Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, revealed through multibeam sonar mapping of glacial landsystems

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 58, Issue , 2012, Pages 83-103

  Todd, Brian J ^a   Shaw, John ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bay of Fundy; Canada; Glacial landsystem; Laurentide Ice Sheet; Multibeam sonar

Indexed keywords

BAY OF FUNDY; CANADA; GLACIAL LANDSYSTEM; LAURENTIDE ICE SHEETS; MULTIBEAM SONAR;

GEOMORPHOLOGY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; GLACIERS; LANDFORMS; SEA ICE; SEDIMENTS; SONAR;

SEDIMENTOLOGY;

BEDROCK; EROSION; ESKER; GEOPHYSICAL METHOD; GLACIAL LANDFORM; GLACIER DYNAMICS; GLACIER RETREAT; GLACIOMARINE DEPOSIT; ICE MARGIN; LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET; MELTWATER; MORAINE; MULTIBEAM SONAR; SAMPLING; VELOCITY PROFILE; WISCONSINAN;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; BAY OF FUNDY; CANADA;

EID: 84868631134     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.016     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Aartolahti T., Koivisto M., Nenonen K. De Geer moraines in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 1995, 20:67-74.
2. Alley R.B., Bindschadler R.A. The west Antarctic ice sheet and sea-level change. American Geophysical Union Antarctic Research Series 2001, vol. 77:1-11. R.B. Alley, R.A. Bindschadler (Eds.).
3. Amos C.L., Zaitlin B.A. The effect of changes in tidal range on a sublittoral macrotidal sequence, Bay of Fundy, Canada. Geo-marine Letters 1985, 4:161-169.
4. Amos C.L., Buckley D.E., Daborn G.R., Dalrymple R.W., McCann S.B., Risk M.J. Trip 23: Geomorphology and Sedimentology of the Bay of Fundy 1980, Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Field Trip Guidebook, Waterloo, Ontario, 82 pp.
5. Belderson R.H., Kenyon N.H., Wilson J.B. Iceberg plough marks in the northeast Atlantic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1973, 13:215-224.
6. Bellec V., Wilson M., Bøe R., Rise L., Thorsnes T., Buhl-Mortensen L., Buhl-Mortensen P. Bottom currents interpreted from iceberg ploughmarks revealed by multibeam data at Tromsøflaket, Barents Sea. Marine Geology 2008, 249:257-270.
7. Bennett M.R. Ice streams as the arteries of an ice sheet: their mechanics, stability and significance. Earth Science Reviews 2003, 61:309-339.
8. Bentley C.R. Antarctic ice streams: a review. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:8843-8858.
9. Bigg G.R., Wadley M.R., Stevens D.P., Johnson J.A. Prediction of iceberg trajectories for the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23(24):3587-3590. 10.1029/96GL03369.
10. Bishop R. Tides and the Earth-Moon system. Observer's Handbook 2009 2008, 183-187. Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Toronto, Ontario.
11. Blake W. Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates XXIII. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 83-7 1983, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 34 pp.
12. Blake W. Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates XXIV. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84-7 1984, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 35 pp.
13. Blake K.P. Common origin for De Geer moraines of variable composition in Raudvassdalen, northern Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science 2000, 15:633-644.
14. Borns H.W., Gadd N.R., LaSalle P., Martineau G., Chauvin L., Fullerton D.S., Fulton R.J., Chapman W.F., Wagner W.P., Grant D.R. Quaternary Geologic Map of the Quebec 4° by 6° Quadrangle, United States and Canada. Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series 1987, Map I-1420 (NL-19), Scale 1:1 000 000.
15. Boulton G.S. Push-moraines and glacier-contact fans in marine and terrestrial environments. Sedimentology 1986, 33:667-698.
16. Bradwell T., Stoker M.S., Larter R.D. Geomorphological signature and flow dynamics of the Minch palaeo-ice stream, NW Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 2007, 22:609-617.
17. Bradwell T., Stoker M., Krabbendam M. Megagrooves and streamlined bedrock in NW Scotland: the role of ice streams in landscape evolution. Geomorphology 2008, 97:135-156.
18. Canals M., Urgeles R., Calafat A.M. Deep sea-floor evidence of past ice streams off the Antarctic Peninsula. Geology 2000, 28:31-34.
19. Church I., Hughes Clarke J.E., Haigh S., Santos M., Lamplugh M., Griffin J., Parrott D.R. Using globally-corrected GPS solutions to assess the viability of hydrodynamic modeling in the Bay of Fundy. Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrographic Conference and National Surveyors Conference, Victoria, British Columbia, Paper 4-2 2008, 23.
