AARC clinical practice guideline: Transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide and oxygen: 2012

Respiratory Care

Volumn 57, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1955-1962

  Restrepo, Ruben D ^a   Hirst, Keith R ^b   Wittnebel, Leonard ^a   Wettstein, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b RUSH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinical practice guidelines; Hyperbaric oxygen therapy; Reperfusion; Transcutaneous carbon dioxide; Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring; Transcutaneous monitoring; Transcutaneous oxygen; Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring

Indexed keywords

ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION; ARTERIAL GAS; ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSION; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CARBON DIOXIDE BLOOD LEVEL; CASE STUDY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HYPOVENTILATION; INFECTION CONTROL; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN BLOOD LEVEL; OXYGEN TENSION; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PULSE OXIMETRY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REPERFUSION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; THERMAL INJURY; TISSUE PERFUSION; TRANSCUTANEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORING; TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

BLOOD GAS MONITORING, TRANSCUTANEOUS; CARBON DIOXIDE; HUMANS; OXYGEN;

EID: 84868370105     PISSN: 00201324     EISSN: 19433654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02011     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Eberhard P. The design, use, and results of transcutaneous carbon dioxide analysis: current and future directions. Anesth Analg 2007; 105(6 Suppl):S48-S52.
2. Quine D, Stenson BJ. Does the monitoring method influence stability of oxygenation in preterm infants? A randomised crossover study of saturation versus transcutaneous monitoring. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93(5):F347-F350.
3. Rüdiger M, Töpfer K, Hammer H, Schmalisch G, Wauer RR. A survey of transcutaneous blood gas monitoring among european neonatal intensive care units. BMC Pediatr 2005;5:30.
4. 2 monitoring in critically ill adults: clinical evaluation of a new sensor. Crit Care Med 2005;33(10):2203-2206.
5. 2 in healthy subjects. Respirology 2009;14(3):436-442.
6. Lagerkvist AL, Sten G, Redfors S, Holmgren D. Repeated blood gas monitoring in healthy children and adolescents by the transcutaneous route. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003;35(4):274-279.
7. McVicar J, Eager R. Validation study of a transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitor in patients in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2009;26(5):344-346.
8. Rodriguez P, Lellouche F, Aboab J, Buisson CB, Brochard L. Transcutaneous arterial carbon dioxide pressure monitoring in critically ill adult patients. Intensive Care Med 2006;32(2):309-312.
9. Tingay DG, Stewart MJ, Morley CJ. Monitoring of end tidal carbon dioxide and transcutaneous carbon dioxide during neonatal transport. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90(6):F523-F526.
10. JD, Wilson WR Jr, Meyer DJ. Transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide tension after cardiothoracic surgery in infants and children. Anesth Analg 1999;88(3):531-534.
11. Wilson J, Russo P, Russo J, Tobias JD. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide in infants and children with congenital heart disease: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. J Intensive Care Med 2005;20(5):291-295.
12. Sandberg KL, Brynjarsson H, Hjalmarson O. Transcutaneous blood gas monitoring during neonatal intensive care. Acta Pædiatrica 2011; 100(5):676-679.
13. Gancel PE, Roupie E, Guittet L, Laplume S, Terzi N. Accuracy of a transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure monitoring device in emergency room patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2011;37(2):348-351.
14. Tobias JD. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in infants and children. Pediatr Anesth 2009;19(5):434-444.
15. 2 monitoring in routine management of infants and children with cardiorespiratory problems. Pediatrics 1976;57(5): 681-690.
16. 2 level. Pediatrics 1979; 64(6):892-897.
17. Dietrich W, Lubbers P. Theoretical basis of the transcutaneous blood gas measurements. Crit Care Med 1981;9(10):721-733.
18. Yahav J, Levison H. The validity of the transcutaneous oxygen tension method in children with cardiorespiratory problems. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;124(5):586-587.
19. Monaco F, Nickerson B, McQuitty J. Continous transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring in the pediatric ICU. Crit Care Med 1982;10(11):765-766.
