2,4-D Exposure and risk assessment: Comparison of external dose and biomonitoring based approaches

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 1970, Pages 481-489

  Hays, Sean M ^a   Aylward, Lesa L ^a   Driver, Jeffrey ^b   Ross, John ^c   Kirman, Christopher ^a  

^a LLP   (United States)

^b riskSciencesnet   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Biomonitoring; Biomonitoring Equivalent; Exposure assessment; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

2,4 DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CREATININE; HERBICIDE;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CLINICAL CHEMISTRY; DIETARY EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD INTAKE; GAIT DISORDER; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; HAZARD RATIO; HUMAN; IMMUNOTOXICITY; LIMIT OF DETECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; URINALYSIS; ANIMAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; RAT; REFERENCE VALUE;

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; HERBICIDES; HUMANS; MALE; RATS; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84868507366     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Alexander, B.H., Mandel, J.S., Baker, B.A., Burns, C.J., Bartels, M.J., Acquavella, J.F., Gustin, C., Biomonitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure and dose in farm families. Environ Health Perspect. 115:3 (2007), 370–376.
2. Arbuckle, T.E., Ritter, L., Phenoxyacetic acid herbicide exposure for women on Ontario farms. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 68 (2005), 1359–1370.
3. Arbuckle, T.E., Cole, D.C., Ritter, L., Ripley, B.D., Farm children's exposure to herbicides: comparison of biomonitoring and questionnaire data. Epidemiology 15 (2004), 187–194.
4. Arbuckle, T.E., Burnett, R., Cole, D., Teschke, K., Dosemeci, M., Bancej, C., et al. Predictors of herbicide exposure in farm applicators. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 75 (2002), 406–414.
5. Arcury, T.A., Grzywacz, J.G., Barr, D.B., Tapia, J., Chen, H., Quandt, S.A., Pesticide urinary metabolite levels of children in eastern North Carolina farmworker households. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:8 (2007), 1254–1260.
6. Aylward, L.L., Kirman, C.R., Adgate, J.L., McKenzie, L.M., Hays, S.M., Interpreting variability in population biomonitoring data: role of elimination kinetics. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 22:4 (2012), 398–408.
7. Aylward, L.L., Morgan, M.K., Arbuckle, T.E., Barr, D.B., Burns, C.J., Alexander, B.H., Hays, S.M., Biomonitoring data for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the US and Canada: interpretation in a public health risk assessment context using Biomonitoring Equivalents. Environ. Health Perspect. 118 (2010), 177–181.
8. Aylward, L.L., Hays, S.M., Biomonitoring equivalents (BE) dossier for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (CAS No. 94-75-7). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 51:3, Suppl. 1 (2008), S37–S48.
9. Bolles, H., Driver, J., Pandian, M., Ross, J., Wilson, R., Jackson, S., 2004. Evaluation of Potential Aggregate Human Health Risks Associated with Agricultural and Consumer Uses of 2,4-D. Submitted to EPA as part of Re-registration decision for 2,4-D. MRID #46349601.
10. Burns, C.J., Swaen, G.H., Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2012, 1–19 (early online).
11. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. NCEH Pub. No. 05-0570. National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta 30341–3724, Georgia.
12. Charles, J.M., Bond, D.M., Jeffries, T.K., Yano, B.L., Stott, W.T., Johnson, K.A., Cunny, H.C., Wilson, R.D., Bus, J.S., Chronic dietary toxicity/oncogenicity studies on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rodents. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 33:2 (1996), 166–172.
13. Charles, J.M., Hanley, T.R. Jr., Wilson, R.D., van Ravenzwaay, B., Bus, J.S., Developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its forms. Toxicol. Sci. 60:1 (2001), 121–131.
14. Curwin, B.D., Hein, M.J., Sanderson, W.T., Barr, D.B., Heederik, D., Reynolds, S.J., et al. Urinary and hand wipe pesticide levels among farmers and nonfarmers in Iowa. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 15 (2005), 500–508.
15. EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 2011. Memorandum. 2,4-D Petition for the Establishment of a New Formulation of 2,4-D Choline on Herbicide Tolerant Field Corn Containing the Aryloxyalkonate Dioxygenase-1 (ADD-1) Gene, October 27, 2011.
16. EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 2005. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for 2,4-D. EPA 738-R-05-002.
17. EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 2004. May 1, 2004 memorandum (W.J. Hazel et al.) regarding “HED's Human Health Risk Assessment for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) – PC Code 030001 – DP Barcode D287199”. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
18. Grover, R., Franklin, C.A., Muir, N.I., Cessna, A.J., Riedel, D., Dermal exposure and urinary metabolite excretion in farmers repeatedly exposed to 2,4-D amine. Toxicol. Lett. 33 (1986), 73–83.
19. Harris, S.A., Villeneuve, P.J., Crawley, C.D., Mays, J.E., Yeary, R.A., Hurto, K.A., Meeker, J.D., National study of exposure to pesticides among professional applicators: an investigation based on urinary biomarkers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:18 (2010), 10253–10261.
20. Harris, S.A., Solomon, K.R., Human exposure to 2,4-D following controlled activities on recently sprayed turf. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B 27:1 (1992), 9–22.
21. Hays, S.M., Aylward, L.L., Using biomonitoring equivalents to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context. J. Appl. Toxicol. 29:4 (2009), 275–288.
22. Hays, S.M., Aylward, L.L., LaKind, J.S., Bartels, M.J., Barton, H.A., Boogaard, P.J., Lipscomb, J., Krishnan, K., Nordberg, M., Okino, M., Tan, Y.-M., Viau, C., Yager, J.W., Brunk, C., DiZio, S., Dourson, M., Goldstein, D.A., Kilpatrick, M.E., Krewski, D., Guidelines for the derivation of biomonitoring equivalents: report from the biomonitoring equivalents expert workshop. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 51:3, Suppl. 1 (2008), S4–S15.
23. Hays, S.M., Becker, R., Leung, H.W., Aylward, L.L., Pyatt, D.W., Biomonitoring equivalents: a screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 47 (2007), 96–109.
24. Jackson, S., Hendley, P., Russell, M., Poletika, N., Jones, R., Comparison of regulatory method estimated drinking water exposure concentrations with monitoring results from surface drinking water supplies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005), 8840–8847.
25. Kohli, J.D., Khanna, R.N., Gupta, B.N., Dhar, M.M., Tandon, J.S., Sircar, K.P., Absorption and excretion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in man. Xenobiotica 4 (1974), 97–100.
26. Knopp, D., Glass, S., Biological monitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-exposed workers in agriculture and forestry. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 63 (1991), 329–333.
27. Knopp, D., Assessment of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the chemical industry: results of a five year biological monitoring study. Occup. Environ. Med. 51 (1994), 152–159.
28. Morgan, M.K., Sheldon, L.S., Thomas, K.W., Egeghy, P.P., Croghan, C.W., Jones, P.A., Chuang, J.C., Wilson, N.K., Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18:5 (2008), 486–494.
29. Morgan, M., Sheldon, L., Croghan, C., Chuang, J., Lordo, R., Wilson, N., et al., 2004. A pilot study of children's total exposure to persistent pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants (CTEPP). EPA/600/R-041/193.
30. Sauerhoff, M.W., Braun, W.H., Blau, G.E., Gehring, P.J., The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) following oral administration to man. Toxicology 8 (1977), 3–11.
31. Scher, D.P., Alexander, B.H., Adgate, J.L., Eberly, L.E., Mandel, J.S., Acquavella, J.F., Bartels, M.J., Brzak, K.A., Agreement of pesticide biomarkers between morning void and 24-h urine samples from farmers and their children. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 17:4 (2007), 350–357.
32. Sexton, K., Needham, L.L., Pirkle, J.L., Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals. Am. Sci. 92 (2004), 38–45.
33. Thomas, K.W., Dosemeci, M., Hoppin, J.A., Sheldon, L.S., Croghan, C.W., Gordon, S.M., et al. Urinary biomarker, dermal, and air measurement results for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos farm applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 20:2 (2010), 119–134.
34. Young, B.M., Tulve, N.S., Egeghy, P.P., Driver, J., Zartarian, V.G., Johnston, J., Delmaar, C., Evans, J., Smith, L.A., Glen, G., Lunchick, C., Ross, J.H., Xue, J., Barnekow, D., Comparison of Four Probabilistic Aggregate Residential Exposure Models (CARES® Calendex™ ConsExpo, SHEDS) to Estimate Aggregate Residential Pesticide Exposures. J. Expo. Sci. Env. Epidemiol. 22:5 (2012), 522–532.
35. Zhang, X., Acevedo, S., Chao, Y., Chen, Z., Dinoff, T., Driver, J., Ross, J., Williams, R., Krieger, R., Concurrent 2,4-D and triclopyr biomonitoring of backpack applicators, mixer/loader and field supervisor in forestry. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 46:4 (2011), 281–293.