Tracy R. E., Wattigney W. A., Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. New England Journal of Medicine 1998 338 23 1650 1656 2-s2.0-0032482329 10.1056/NEJM199806043382302 (Pubitemid 28267909)
8. Catalano P. M., Kirwan J. P., Haugel-De Mouzon S., King J., Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: role in short- and long-term implications for mother and fetus. Journal of Nutrition 2003 133 5, supplement 2 1674S 1683S 2-s2.0-0038561127 (Pubitemid 36548675)
9. McFarland M. B., Trylovich C. G., Langer O., Anthropometric differences in macrosomic infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 1998 7 6 292 295 2-s2.0-0031735178
10. Akcakus M., Koklu E., Baykan A., Yikilmaz A., Coskun A., Gunes T., Kurtoglu S., Narin N., Macrosomic newborns of diabetic mothers are associated with increased aortic intima-media thickness and lipid concentrations. Hormone Research 2007 67 6 277 283 2-s2.0-34248198912 10.1159/000098157 (Pubitemid 46710977)
11. Merzouk H., Madani S., Prost J., Loukidi B., Meghelli-Bouchenak M., Belleville J., Changes in serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and compositions at birth and after 1 month of life in macrosomic infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. European Journal of Pediatrics 1999 158 9 750 756 2-s2.0-0032775940 10.1007/s004310051194 (Pubitemid 29390117)
12. Pettitt D. J., Aleck K. A., Baird H. R., Carraher M. J., Bennett P. H., Knowler W. C., Congenital susceptibility to NIDDM. Role of intrauterine environment. Diabetes 1988 37 5 622 628 2-s2.0-0023929665
13. Petitt D. J., Baird H. B., Aleck K. A., Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 1983 308 5 242 245 2-s2.0-0020658546 (Pubitemid 13174354)
14. Boney C. M., Verma A., Tucker R., Vohr B. R., Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005 115 3 e290 e296 2-s2.0-20344382306 10.1542/peds.2004-1808 (Pubitemid 43373011)
15. Cho N. H., Silverman B. L., Rizzo T. A., Metzger B. E., Correlations between the intrauterine metabolic environment and blood pressure in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Journal of Pediatrics 2000 136 5 587 592 2-s2.0-0034081611 (Pubitemid 30318386)
16. Dabelea D., Hanson R. L., Lindsay R. S., Pettitt D. J., Imperatore G., Gabir M. M., Roumain J., Bennett P. H., Knowler W. C., Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships. Diabetes 2000 49 12 2208 2211 2-s2.0-0033645241
17. Lawlor D. A., Lichtenstein P., Långström N., Association of maternal diabetes mellitus in pregnancy with offspring adiposity into early adulthood: sibling study in a prospective cohort of 280 866 men from 248 293 families. Circulation 2011 123 3 258 265 2-s2.0-79251575927 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.980169
18. Patel S., Fraser A., Smith G. D., Associations of gestational diabetes, existing diabetes, and glycosuria with offspring obesity and cardiometabolic outcomes. Diabetes Care 2012 35 1 63 71 10.2337/dc11-1633
19. Philipps L. H., Santhakumaran S., Gale C., Prior E., Logan K. M., Hyde M. J., Modi N., The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2011 54 8 1957 1966 2-s2.0-79960902531 10.1007/s00125-011-2180-y
20. Kalkhoff R. K., Impact of maternal fuels and nutritional state on fetal growth. Diabetes 1991 40 supplement 2 61 65 2-s2.0-0026347034
21. Bruning J. C., Gautam D., Burks D. J., Gillette J., Schubert M., Orban P. C., Klein R., Krone W., Muller-Wieland D., Kahn C. R., Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science 2000 289 5487 2122 2125 2-s2.0-0034703229 10.1126/science.289.5487.2122
22. Plagemann A., Harder T., Rake A., Melchior K., Rittel F., Rohde W., Dörner G., Hypothalamic insulin and neuropeptide Y in the offspring of gestational diabetic mother rats. NeuroReport 1998 9 18 4069 4073 2-s2.0-0032556676 (Pubitemid 29030690)
23. Dorner G., Plagemann A., Ruckert J., Gotz F., Rohde W., Stahl F., Kurschner U., Gottschalk J., Mohnike A., Steindel E., Teratogenetic maternofoetal transmission and prevention of diabetes susceptibility. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology 1988 91 3 247 258 2-s2.0-0023753228