20. Yip W, Tay J, Wong H, Ho T. Reliability of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of critically iII children in a general pediatric unit. Clin Pediatr 1983;22(6):431-435.
21. Joyce A, Wahr M, Tremper K. Noninvasive oxygen monitoring techniques. Crit Care Clin 1995;11(1):199-217.
22. 2 sensor in anaesthetized paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2003;13(9):777-784.
23. Fruchter O, Carmi U, Ingenito EP, Refaeli Y, Kramer MR. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide in severe COPD patients during bronchoscopic lung volume reduction. Respir Med 2011;105(4):602-607.
24. Nishiyama T, Nakamura S, Yamashita K. Comparison of the transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tension in different electrode locations during general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23(12):1049-1054.
25. Senn O, Clarenbach CF, Kaplan V, Maggiorini M, Bloch KE. Monitoring carbon dioxide tension and arterial oxygen saturation by a single earlobe sensor in patients with critical illness or sleep apnea. Chest 2005;128(3):1291-1296.
26. 2 ear sensor is a reliable noninvasive monitoring tool in patients after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011;25(2):243-9.
27. 2 monitor with topical metabolic inhibition. Eur J Pediatr 1996;155(12):1043-1046.
28. 2 at 37 degrees C to evaluate microperfusion in patients with septic shock. Chest 2010;138(5): 1062-1070.
29. Molloy EJ, Deakins K. Are carbon dioxide detectors useful in neonates? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006;91:F295-F298.
30. O'Connor TM, Grueber R. Transcutaneous measurement of carbon dioxide tension during long-distance transport of neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. J Perinatol 1998;18(3):189-192.
31. Berkenbosch JW, Lam J, Burd RS, Tobias JD. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in older children: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. Anesth Analg 2001;92(6):1427-1431.
32. Tobias JD, Meyer DJ. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during respiratory failure in toddlers and infants: end-tidal versus transcutaneous carbon dioxide. Anesth Analg 1997;85(1):55-58.
33. 2 monitor in adult patients with chronic respiratory failure. Respiration 2011;81(3):242-246.
34. Berkenbosch JW, Tobias JD. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in infants and children. Crit Care Med 2002;30(5):1024-1027.
35. 2-monitoring for rigid bronchoscopy during high-frequency jet ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003;47(7):861-867.
36. Tobias J. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during respiratory failure in toddlers and infants: end tidal versus transcutaneous carbon dioxide. Anesth Analg 1997;85(1):55-58.
37. Maniscalco M, Zedda A, Faraone S, Carratu P, Sofia M. Evaluation of a transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitor in severe obesity. Intensive Care Med 2008;34(7):1340-1344.
38. 2 monitoring during nocturnal non-invasive ventilation. Respir Med 2011;105(1):143-150.
39. 2 monitoring during initiation of noninvasive ventilation. Chest 2007;132(6):1810-1816.
40. 2 monitoring for detection of exercise-induced right-to-left shunts in children with congenital heart defects: a case report. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90(7):816-818.
41. Chhajed PN, Rajasekaran R, Kaegi B, Chhajed TP, Pflimlin E, Leuppi J, et al. Measurement of combined oximetry and cutaneous capnography during flexible bronchoscopy. Eur Respir J 2006;28(2): 386-390.
42. Evans EN, Ganeshalingam K, Ebden P. Changes in oxygen saturation and transcutaneous carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in pa-tients undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Respir Med 1998;92(5): 739-742.
43. 2 as early warning of tissue hypoxia and hemodynamic shock in critically ill emergency patients. Crit Care Med 2000;28(7)2248-2253.
44. Heuss LT, Chhajed PN, Schnieper P, Hirt T, Beglinger C. Combined pulse oximetry/cutaneous carbon dioxide tension monitoring during colonoscopies: pilot study with a smart ear clip. Digestion 2004;70(3):152-158.
45. Pellicer A, Valverde E, Elorza MD, Madero R, Gayá F, Quero J, Cabañas F. Cardiovascular support for low birth weight infants and cerebral hemodynamics: a randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Pediatrics 2005;115(6):1501-1512.
