Ion-specific nutrient management in closed systems: The necessity for ion-selective sensors in terrestrial and space-based agriculture and water management systems

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 12, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 13349-13392

  Bamsey, Matthew ^a,b   Graham, Thomas ^b   Thompson, Cody ^b   Berinstain, Alain ^a   Scott, Alan ^c   Dixon, Michael ^b  

^a CANADIAN SPACE AGENCY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^c COM DEV Ltd ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

Bioregenerative life support; Hydroponics; Inorganic ion monitoring; Ion selective sensors; Space exploration; Water quality

Indexed keywords

HYDROPONICS; INORGANIC IONS; ION SELECTIVE SENSORS; LIFE SUPPORTS; SPACE EXPLORATIONS;

CULTIVATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (SPACECRAFT); NUTRIENTS; ORBITS; SENSORS; SPACE RESEARCH; TECHNOLOGY; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY;

IONS;

ION; WATER;

AGRICULTURE; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; EQUIPMENT; FOOD; GENETIC PROCEDURES; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MICROCLIMATE; REVIEW; SPACE FLIGHT; WATER MANAGEMENT;

AGRICULTURE; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, CLOSED; FOOD; HUMANS; IONS; SPACE FLIGHT; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY; WATER; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84868248700     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s121013349     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Crnogorac, S. Electric Conductivity of Water Extracts from Soil as a Measure of Their Ionic Strength; NASA TT F-15,044; NASA: Washington, DC, USA, 1973; p. 6.
2. Jones, J.B. Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for the Soilless Grower, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005.
3. Kupers, G.; van Gaalen, J.; Gieling, T.H.; van Os, E.A. Dirunal changes in the ion concentration of the supply and return water of a tomato crop grown on rockwool. Acta Hortic. 1992, 304, 291-300.
4. Morimoto, T.; Nishina, H.; Hasimoto, Y.; Watake, H. Sensor for ion-control-An approach to control of nutrient solution in hydroponics. Acta Hortic. 1992, 304, 301-308.
5. Bailey, B.J.; Haggett, B.G.D.; Hunter, A.; Albery, W.J.; Svanberg, L.R. Monitoring nutrient film solutions using ion-selective electrodes. J. Agr. Eng. Res. 1988, 40, 129-142.
6. Albery, W.J.; Haggett, B.G.D.; Svanberg, R. The development of sensors for hydroponics. Biosensors 1985, 1, 369-397.
7. Vanýsek, P. Ionic conductivity and diffusion at infinite dilution. In CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th ed.; Lide, D.R., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006; pp. 76-78.
8. Shackelford, C.D.; Malusis, M.A.; Majeski, M.J.; Stern, S.T. Electrical conductivity breakthrough curves. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 1999, 125, 260-270.
9. Voogt, W.; Sonneveld, C. Nutrient management in closed growing systems for greenhouse production. In Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems; Goto, E., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997; pp. 83-102.
10. Hartz, T.K.; Hochmuth, G.J. Fertility management of drip-irrigated vegetables. HortTechnology 1996, 6, 168-172.
11. Mahler, R.L. Molybenum in Idaho; University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural Experiment Station: Moscow, ID, USA, 2000.
12. Stevens, G.; Motavalli, P.; Scharf, P.; Nathan, M.; Dunn, D. Crop Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities; University of Missouri: Columbia, MO, USA, 2002.
13. Bar-Yosef, B. Fertigation management and crops response to solution recycling in semi-closed greenhouses. In Soilless Culture: Theory and Practise; Raviv, M., Lieth, J.H., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008; pp. 343-424.