20. Clark C.D., Stokes C.R. Palaeo-ice stream landsystem. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 204-227. Hodder Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
21. Clark C.D., Hughes A.L.C., Greenwood S.L., Spagnolo M., Ng F.S.L. Size and shape characteristics of drumlins, derived from a large sample, and associated scaling laws. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:677-692.
22. Clark C.D. Mega-scale glacial lineations and cross-cutting ice-flow landforms. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1993, 18:1-29.
23. Clark C.D. Large-scale ice-moulding: a discussion of genesis and glaciological significance. Sedimentary Geology 1994, 91:253-268.
24. Courtney R.C., Shaw J. Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter imaging on the Canadian continental shelf. Geoscience Canada 2000, 27:31-42.
25. De Geer G.F. Ändmoräner I trakten mellan Spanga och Sundbyberg. Geologiska Föreningens I Stockholm Förhandlingar 1889, 11:395-397.
26. De Geer G.F. Stockholmstraktens kvartärgeologi 1932, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ser. Ba 12, 89 pp.
27. De Geer G.F. Geochronologia Suecica Principles 1940, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Ser. III, 18, 367 pp.
28. Dorion C.C., Balco G.A., Kaplan M.R., Kreutz K.J., Wright J.D., Borns H.W. Stratigraphy, paleoceanography, chronology, and environment during deglaciation of eastern Maine. Geological Society of America Special Paper 351, Boulder, Colorado 2001, 215-242. T.K. Weddle, M.J. Retelle (Eds.).
29. Dowdeswell J.A., Villinger H., Whittington R.J., Marienfeld P. Iceberg scouring in Scoresby Sund and on the East Greenland continental shelf. Marine Geology 1993, 111:37-53.
30. Dowdeswell J.A., O'Cofaigh C., Pudsey C.J. Continental slope morphology and sedimentary processes at the mouth of an Antarctic palaeo-ice stream. Marine Geology 2004, 204:203-214. 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00338-4.
31. Dowdeswell J.A., Ottesen D., Rise L., Craig J. Identification and preservation of landforms diagnostic of past ice-sheet activity on continental shelves from three-dimensional seismic evidence. Geology 2007, 35:359-362.
32. Dowdeswell J.A., Ottesen D., Evans J., O'Cofaigh C., Anderson J.B. Submarine glacial landforms and rates of ice-stream collapse. Geology 2008, 36:819-822.
33. Dowdeswell J.A., Hogan K.A., Evans J., Noormets R., O'Cofaigh C., Ottesen D. Past ice-sheet flow east of Svalbard inferred from streamline subglacial landforms. Geology 2010, 38:163-166.
34. Dupont F., Hannah C.G., Greenberg D. Modelling the sea level of the upper Bay of Fundy. Atmosphere-Ocean 2005, 43:33-47.
35. Dyke A.S., Andrews J.T., Clark P.U., England J.H., Miller G.H., Shaw J., Veillette J.J. The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:9-31.
36. Evans D.J.A., Clark C.D., Rea B.R. Landform and sediment imprints of fast glacier flow in the southwest Laurentide Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 2008, 23:249-272. 10.1002/jqs.1141.
37. Evans D.J.A. Introduction to glacial landsystems. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 1-11. Hodder Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
38. Fader G.B., King L.H., MacLean B. Surficial Geology of the Eastern Gulf of Eastern Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy. Marine Sciences Paper 19, Geological Survey of Canada Paper 76-17 1977, Department of Fisheries and the Environment and Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Ontario, 23 pp., 1 Map, Scale 1:300 000.
39. Folk R.L. The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology 1954, 62:344-359.
40. Geirsdóttir Á., Miller G.H., Wattrus N.J., Björnsson H. Stabilization of glaciers terminating in closed water bodies: evidence and broader implications. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35:L17502. 10.1029/2008GL034432.
41. Godin G. Possibility of rapid changes in the tide of the Bay of Fundy, based on a scrutiny of the records from Saint John. Continental Shelf Research 1992, 12:327-338.
42. Grant D.R. Recent coastal submergence of the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1970, 7:676-689.
43. Grant D.R. Trip 9: Quaternary Stratigraphy of Southwestern Nova Scotia: Glacial Events and Sea Level Changes 1980, Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Field Trip Guidebook, Waterloo, Ontario, 63 pp.