46. 2 in non-ventilated patients receiving epidural infusion or patient-controlled analgesia using a single earlobe monitor (TOSCA). Br J Anaesth 2007;99(4):567-571.
47. 2 after major surgery. Anaesthesia 2008;63(8):814-821.
48. Nelson DB, Freeman ML, Silvis SE, Cass OW, Yakshe PN, Vennes J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring during ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51(3): 288-295.
49. Qingsheng Xue, Xiaowen Wu, Jue Jin, Buwei Yu, Minhua Zheng. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring accurately predicts arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure in patients undergoing prolonged laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 2010;111:417-420.
50. Kirk VG, Batuyong ED, Bohn SG. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring and capnography during pediatric polysomnography. Sleep 2006;29(12):1601-1608.
51. Lucey JF. Clinical uses of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring. Adv Pediatr 1981;28:27-56.
52. Randerath WJ, Stieglitz S, Galetke W, Anduleit N, Treml M, Schafer T. Evaluation of a system for transcutaneous long-term capnometry. Respiration 2010;80(2):139-145.
53. Rauhala E, Himanen SL, Saastamoinen A, Polo O. Prolonged spiking in the Emfit sensor in patients with sleep-disordered breathing is characterized by increase in transcutaneous carbon dioxide. Physiol Meas 2007;28(10):1163-1173.
54. Mok J, Pintar M, Benson L, McLaughlin FJ, Levison H. Evaluation of noninvasive measurements of oxygenation in stable infants. Crit Care Med 1986;14(11):960-963.
55. Virkki A, Polo O, Saaresranta T, Laapotti-Salo A, Gyllenberg M, Aittokallio T. Overnight features of transcutaneous carbon dioxide measurement as predictors of metabolic status. Artif Intell Med 2008;42(1):55-65.
56. 2 in neonates. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23(6):708-714.
57. Holmgren D, Redfors S, Wennergren G, Sten G. Histamine provocation in young, awake children with bronchial asthma, using a fall in oxygenation as the only indicator of a bronchial reaction. Acta Paediatr 1999;88(5):545-549.
58. Klug B, Bisgaard H. Measurement of lung function in awake 2-4-year-old asthmatic children during methacholine challenge and acute asthma: a comparison of the impulse oscillation technique, the interrupter technique, and transcutaneous measurement of oxygen versus whole-body plethysmography. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;21(5): 290-300.
59. Stege G, van den Elshout FJ, Heijdra YF, van de Ven MJ, Dekhuijzen PN, Vos PJ. Accuracy of transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension measurements during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Respiration 2009;78(2):147-153.
60. McBride ME, Berkenbosch JW, Tobias JD. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring during diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Paediatr Anaesth 2004;14(2):167-171.
61. Lang CJ. Apnea testing guided by continuous transcutaneous monitoring of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Crit Care Med 1998; 26(5):868-872.
62. Martin M, Matthew Martina CB, Bayard D, Demetriades D, Salim A, Gertz R, et al. Continuous noninvasive monitoring of cardiac performance and tissue perfusion in pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:1957-1963.
63. Shoemaker WC, Wo CC, Demetriades D, Belzberg H, Asensio JA, Cornwell EE, et al. Early physiologic patterns in acute illness and accidents: toward a concept of circulatory dysfunction and shock based on invasive and noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring. New Horiz 1996;4(4):395-412.
64. Shoemaker WC, Wo CC, Lu K, Chien LC, Rhee P, Bayard D, et al. Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring for combat casualties. Mil Med 2006;171(9):813-820.
65. Sugimoto I, Ohta T, Ishibashi H, Iwata H, Kawanishi J, Yamada T, et al. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension for the evaluation of limb ischemia. Surg Today 2009;39(1):9-13.
66. Tatevossian RG, Shoemaker WC, Wo CC, Dang AB, Velmahos GC, Demetriades D. Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring for early warning of adult respiratory distress syndrome in trauma patients. J Crit Care 2000;15(4):151-159.
67. Yu M, Morita SY, Daniel SR, Chapital A, Waxman K, Severino R. Transcutaneous pressure of oxygen: a noninvasive and early detector of peripheral shock and outcome. Shock 2006;26(5):450-456.