14. Cloutier, G.R.; Dixon, M.A.; Arnold, K.E. Evaluation of Sensor Technologies for Automated Control of Nutrient Solutions in Life Support. In Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Space Environmental Control Systems, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, May 1997.
15. Voogt, W. Potassium management of vegetables under intensive growth conditions. In Potassium for Sustainable Crop Production; Pasricha, N.S., Bansal, S.K., Eds.; International Potash Institute: Basel, Switzerland, 2002; pp. 347-362.
16. Martin-Brennan, C.; Wheeler, R.; Sederoff, H.W.; Brown, C.S. Report on the Bio-Regenerative Life Support Roadmap Workshop; North Carolina State University: Raleigh, NC, USA, 2009.
17. Wheeler, R. Roadmaps and Strategies for Crop Research for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems; NASA-Kennedy Space Center: Kennedy, FL, USA, 2009; p. 47.
18. Bakker, E.; Buhlmann, P.; Pretsch, E. Carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes. 1. General characteristics. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3083-3132.
19. Meier, P.C. Two-parameter Debye-Huckel approximation for the evaluation of mean activity coefficients of 109 electrolytes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1982, 136, 363-368.
20. -3. J. Soil Sci. 1993, 44, 307-315.
21. IUPAC. Compendum of Chemical Terminology; Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, UK, 1997; Volume 2.
22. Wright, M.R. An Introduction to Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions, 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2007.
23. Grenthe, I.; Wanner, H.; Östhols, E. TBD-2: Guidelines for the Extrapolation to Zero Ionic Strength; OECD Nuclear Energy Agency: Gif-sur-Yvette, France, 2000.
24. Pitzer, K.S.; Mayorga, G. Thermodynamics of electrolytes. II. Activity and osmotic coefficients for strong electrolytes with one or both ions univalent. J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77, 2300-2308.
25. Clarkson, D.T.; Hanson, J.B. The mineral nutrition of higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1980, 31, 239-298.
26. Mengel, K.; Kirkby, E.A.; Kosegarten, H.; Appel, T. Principles of Plant Nutrition, 5th ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2001; p. 864.
27. Kane, C.D. Influence of Nutrient Solution and Solution pH on Onion Growth and Mineral Content. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA, 2003.
28. De Groot, C.C.; van den Boogaard, R.; Lambers, H. Response of growth of tomato to phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition. Acta Hortic. 2004, 633, 357-364.
29. Voogt, W. The growth of beefsteak tomato as affected by K/Ca ratios in the nutrient solution. Acta Hortic. 1988, 222, 155-165.
30. de Kreji, C. Latest insights into water and nutrient control in soilless cultivation. Acta Hortic. 1995, 408, 47-62.
31. Voogt, W. Nutrient uptake of year round tomato crops. Acta Hortic. 1993, 339, 99-112.
32. Harper, J.E. Seasonal nutrient uptake and accumulation patterns in soybeans. Crop Sci. 1971, 11, 347-350.
33. McKeehen, J.D.; Mitchell, C.A.; Wheeler, R.M.; Bugbee, B.; Nielsen, S.S. Excess nutrients in hydroponic solutions alter nutrient content of rice, wheat, and potato. Adv. Space Res. 1996, 18, 73-83.
34. Hochmuth, R.C.; Hochmuth, G.J. Nutrient Solution Formulation for Hydroponic (Perlite, Rockwool, NFT) Tomatoes in Florida; University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA, Available online: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CV/CV21600.pdf (accessed on 31 July 2012).
35. Morgan, L. Greenhouse tomato nutrition. Tomato Mag. 2006, 10, 14.
36. Dieleman, J.A.; Marcelis, L.F.M. CLOSYS Closed System for Water and Nutrient Management in Horticulture; Final Report for Plant Research Internationa: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2005; pp. 1-86.
37. Haley, T.B.; Reed, D.W. Optimum potassium concentration in recirculating subirrigation for selected greenhouse crops. HortScience 2004, 39, 1441-1444.