44. Grant D.R. Quaternary geology of the Atlantic Appalachian region of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, No. 1 1989, 393-440. R.J. Fulton (Ed.).
45. Hickox C.F. Late Pleistocene ice cap centered on Nova Scotia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1962, 73:505-510.
46. Hughes Clarke J.E., Iwanowska K.K., Parrott D.R., Duffy G., Lamplugh M., Griffin J. Inter-calibrating multi-source, multi-platform backscatter data sets to assist in compiling regional sediment type maps: Bay of Fundy. Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrographic Conference and National Surveyors Conference, Victoria, British Columbia, Paper 8-2 2008, 22.
47. Hundert T., Piper D.J.W. Late Quaternary sedimentation on the south-western Scotian Slope, eastern Canada: relationship to glaciation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008, 45:267-285.
48. King L.H., Fader G.B.J. Wisconsinan Glaciation of the Atlantic Continental Shelf of Southeast Canada 1986, Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 363, Ottawa, Ontario, 72 pp.
49. King L.H., MacLean B., Drapeau G. The Scotian Shelf submarine end-moraine complex. Section 8, Marine Geology and Geophysics, 24th Session, International Geological Congress, Montreal, Québec 1972, 237-249. J.E. Gill (Ed.).
50. King E.C., Hindmarsh R.C.A., Stokes C.R. Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations observed beneath a West Antarctic ice stream. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2:585-588. 10.1038/ngeo581.
51. King L.H. Late Wisconsinan ice retreat from the Scotian Shelf. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1996, 108:1056-1067.
52. Kleman J., Hättestrand C., Stroeven A.P., Jansson K.N., De Angelis H., Borgström I. Reconstruction of palaeo-ice sheets - inversion of their glacial geomorphological record. Glacier Science and Environmental Change 2006, 192-198. Blackwell, Oxford. P.G. Knight (Ed.).
53. Larsen E., Longva O., Follestad B.A. Formation of De Geer moraines and implications for deglaciation dynamics. Journal of Quaternary Science 1991, 6:263-277.
54. Lindén M., Möller P. Marginal formation of De Geer moraines and their implication on the dynamics of grounding-line recession. Journal of Quaternary Science 2005, 20:113-133.
55. Loncarevic B.D., Courtney R.C., Fader G.B.J., Giles P.S., Piper D.J.W., Costello G., Hughes Clarke J.E., Stea R.R. Sonography of a glaciated continental shelf. Geology 1994, 22:747-750.
56. Lowden J.A., Blake W. Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates XIX. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 79-7, Energy 1979, Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 57 pp., and Index.
57. MacLean B., Blasco S., Bennett R., England J., Rainey W., Hughes Clarke J., Beaudoin J. Ice keel seabed features in marine channels of the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago: evidence for former ice streams and iceberg scouring. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:2280-2301. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.032.
58. McNeely R., Dyke A.S., Southon J.R. Canadian Marine Reservoir Ages, Preliminary Data Assessment 2006, Geological Survey of Canada Open File 5049, Ottawa, Ontario, 3 pp.
59. Menzies J., Rose J. Subglacial bedforms: an introduction. Sedimentary Geology 1989, 62:117-122.
60. Menzies J. A review of the literature on the formation and location of drumlins. Earth Science Reviews 1979, 14:315-359.
61. Nicks, L.P., 1988. The Study of the Glacial Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Sheldon Point Moraine, Saint John, New Brunswick. M.Sc. thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 171 pp.
62. O'Cofaigh C., Pudsey C.J., Dowdeswell J.A., Morris P. Evolution of subglacial bedforms along a paleo-ice stream, Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29:41-1-41-4. 10.1029/2001GL014488.
63. O'Cofaigh C., Evans D.J.A., Smith I.R. Large-scale reorganization and sedimentation of terrestrial ice streams during late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 2010, 122:743-756. 10.1130/B26476.1.
64. O'Reilly, C.T., Solvason, R., Solomon, C., 2005. Where are the World's largest tides? In: Ryan, J. (Ed.), 2004 in Review, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Annual Report, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Natural Resources Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, pp. 44-46.
65. Ottesen D., Dowdeswell J.A. Assemblages of submarine landforms produced by tidewater glaciers in Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:F01016. 10.1029/2005JF000.
66. Ottesen D., Dowdeswell J.A. An inter-ice-stream glaciated margin: submarine landforms and a geomorphic model based on marine-geophysical data from Svalbard. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 121:1647-1665.