68. Drummond KJ, Fearnside MR, Chee A. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide measurement after craniotomy in spontaneously breathing patients. Neurosurg 1997;41(2):361-365.
69. Xue Q, Wu X, Jin J, Yu B, Zheng M. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring accurately predicts arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure in patients undergoing prolonged laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 2010;111(2):417-420.
70. 2 monitoring with hyperventilation during phonation in vocal cord paralysis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2002;29(3):277-282.
71. 2 monitoring in the evaluation of hyperventilation of patients with recurrent nerve paralysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1999;256(Suppl 1):S47-S50.
72. Török SS, Leuppi JD, Baty F, Prashant MT, Chhajed N. Combined oximetry-cutaneous capnography in patients assessed for long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 2008;133:1421-1425.
73. Martin RJ. Transcutaneous monitoring: instrumentation and clinical applications. Respir Care 1990;35(6):577-583.
74. Stausholm K, Rosenberg-Adamsen S, Edvardsen L, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J. Validation of pulse oximetry for monitoring of hypoxaemic episodes in the late postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 1997;78(1): 86-87.
75. Urbano J, Cruzado V, Lopez-Herce J, del Castillo J, Bellon JM, Carrillo A. Accuracy of three transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitors in critically ill children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010;45(5):481-486.
76. Weaver LK. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions compared to arterial blood gases in normals. Respir Care 2007; 52(11):1490-1496.
77. Severinghaus JW. Transcutaneous blood gas analysis. Respir Care 1982;72(2):152-159.
78. Chakravarthy M, Narayan S, Govindarajan R, Jawali V, Rajeev S. Weaning mechanical ventilation after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft procedures directed by noninvasive gas measurements. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010;24(3):451-455.
79. Johnson DC, Batool S, Dalbec R. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure monitoring in a specialized weaning unit. Respir Care 2008;53(8):1042-1047.
80. Rodrigues LM, Pinto PC, Leal A. Transcutaneous flow related variables measured in vivo: the effects of gender. BMC Dermatol 2001;1:4.
81. Ruangsetakit C, Chinsakchai K, Mahawongkajit P, Wongwanit C, Mutirangura P. Transcutaneous oxygen tension: a useful predictor of ulcer healing in critical limb ischaemia. J Wound Care 2010; 19(5):202-206.
82. Chiriano J, Bianchi C, Teruya TH, Mills B, Bishop V, Abou-Zamzam AM. Management of lower extremity wounds in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a stratified conservative approach. Ann Vasc Surg 2010;24(8):1110-1116.
83. Martin RJ, Robertson SS, Hopple MM. Relationship between transcutaneous and arterial oxygen tension in sick neonates during mild hyperoxemia. Crit Care Med 1982;10(10):670-672.
84. Steurer J, Hoffmann U, Dur P, Russi E, Vetter W. Changes in arterial and transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions during and after voluntary hyperventilation. Respiration 1997;64(3): 200-205.
85. Mike V, Ross GS. Doctors and the health industry: a case study of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in neonatal intensive care. Soc Sci Med 1996;42(9):1247-1258.
86. Lucia LD, Aliwalas M, Noble L, Nesbitt K, Fallah S, Shah V, Shah P. Agreement of carbon dioxide levels measured by arterial, transcutaneous, and end tidal methods in preterm infants ≤ 28 weeks gestation. J Perinatol 2005;25(1):26-29.
87. Poets CF, Southall DP. Noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation in infants and children: practical considerations and areas of concern. Pediatrics 1994;93(5):737-746.
88. Kesten S, Chapman KR, Rebuck AS. Response characteristics of a dual transcutaneous oxygen/carbon dioxide monitoring system. Chest 1991;99(5):1211-1215.
89. McLellan PA, Goldstein RS, Ramcharan V, Rebuck AS. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring. Am Rev of Respir Dis 1981; 124(2):199-201.
90. 2 analysis. Ann Biomed Eng 1996;24(2):294-304.
91. Rudiger M, Topfer K, Hammer H, Schmalisch G, Wauer RR. A survey of transcutaneous blood gas monitoring among European neonatal intensive care units. BMC Pediatr 2005;5:30.