38. Adams, P. Crop nutrition in hydroponics. Acta Hortic. 1992, 323, 289-305.
39. Kläring, H.-P. Strategies to control water and nutrient supplies to greenhouse crops: A review. Agronomie 2001, 21, 311-321.
40. Adams, P. Some effects of the environment on the nutrition of greenhouse tomatoes. Acta Hortic 1994, 366, 405-416.
41. Ono, E.; Jordan, K.A.; Cuello, J.L. Dynamic Monitoring of Nutrient Species in Hydroponic Solutions for Advanced Life Support. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Orlando, FL, USA, July 2001; Volume 2001-01-2276.
42. Gieling, T.H.; Corver, F.J.M.; Janssen, H.J.J.; van Straten, G.; van Ooteghem, R.J.C.; van Dijk, G.J. Hydrion-line towards a closed system for water and nutrients: Feedback control of water and nutrients in the drain. Acta Hortic. 2005, 691, 259-266.
43. Van Os, E.A. Engineering and environmental aspects of soilless growing systems. Acta Hortic. 1995, 396, 25-32.
44. Gieling, T.H.; van Straten, G.; Janssen, H.J.J.; Wouters, H. ISE and chemfet sensors in greenhouse cultivation. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2005, 105, 74-80.
45. Tüzel, I.H.; Tüzel, Y.; Gül, A.; Meriç, M.K.; Yavuz, Ö.; Eltez, R.Z. Comparison of open and closed system on yield, water and nutrient comsumption and their environmental impact. Acta Hortic. 2001, 554, 221-228.
46. Van Os, E.A. Closed soilless growing systems: A sustainable solution for Dutch greenhouse horticulture. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 39, 105-112.
47. OMAFRA. Best Management Practises: Horticultural crops; OMAFRA: Norfolk, ON, Canada, 1992.
48. Blok, C.; Urrestarazu, M. Substrate Growing Developments in Europe 2010-2017; Wageningen University and Research: Bleiswijk, The Netherlands, 2010.
49. Gieling, T.H.; Bontsema, J.; van Antwerpen, A.W.J.; Lukasse, L.J.S. Monitoring and control of water and fertilizer distribution in greenhouses. Acta Hortic. 1995, 401, 365-372.
50. OMAFRA. Nutrient Management in Other Jurisdictions. Available online: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/agops/nutmgtlinks.htm (accessed on 31 July 31 2011).
51. Nutrient Management Act. S.O. 2002; Government of Ontario: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2002.
52. Morison, J.I.L.; Baker, N.R.; Mullineaux, P.M.; Davies, W.J. Improving water use in crop production. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 2008, 363, 639-658.
53. IWMI. Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture; International Water Management Institute: London,UK, 2007.
54. United Nations. Key Water Indicator Portal Statistics. Available online: http://www.unwater.org/ statistics.html (accessed on 26 June 2012).
55. Blok, C.; Urrestarazu, M. El uso de los sustratos es cada vez mayor. Hortic. Glob. 2010, 289, 22-27.
56. Runia, W.T. Disinfection of recirculation water from closed cultivation systems with ozone. Acta Hortic. 1994, 361, 388-396.
57. UK Government. Water Act 2003; The Stationery Office Limited: Norwich, UK, 2003.
58. Berghage, R.D.; MacNeal, E.P.; Wheeler, E.F.; Zachritz, W.H. Green water treatment for the green industries: Opportunities for biofiltration of greenhouse and nursery irrigation water and runoff with constructed wetlands. HortScience 1999, 34, 50-54.
59. Majsztrik, J.C.; Ristvey, A.G.; Lea-Cox, J.D. Water and nutrient management in the production of container-grown ornamentals. In Horticultural Reviews; Janick, J., Ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2011; Volume 38, pp. 253-298.
60. Sustainable Water and Sewage Systems Act. S.O. 2002; Government of Ontario: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2002.
61. Safe Drinking Water Act. S.O. 2002; Government of Ontario: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2002.
62. O'Connor, D. Part One: Report of the Walkerton Inquiry; Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General: Simcoe, ON, Canada, 2002.