24. Plagemann A., Harder T., Melchior K., Rake A., Rohde W., Dörner G., Elevation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-neurons in adult offspring of diabetic mother rats. NeuroReport 1999 10 15 3211 3216 2-s2.0-0032724718 (Pubitemid 29498423)
25. Pavlinkova G., Michael J. M., Kappen C., Maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo. BMC Genomics 2009 10 article 274 2-s2.0-67949097345 10.1186/1471-2164-10-274
26. Morgan S. C., Lee H. Y., Relaix F., Sandell L. L., Levorse J. M., Loeken M. R., Cardiac outflow tract septation failure in Pax3-deficient embryos is due to p53-dependent regulation of migrating cardiac neural crest. Mechanisms of Development 2008 125 9-10 757 767 2-s2.0-51149095224 10.1016/j.mod.2008.07.003
27. Morgan S. C., Relaix F., Sandell L. L., Loeken M. R., Oxidative stress during diabetic pregnancy disrupts cardiac neural crest migration and causes outflow tract defects. Birth Defects Research Part A 2008 82 6 453 463 2-s2.0-46449085297 10.1002/bdra.20457 (Pubitemid 351928450)
28. El-Osta A., Brasacchio D., Yao D., Pocai A., Jones P. L., Roeder R. G., Cooper M. E., Brownlee M., Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008 205 10 2409 2417 2-s2.0-64549158030 10.1084/jem.20081188
29. Thurberg B. L., Collins T., The nuclear factor- κ B/inhibitor of kappa B autoregulatory system and atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Lipidology 1998 9 5 387 396 2-s2.0-0031758996 10.1097/00041433-199810000-00002 (Pubitemid 28495547)
30. Gallou-Kabani C., Junien C., Nutritional epigenomics of metabolic syndrome new perspective against the epidemic. Diabetes 2005 54 7 1899 1906 2-s2.0-21344442830 10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1899 (Pubitemid 40911250)
31. Skilton M. R., Evans N., Griffiths K. A., Harmer J. A., Celermajer D. S., Aortic wall thickness in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction. Lancet 2005 365 9469 1484 1486 2-s2.0-17844405564 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66419-7 (Pubitemid 40591694)
32. Knowler W. C., Bennett P. H., Hammam R. F., Miller M., Diabetes incidence and prevalence in Pima Indians: a 19-fold greater incidence than in Rochester, Minnesota. American Journal of Epidemiology 1978 108 6 497 505 2-s2.0-0018223157 (Pubitemid 9147733)
33. Cleeman J. I., Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 285 19 2486 2497 2-s2.0-0035897696 (Pubitemid 32433843)
34. Torloni M. R., Betrán A. P., Horta B. L., Nakamura M. U., Atallah A. N., Moron A. F., Valente O., Prepregnancy BMI and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2009 10 2 194 203 2-s2.0-68849104768 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00541.x
35. Whitaker R. C., Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 2004 114 1 e29 36 2-s2.0-4644310528
36. O'Rahilly S., Burnett M. A., Smith R. F., Haemolysis affects insulin but not C-peptide immunoassay. Diabetologia 1987 30 6 394 396 2-s2.0-0023183387 (Pubitemid 17094610)
37. Asmussen I., Ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries. Studies on arteries from newborn children delivered by nonsmoking, White group D, diabetic mothers. Circulation Research 1980 47 4 620 626 2-s2.0-0018950168 (Pubitemid 10009680)
38. Touboul P. J., Hennerici M. G., Meairs S., Adams H., Amarenco P., Bornstein N., Csiba L., Desvarieux M., Ebrahim S., Fatar M., Hernandez Hernandez R., Jaff M., Kownator S., Prati P., Rundek T., Sitzer M., Schminke U., Tardif J. C., Taylor A., Vicaut E., Woo K. S., Zannad F., Zureik M., Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (20042006): an update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007 23 1 75 80 2-s2.0-33846269659 10.1159/000097034 (Pubitemid 46112808)
39. Pignoli P., Tremoli E., Poli A., Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986 74 6 1399 1406 2-s2.0-0023002525 (Pubitemid 17189260)