92. Marsden D, Chiu MC, Paky F, Helms P. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring in intensive care. Arch Dis Child 1985;60(12):1158-1161.
93. 2 in newborn infants: where are the limits? Influence of blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, viscosity, and acid base state. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1979;15(4):285-294.
94. Vivien B, Marmion F, Roche S, Devilliers C, Langeron O, Coriat P, et al. An evaluation of transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure monitoring during apnea testing in brain-dead patients. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):701-707.
95. Nishiguchi BK, Yu M, Suetsugu A, Jiang C, Takiguchi SA, Takanishi DM Jr. Determination of reference ranges for transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and the oxygen challenge test in healthy and morbidly obese subjects. J Surg Res 2008; 150(2):204-211.
96. Planes C, Leroy M, Foray E, Raffestin B. Arterial blood gases during exercise: validity of transcutaneous measurements. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82(12):1686-1691.
97. Verderber A, Gallagher KJ, Severino R. The effect of nursing interventions on transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. West J Nurs Res 1995;17(1):76-90.
98. 2/pulse oximetry oxygen saturation ear sensor in newborn patients. Pediatrics 2004;115(1):e64-e68.
99. Rosner V, Hannhart B, Chabot F, Polu JM. Validity of transcutaneous oxygen/carbon dioxide pressure measurement in the monitoring of mechanical ventilation in stable chronic respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 1999;13(5):1044-1047.
100. Brouillette RT, Waxman DH. Evaluation of the newborn's blood gas status. Clin Chem 1997;43(1):215-221.
101. Cassady G. Transcutaneous monitoring in the newborn infant. J Pediatr 1983;103(6):837-848.
102. Pearlman SA, Maisels MJ. Preductal and postductal transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in premature newborns with hyaline membrane disease. Pediatrics 1989;83(1):98-100.
103. Tateishi K, Yamanouchi I. Noninvasive transcutaneous oxygen pressure diagnosis of reversed ductal shunts in cyanotic heart disease. Pediatrics 1980;66(1):22-25.
104. Bolliger D, Steiner LA, Kasper J, Aziz OA, Filipovic M, Seeberger MD. The accuracy of non-invasive carbon dioxide monitoring: a clinical evaluation of two transcutaneous systems. Anaesthesia 2007; 62(4):394-399.
105. 2 during voluntary hypo-and hyperventilation. Int J Psychophysiol 2009;71(2):103-108.
106. Casati A, Squicciarini G, Malagutti G, Baciarello M, Putzu M, Fanelli A. Transcutaneous monitoring of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the elderly patient: a prospective, clinical comparison with end-tidal monitoring. J Clin Anesth 2006;18(6):436-440.
107. 2 monitors. J Anesth 2009;23(2):198-202.
108. Lopez E, Grabar S, Barbier A, Krauss B, Jarreau PH, Moriette G. Detection of carbon dioxide thresholds using low-flow sidestream capnography in ventilated preterm infants. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35(11):1942-1949.
109. McBride DS Jr, Johnson JO, Tobias JD. Noninvasive carbon dioxide monitoring during neurosurgical procedures in adults: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. South Med J 2002;95(8):870-874.
110. Nosovitch MA, Johnson JO, Tobias JD. Noninvasive intraoperative monitoring of carbon dioxide in children: endtidal versus transcutaneous techniques. Paediatr Anaesth 2002;12(1):48-52.
111. Stein N, Schneeweiß A, Eckmann C, Roth-Isigkeit A, Hüppe M, Gehring H. An evaluation of a transcutaneous and an end-tidal capnometer for noninvasive monitoring of spontaneously breathing patients. Respir Care 2006;51(10):1162-1166.
112. 2 monitoring. Crit Care Med 1999;27(11): 2358-2360.
113. Jensen PA, Lambert LA, Iademarco MF, Ridzon R; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep 2005;54(RR-17):1-141.
114. Restrepo RD. AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines: from "referencebased" to "evidence-based" (editorial). Respir Care 2010;55(6): 787-789.