63. Environmental Protection act. R.S.O. 1990; Government of Ontario: Toronto, ON, Canada, 1990.
64. Muffels, M., Personal Communication, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2011.
65. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. S.C. 1999; Government of Ontario: Toronto, ON, Canada, 1999.
66. Fisheries Act. R.S.C., 1985, c. F-14, 1999; Government of Ontario: Toronto, ON, Canada, 1999.
67. De Rijck, G.; Schrevens, E. Elemental bioavailability in nutrient solutions in relation to precipitation reactions. J. Plant Nutr. 1998, 21, 2103-2113.
68. Schwarz, D.; Grosch, R.; Gross, W.; Hoffmann-Hergarten, S. Water quality assessment of different reservoir types in relation to nutrient solution use in hydroponics. Agric. Water Manag. 2005, 71, 145-166.
69. Flood, D. Irrigation Water Quality for BC Greenhouses; British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: Abbotsford, BC, USA, 1996; p. 8.
70. Nahar, M.S.; Zhang, J. Assessment of potable water quality including organic, inorganic, and trace metal concentrations. Environ. Geochem. Health 2012, 34, 141-150.
71. Lubello, C.; Gori, R.; Nicese, F.P.; Ferrini, F. Municipal-treater wastewater reuse for plant nureries irrigation. Water Res. 2004, 38, 2939-2947.
72. Will, E.; Faust, J.E. Irrigation Water Quality for Greenhouse Production; The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service: Toronto, ON, USA, 1999.
73. Brauer, N.; O'Geen, A.T.; Dahlgren, R.A. Temporal variability in water quality of agricultural tailwaters: Implications for water quality monitoring. Agric. Water Manag. 2009, 96, 1001-1009.
74. Brainwood, M.A.; Burgin, S.; Maheshwari, B. Temporal variations in water quality of farms dams: Impacts of land use and water sources. Agric. Water Manag. 2004, 70, 151-175.
75. Jones, S.; Shortt, R. Improving on-Farm Food Safety through Good Irrigation Practises; OMAFRA: Port Perry, ON, Canada, 2010.
76. Whipker, B. Irrigation Water Quality for Container-Grown Plants; Iowa State University: Ames, IA, USA, 1999.
77. OMAFRA. Publication 371: Growing Greenhouse Vegetables; Queen's Printer for Ontario: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2005.
78. World Resources Institute Nitrate contamination from fertilizer and manure. In World Resources 1998-1999: Environmental Change and Human Health; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
79. López, M.; Bertolini, E.; Olmos, A.; Caruso, P.; Gorris, M.T.; Llop, P.; Penyalver, R.; Cambra, M. Innovative tools for detection of plant pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Int. Microbiol. 2003, 6, 233-243.
80. Lievens, B.; Grauwet, T.J.M.A.; Cammue, B.P.A.; Thomma, B.P.H.J. Recent developments in diagnostics of plant pathogens: A review. Recent Res. Dev. Microbiol. 2005, 9, 57-79.
81. Danks, C.; Barker, I. On-site detection of plant pathogens using lateral-flow devices. EPPO Bull. 2000, 30, 421-426.
82. Verdonck, O.; de Vleeschauwer, D.; de Boodt, M. The influence of the substrate to plant growth. Acta Hortic. 1981, 126, 251-258.
83. Van Straten, G.; Gieling, T.H. Ion control in closed growing systems with inert media: Controller settings and modes of operation. Agric. Eng. Int. 2004, VI, 1-14.
84. Statistics Canada. Greenhouse, Sod and Nursery Industries 2010; Statistics Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2011.
85. Ono, E.; Jordan, K.A.; Cuello, J.L. Monitoring the Temporal Variations of Nitrate, Potassium and Manganese in Sweetpotato Hydroponic Solutions for Space Life Support Application. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 2003; Volume 2003-01-2683.
86. Gonzales, A.A.; Schuerger, A.C.; Barford, C.; Mitchell, R. Engineering strategies for the design of plant nutrient delivery systems for use in space: Approaches to countering microbiological contamination. Adv. Space Res. 1996, 18, 5-20.
87. Forbes, J.C.; Watson, D. Plants in Agriculture; Cambridge University of Press: Cambridge, UK, 1992; p. 372.