40. Coskun U., Yildiz A., Esen O. B., Baskurt M., Cakar M. A., Kilickesmez K. O., Orhan L. A., Yildiz S., Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and coronary angiographic findings: a prospective study. Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2009 7 1, article 59 2-s2.0-76149144379 10.1186/1476-7120-7-59
41. Lorenz M. W., Markus H. S., Bots M. L., Rosvall M., Sitzer M., Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007 115 4 459 467 2-s2.0-33846609195 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875 (Pubitemid 46184197)
42. Espeland M. A., O'Leary D. H., Terry J. G., Morgan T., Evans G., Mudra H., Carotid intimal-media thickness as a surrogate for cardiovascular disease events in trials of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine 2005 6 article 3 2-s2.0-27544472697 10.1186/1468-6708-6- 3 (Pubitemid 41535319)
43. Pitt B., Byington R. P., Furberg C. D., Hunninghake D. B., Mancini G. B. J., Miller M. E., Riley W., Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. Circulation 2000 102 13 1503 1510 2-s2.0-0034718574
44. Zanchetti A., Bond M. G., Hennig M., Neiss A., Mancia G., Dal Palù C., Hansson L., Magnani B., Rahn K. H., Reid J. L., Rodicio J., Safar M., Eckes L., Rizzini P., Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation 2002 106 19 2422 2427 2-s2.0-0037027501 10.1161/01.CIR.0000039288.86470.DD (Pubitemid 35278796)
45. Woo K. S., Chook P., Yu C. W., Sung R. Y. T., Qiao M., Leung S. S. F., Lam C. W. K., Metreweli C., Celermajer D. S., Overweight in children is associated with arterial endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickening. International Journal of Obesity 2004 28 7 852 857 2-s2.0-3442880238 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802539 (Pubitemid 39005685)
46. Tonstad S., Joakimsen O., Stensland-Bugge E., Leren T. P., Ose L., Russell D., Bonaa K. H., Risk factors related to carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and control subjects. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1996 16 8 984 991 2-s2.0-0029791893 (Pubitemid 26266897)
47. Noto N., Okada T., Yamasuge M., Taniguchi K., Karasawa K., Ayusawa M., Sumitomo N., Harada K., Noninvasive assessment of the early progression of atherosclerosis in adolescents with kawasaki disease and coronary artery lesions. Pediatrics 2001 107 5 1095 1099 2-s2.0-0035021754 10.1542/peds.107.5. 1095 (Pubitemid 32440617)
48. Lande M. B., Carson N. L., Roy J., Meagher C. C., Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima media thickness: a matched controlled study. Hypertension 2006 48 1 40 44 2-s2.0-33745991122 10.1161/01.HYP. 0000227029.10536.e8 (Pubitemid 44297522)
49. Wiegman A., Hutten B. A., De Groot E., Rodenburg J., Bakker H. D., Büller H. R., Sijbrands E. J. G., Kastelein J. J. P., Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 292 3 331 337 2-s2.0-3142717531 10.1001/jama.292.3.331 (Pubitemid 38944256)
50. Urbina E. M., Williams R. V., Alpert B. S., Collins R. T., Daniels S. R., Hayman L., Jacobson M., Mahoney L., Mietus-Snyder M., Rocchini A., Steinberger J., McCrindle B., Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension 2009 54 5 919 950 2-s2.0-77955962944 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109. 192639
51. Pauciullo P., Iannuzzi A., Sartorio R., Irace C., Covetti G., Di Costanzo A., Rubba P., Increased intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in hypercholesterolemic children. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1994 14 7 1075 1079 2-s2.0-0028260375
52. Dawson J. D., Sonka M., Blecha M. B., Lin W., Davis P. H., Risk factors associated with aortic and carotid intima-media thickness in adolescents and young adults: the Muscatine Offspring Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009 53 24 2273 2279 2-s2.0-67649909241
53. Koklu E., Kurtoglu S., Akcakus M., Koklu S., Buyukkayhan D., Gumus H., Yikilmaz A., Increased aortic intima-media thickness is related to lipid profile in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction. Hormone Research 2006 65 6 269 275 2-s2.0-33745056555 10.1159/000092536 (Pubitemid 43876729)