67. Ottesen D., Dowdeswell J.A., Rise L. Submarine landforms and the reconstruction of fast-flowing ice streams within a large Quaternary ice sheet: the 2500-km-long Norwegian-Svalbard margin (57°-80°N). Geological Society of America Bulletin 2005, 117:1033-1050. 10.1130/B25577.1.
68. Ottesen D., Dowdeswell J.A., Landvik J., Mienert J. Dynamics and retreat of the Late Weichselian ice sheet on Svalbard inferred from high-resolution sea-floor morphology. Boreas 2007, 36:286-306.
69. Rignot E. Changes in ice dynamics and mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 2006, 364:1637-1655. 10.1098/rsta.2006.1793.
70. Rose J. Drumlins as part of a glacier bedform continuum. Drumlin Symposium 1987, 103-116. Balkema, Rotterdam. J. Menzies, J. Rose (Eds.).
71. Ross M., Campbell J.E., Parent M., Adams R.S. Palaeo-ice streams and the subglacial landscape mosaic of the North American mid-continental prairies. Boreas 2009, 38:421-439. 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00082.x.
72. Ross M., Lajeunesse P., Kosar K.G.A. The subglacial record of northern Hudson Bay: insights into the Hudson Strait Ice Stream catchment. Boreas 2011, 40:73-91. 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00176.x.
73. Schnitker D., Belknap D.F., Bacchus T.S., Friez J.K., Lusardi B.A., Popek D.M. Deglaciation of the Gulf of Maine. Geological Society of America Special Paper 351, Boulder, Colorado 2001, 9-34. T.K. Weddle, M.J. Retelle (Eds.).
74. Shaw J., Piper D.J.W., Fader G.B., King E.L., Todd B.J., Bell T., Batterson M.J., Liverman D.J.E. A conceptual model of the deglaciation of Atlantic Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2059-2081.
75. Shaw J., Amos C.L., Greenberg D.A., O'Reilly C.T., Parrott D.R., Patton E. Catastrophic tidal expansion in the Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2010, 47:1079-1091.
76. Sollid J.L. Comments on the genesis of De Geer moraines. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 1989, 43:45-47.
77. Stea R.R., Wightman D.M. Age of the Five Islands Formation, Nova Scotia, and the deglaciation of the Bay of Fundy. Quaternary Research 1987, 27:211-219.
78. Stea R.R., Piper D.J.W., Fader G.B.J., Boyd R. Wisconsinan glacial and sea-level history of Maritime Canada, a correlation of land and sea events. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1998, 110:821-845.
79. Stea R.R. The Appalachian glacier complex in Maritime Canada. Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology, Part II: North America 2004, 213-232. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. J. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
80. Stokes C.R., Clark C.D. Geomorphological criteria for identifying Pleistocene ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 1999, 28:67-74.
81. Stokes C.R., Clark C.D. Palaeo-ice streams. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1437-1457.
82. Stokes C.R., Clark C.D. Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow?. Boreas 2002, 31:239-249.
83. 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 1993, 35:215-230.
84. Sugden D.E., John B.S. Glaciers and Landscape: a Geomorphological Approach 1976, Edward Arnold, London, 376 pp.
85. Swift D.J.P., Borns H.W. A raised fluviomarine outwash terrace, north shore of the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia. Journal of Geology 1967, 75:693-710.
86. Swift D.J.P., Pelletier B.R., Lyall A.K., Miller J.A. Quaternary sedimentation in the Bay of Fundy. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 71-23, Ottawa, Ontario 1973, 113-151. P.J. Hood (Ed.).
87. Swithinbank C.W.M. Ice streams. Polar Record 1954, 7:185-186.
88. Syvitski J.P.M., Lewis C.F.M., Piper D.J.W. Palaeoceanographic information derived from acoustic surveys of glaciated continental margins: examples from eastern Canada. Geological Society Publication No. 111 1996, 51-76. J.T. Andrews, W.E.N. Austin, H. Bergsten, A.E. Jennings (Eds.).
89. Syvitski J.P.M. Towards an understanding of sediment deposition on glaciated continental shelves. Continental Shelf Research 1991, 11:897-937.
90. Thompson W.B., Borns H.W. Surficial Geologic Map of Maine 1985, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, scale 1:500 000.
91. Todd B.J., Shaw J. Applications of seafloor mapping on the Canadian Atlantic continental margin. Geoscience Canada 2009, 36:81-94.