88. Smith, H.S. Light quality, photoperception, and plant strategy. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1982, 33, 481-518.
89. Tremblay, N.; Gasia, M.-C.; Ferauge, M.-T.; Gosselin, A.; Trudel, M.J. Effects of light spectral quality on nutrient uptake by tomato. Can. J. Plant Sci. 1988, 68, 287-289.
90. Li, Q.; Kubota, C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf lettuce. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 67, 59-64.
91. Barro, F.; de La Haba, P.; Maldonado, J.M.; Fontes, A.G. Effect of light quality on growth, contents of carbohydrates, protein and pigments, and nutrate reductase activity in soybean plants. J. Plant Physiol. 1989, 134, 586-591.
92. Jones, R.W.; Sheard, R.W. Effects of blue and red light on nitrate reductase level in leaves of maize and pea seedlings. Plant Sci. Lett. 1977, 8, 305-311.
93. Graham, G.T. The Effect of Nutrient Solution Ozonation on Nutrient Balance and Lettuce Production in a Recirculating Hydroponic System. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2001.
94. Dakora, F.D.; Phillips, D.A. Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Plant Soil 2002, 245, 35-47.
95. Marschner, H.; Römheld, V.; Horst, W.J.; Martin, P. Root-induced changes in the rhizosphere: Importance for the mineral nutrition of plants. Z. Pflanzener. Bodenk. 1986, 149, 441-456.
96. Myers, J. Basic remarks on the use of plants as biological gas exchangers in a closed system. J. Aviat. Med. 1954, 25, 407-411.
97. Clark, R.T.; Clamann, H.G.; Balke, B.; Tang, P.C.; Fulton, J.D.; Graybiel, A.; Vogel, J. Basic research problems in space medicine: A review. Aeros. Med. 1960, 31, 553-577.
98. Gitelson, J.I.; Lisovsky, G.M.; MacElroy, R.D. Manmade Closed Ecological Systems; Taylor & Francis: London, UK, 2003.
99. Eckart, P. Spaceflight Life Support and Biospherics; Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996.
100. Wheeler, R. Plants for human life support in space: From Myers to Mars. Gravitat. Space Bio. 2010, 23, 25-36.
101. Tibbits, T.W.; Alford, D.K. Controlled Ecological Life Support System-Use of Higher Plants; NASA: Houston, TX, USA, 1982; p. 84.
102. Galston, A.W. Photosynthesis as a basis for life support on Earth and in space. Bioscience 1992, 42, 490-493.
103. Tamponnet, C.; Savage, C. Closed ecological systems. J. Biol. Educ. 1994, 28, 167-173.
104. Bringslimark, T.; Hartig, T.; Patil, G.G. The psychological benefits of indoor plants: A critical review of the experimental literature. J. Environ. Psychol. 2009, 29, 422-433.
105. Bates, S.C.; Marquit, J. Space psychology: Natural elements in habitation design. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 2011, 15, 519-523.
106. Waters, G.C.R.; Gidzinski, D.; Zheng, Y.; Stasiak, M.; Dixon, M. Modeling and Trade Studies of Staged Production Scenarios in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 2003; Volume 2003-01-2359.
107. Drysdale, A.E.; Ewert, M.; Hanford, A.J. Equivalent System Mass Studies of Missions and Concepts. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Denver, CO, USA, July 1999; Volume 1999-01-2081.
108. Myers, J. Space biology: Ecological aspects: Introductory remarks. Am. Biol. Teacher 1963, 25, 409-411.
109. Eckart, P.; Henninger, D.; Mendell, W. Manned Space Explorations and Life Support- Strategies, Milestones and Limitations. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: San Diego, CA, USA, February 1995; Volume 951532.
110. Barta, D.J.; Henninger, D.L. Regenerative life support systems-Why do we need them? Adv. Space Res. 1994, 14, 403-410.
111. Drysdale, A.E. Life Support Trade Studies Involving Plants. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Orlando, FL, USA, July 2001; Volume 2001-01-2362.
112. Gòdia, F.; Albiol, J.; Montesinos, J.L.; Pérez, J.; Creus, N.; Cabello, F.; Mengual, X.; Montras, A.; Lasseur, C. MELISSA: A loop of interconnected bioreactors to develop life support in space. J. Biotechnol. 2002, 99, 319-330.