54. Gunes T., Koklu E., Yikilmaz A., Ozturk M. A., Akcakus M., Kurtoglu S., Coskun A., Koklu S., Influence of maternal smoking on neonatal aortic intima-media thickness, serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels. European Journal of Pediatrics 2007 166 10 1039 1044 2-s2.0-34548148429 10.1007/s00431-006-0376-9 (Pubitemid 47313068)
55. Järvisalo M. J., Jartti L., Näntö-Salonen K., Irjala K., Rönnemaa T., Hartiala J. J., Celermajer D. S., Raitakari O. T., Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation 2001 104 24 2943 2947 2-s2.0-0035846615 (Pubitemid 33139107)
56. Koklu E., Akcakus M., Kurtoglu S., Koklu S., Yikilmaz A., Coskun A., Gunes T., Aortic intima-media thickness and lipid profile in macrosomic newborns. European Journal of Pediatrics 2007 166 4 333 338 2-s2.0-33847107081 10.1007/s00431-006-0243-8 (Pubitemid 46295090)
57. Liew G., Wang J. J., Mitchell P., Wong T. Y., Retinal vascular imaging: a new tool in microvascular disease research. Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging 2008 1 2 156 161 2-s2.0-65449126421 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.784876
58. Tedeschi-Reiner E., Strozzi M., Skoric B., Reiner Z., Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 2005 96 8 1107 1109 2-s2.0-26244459123 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.070 (Pubitemid 41416603)
59. Wang J. J., Liew G., Klein R., Rochtchina E., Knudtson M. D., Klein B. E. K., Wong T. Y., Burlutsky G., Mitchell P., Retinal vessel diameter and cardiovascular mortality: pooled data analysis from two older populations. European Heart Journal 2007 28 16 1984 1992 2-s2.0-35348859081 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm221 (Pubitemid 47579543)
60. Bronson-Castain K. W., Bearse M. A., Neuville J., Jonasdottir S., King-Hooper B., Barez S., Schneck M. E., Adams A. J., Adolescents with type 2 diabetes: early indications of focal retinal neuropathy, retinal thinning, and venular dilation. Retina 2009 29 5 618 626 2-s2.0-66349116250 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31819a988b
61. Cheung N., Saw S. M., Islam F. M. A., Rogers S. L., Shankar A., De Haseth K., Mitchell P., Wong T. Y., BMI and retinal vascular caliber in children. Obesity 2007 15 1 209 215 2-s2.0-33846883513 10.1038/oby.2007.576 (Pubitemid 46219801)
62. Li L. J., Cheung C. Y. L., Liu Y., Chia A., Selvaraj P., Lin X. Y., Chan Y. M., Varma R., Mitchell P., Wong T. Y., Saw S. M., Influence of blood pressure on retinal vascular caliber in young children. Ophthalmology 2011 118 7 1459 1465 2-s2.0-79959948769 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.12.007
63. Dhaliwal C. A., Wright E., McIntosh N., Dhaliwal K., Fleck B. W., Pain in neonates during screening for retinopathy of prematurity using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and wide-field digital retinal imaging: a randomised comparison. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2010 95 2 F146 F148 2-s2.0-77949783618 10.1136/adc.2009.168971
64. Abu-Sulaiman R. M., Subaih B., Congenital heart disease in infants of diabetic mothers: echocardiographic study. Pediatric Cardiology 2004 25 2 137 140 2-s2.0-1342287067 10.1007/s00246-003-0538-8 (Pubitemid 38264057)
65. Oberhoffer R., Högel J., Stoz F., Kohne E., Lang D., Cardiac and extracardiac complications in infants of diabetic mothers and their relation to parameters of carbohydrate metaholism. European Journal of Pediatrics 1997 156 4 262 265 2-s2.0-0030975986 10.1007/s004310050596 (Pubitemid 27142143)
66. Rijpert M., Breur J. M. P. J., Evers I. M., Cardiac function in 7-8-year-old offspring of women with type 1 diabetes. Experimental Diabetes Research 2011 2011 7 564316 10.1155/2011/564316
67. Beyerlein A., Nehring I., Rosario A. S., von Kries R., Gestational diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in the offspring: results from a cross-sectional study. Diabetic Medicine 2012 29 3 378 384 2-s2.0-84857296746 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03454.x