92. Todd B.J., Lewis C.F.M., Ryall P.J.C. Comparison of trends of iceberg scour marks with iceberg trajectories and evidence of paleocurrent trends on Saglek Bank, northern Labrador Shelf. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1988, 25:1374-1383.
93. Todd B.J., Fader G.B., Courtney R.C., Pickrill R.A. Quaternary geology and surficial sediment processes, Browns Bank, Scotian Shelf, based on multibeam bathymetry. Marine Geology 1999, 162:165-214.
94. Todd B.J., Valentine P.C., Longva O., Shaw J. Glacial landforms on German Bank, Scotian Shelf: evidence for Late Wisconsinan ice-sheet dynamics and implications for the formation of De Geer moraines. Boreas 2007, 36:148-169.
95. Todd B.J., Brown O., Fromm S.A., Hayward S.E., Jerosch K., Kostylev V.E., Li M.Z., Manning D., Meslin P., Middleton G., Patton E., Pledge P.E., Robertson A., Shaw J., Spencer P.L., Standen G. Expedition Report CCGS Hudson 2009-039: Bay of Fundy. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 6684, Ottawa, Ontario 2010, 413 pp.
96. Todd B.J., Shaw J., Parrott D.R. Shaded Seafloor Relief, Bay of Fundy, Sheet 1, Offshore Nova Scotia-New Brunswick 2011, Geological Survey of Canada, " A" Series Map 2174A, Ottawa, Ontario, Scale 1:50,000. 10.4095/288678.
97. Todd B.J., Shaw J., Parrott D.R. Backscatter Strength and Shaded Seafloor Relief, Bay of Fundy, Sheet 1, Offshore Nova Scotia-New Brunswick 2011, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7024, Ottawa, Ontario, Scale 1:50,000. 10.4095/289508.
98. Todd B.J., Bossey S.E., Boutilier R.R., Brown A.O., Bryk J.L., Bugden G.L., Currie C.G., Hayward S.E., Horne E.P., Jarrett C.A., LeBlanc K.W.G., Li M.Z., Manning D.J., Meslin P., Murphy R.J., Neelands P.J., Potter D.P., Robertson A.G., Spencer P.L., Standen G.B. Expedition Report CCGS Hudson 2011036: Bay of Fundy. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7004, Ottawa, Ontario 2012, 200 pp.
99. Truffer M., Echelmeyer K.A. Of isbrae and ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 2003, 36:66-72.
100. Wade J.A., Brown D.E., Traverse A., Fensome R.A. The Triassic-Jurassic Fundy basin, eastern Canada: regional setting, stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential. Atlantic Geology 1996, 32:189-231.
101. Wellner J.S., Lowe A.L., Shipp S.S., Anderson J.B. Distribution of glacial geomorphic features on the Antarctic continental shelf and correlation with substrate: implications for ice behaviour. Journal of Glaciology 2001, 47:397-411.
102. Wellner J.S., Heroy D.C., Anderson J.B. The dearth mask of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: comparison of glacial geomorphic features across the continental shelf. Geomorphology 2006, 75:157-171.
103. Wentworth C.K. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology 1922, 30:377-392.
104. Whittington R.J., Forsberg C.F., Dowdeswell J.A. Seismic and side-scan sonar investigations of recent sedimentation in an ice-proximal glacimarine setting, Kongsfjorden, north-west Spitsbergen. Glaciated Continental Margins: an Atlas of Acoustic Images 1997, 175-178. Chapman and Hall, London. T.A. Davies, T. Bell, A.K. Cooper, H. Josenhans, L. Polyak, A. Solheim, M.S. Stocker, J.A. Stravers (Eds.).
105. Wightman, D.M., 1980. Late Pleistocene Glaciofluvial and Glaciomarine Sediments on the North Side of the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia. Ph.D. thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 426 pp.
106. Williams G.L., Fyffe L.R., Wardle R.J., Colman-Sadd S.P., Boehner R.C. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy. Atlantic Region 1985, vol. VI:572. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.
107. Winsborrow M.C.M., Andreassen K., Corner G.D., Laberg J.S. Deglaciation of a marine-based ice sheet: late Weichselian palaeo-ice dynamics and retreat in the southern Barents Sea reconstructed from onshore and offshore glacial geomorphology. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:424-442.
108. Woodworth-Lynas C.M.T., Josenhans H.W., Barrie J.V., Lewis C.F.M., Parrott D.R. The physical processes of seabed disturbance during iceberg grounding and scouring. Continental Shelf Research 1991, 11:939-961.