68. Bacharova L., Krivosikova Z., Wsolova L., Gajdos M., Alterations in the QRS complex in the offspring of patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus: early evidence of cardiovascular pathology. Journal of Electrocardiology 2012 45 3 244 251 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.02.004
69. Yli B. M., Kallen K., Stray-Pedersen B., Amer-Wohlin I., Intrapartum fetal ECG and diabetes. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2008 21 4 231 238 10.1080/14767050801924431 (Pubitemid 351364239)
70. Ishizu T., Ishimitsu T., Yanagi H., Seo Y., Obara K., Morayama N., Watanabe S., Yamaguchi I., Effect of age on carotid arterial intima-media thickness in childhood. Heart and Vessels 2004 19 4 189 195 2-s2.0-4344690964 (Pubitemid 39157326)
71. Tarim E., Yigit F., Kilicdag E., Bagis T., Demircan S., Simsek E., Haydardedeoglu B., Yanik F., Early onset of subclinical atherosclerosis in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006 27 2 177 182 2-s2.0-33646697955 10.1002/uog.2687 (Pubitemid 43733734)
72. Ku Y. H., Choi S. H., Lim S., Cho Y. M., Park Y. J., Park K. S., Kim S. Y., Jang H. C., Carotid intimal-medial thickness is not increased in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal 2011 35 5 497 503 2-s2.0-84864800900 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.497
73. Tam W. H., Ma R. C. W., Yip G. W. K., Yang X., Li A. M., Ko G. T. C., Lao T. T. H., Chan J. C. N., The association between in utero hyperinsulinemia and adolescent arterial stiffness. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2012 95 1 169 175 2-s2.0-84355161609 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.017
74. Hannemann M. M., Liddell W. G., Shore A. C., Clark P. M., Tooke J. E., Vascular function in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Vascular Research 2002 39 4 311 319 2-s2.0-0036373620 10.1159/000065543 (Pubitemid 34983862)
75. Moerland M., Kales A. J., Schrier L., van Dongen M. G. J., Bradnock D., Burggraaf J., Evaluation of the endoPAT as a tool to assess endothelial function. International Journal of Vascular Medicine 2012 2012 8 904141 10.1155/2012/90414
76. Giunti S., Bruno G., Lillaz E., Gruden G., Lolli V., Chaturvedi N., Fuller J. H., Veglio M., Cavallo-Perin P., Fuller J. H., Karamanos B., Sjolie A. K., Chaturvedi N., Toeller M., Pozza G., Ferriss B., Porta M., Rottiers R., Michel G., Incidence and risk factors of prolonged QTc interval in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB prospective complications study. Diabetes Care 2007 30 8 2057 2063 2-s2.0-34547683963 10.2337/dc07-0063 (Pubitemid 47219420)
77. Schouten E. G., Dekker J. M., Meppelink P., Kok F. J., Vandenbroucke J. P., Pool J., QT interval prolongation predicts cardiovascular mortality in an apparently healthy population. Circulation 1991 84 4 1516 1523 2-s2.0-0025990396
78. Nygren A., Olson M. L., Chen K. Y., Emmett T., Kargacin G., Shimoni Y., Propagation of the cardiac impulse in the diabetic rat heart: reduced conduction reserve. Journal of Physiology 2007 580 2 543 560 2-s2.0-34147166146 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.123729 (Pubitemid 46564181)
79. De Mello W. C., Impaired cell communication in the diabetic heart. The role of the renin angiotensin system. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2007 296 1-2 53 58 2-s2.0-34447526640 10.1007/s11010-006-9297-1
80. Laitinen T., Lyyra-Laitinen T., Huopio H., Vauhkonen I., Halonen T., Hartikainen J., Niskanen L., Laakso M., Electrocardiographic alterations during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in healthy subjects. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 2008 13 2 97 105 2-s2.0-42449091127 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2008. 00208.x (Pubitemid 351569501)
81. Stern S., Sclarowsky S., The ecg in diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2009 120 16 1633 1636 2-s2.0-70350224125 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.897496