113. Kliss, M.; Heyenga, A.G.; Hoehn, A.; Stodieck, L.S. Recent advances in technologies required for a "salad machine". Adv. Space Res. 2000, 26, 263-269.
114. Bamsey, M.; Graham, T.; Stasiak, M.; Berinstain, A.; Scott, A.; Rondeau Vuk, T.; Dixon, M. Canadian advanced life support capacities and future directions. Adv. Space Res. 2009, 44, 151-161.
115. Stasiak, M. Controlled Environment Systems Research at the University of Guelph. Ad Astra 2001, Available online: http://2002.isdc.nss.org/adastra/volume13/v13n5/contents/v13n5f1.pdf (accessed on 31 July 2012).
116. Bamsey, M.; Berinstain, A.; Dixon, M. Development of a potassium-selective optode for hydroponic nutrient solution monitoring. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 737, 72-82.
117. COM DEV Ltd. Roadmap for Canadian Advanced Life Support System (CanALSS); RPT/CSA/50095/1003; Completed under contract no. 9F028-070801/015/MTB, COM DEV Ltd.: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2008.
118. Scott, A.; Bamsey, M.; Dixon, M.; Graham, T.; Stasiak, M.; Rondeau Vuk, T. Advanced Life Support Systems Canada's Leadership Role in the Global Exploration Strategy. In Proceedings of the 15th CASI Conference on Astronautics, Toronto, ON, Canada, 4-6 May 2010.
119. Lobascio, C.; Lamantea, M.; Palumberi, S.; Cotronei, V.; Negri, B.; de Pascale, S.; Maggio, A.; Maffei, M.; Foti, M. Functional Architecture and Development of the CAB Bioregenerative System. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008; Volume 2008-01-2012.
120. Tabacco, M.B.; Zhou, Q. Chemical Sensors for CELSS Application, Technical Paper for ICES, ACE: San Francisco, CA, USA, August 1991.
121. Schlager, K.J. On-Line Monitoring of Water Quality and Plant Nutrients in Space Applications Based on Photodiode Array Spectrometry. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: San Francisco, CA, USA, August 1991; Volume 911361.
122. Weiss, J. Ion Chromatography, 2nd ed.; VCH Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 1995.
123. Haddad, P.R.; Nesterenko, P.N.; Buchberger, W. Recent developments and emerging directions in ion chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1184, 456-473.
124. Eith, C.; Kolb, M.; Seubert, A.; Viehweger, K.H. Practical Ion Chromatography; Metrohm Ltd.: Herisau, Switzerland, 2001.
125. Michalski, R. Ion chromatography as a reference method for determination of inorganic ions in water and wastewater. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2006, 36, 107-127.
126. Ragucci, T.; Maldonado, F.; Raducanu, M.; Cisar, A. Microfluidic Ion Chromatograph for In-Flight Water Quality Analysis. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Chicago, IL, USA, July 2007; Volume 2007-01-3153.
127. Kounaves, S.P.; Hecht, M.H.; West, S.J.; Morookian, J.-M.; Young, S.M.M.; Quinn, R.; Grunthaner, P.; Wen, X.; Weilert, M.; Cable, C.A.; et al. The MECA wet chemistry laboratory on the 2007 phoenix mars scout lander. J. Geophy. Res. 2009, 114, E00A19.
128. Nelson, E.S.; Chait, A. Portable Diagnostics Technology Assessment for Space Missions-Part 1: General Technology Capabilities for NASA Exploration Missions; NASA-Glenn Research Center: Cleveland, OH, USA, 2010; p. 13.
129. Ammann, D.; Morf, W.E.; Anker, P.; Meier, P.C.; Pretsch, E.; Simon, W. Neutral carrier based ion-selective electrodes. Ion-Selective Electr. Rev. 1983, 5, 3-92.
130. Buck, R.P.; Lindner, E. Tracing the history of selective ion sensors. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 88A-97A.
131. Koryta, J. Theory and applications of ion-selective electrodes. Part 8. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 233, 1-30.
132. Oggenfuss, P.; Morf, W.E.; Oesch, U.; Ammann, D.; Pretsch, E.; Simon, W. Neutral-carrier-based ion-selective electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1986, 180, 299-311.
133. Oesch, U.; Ammann, D.; Simon, W. Ion-selective membrane electrodes for clinical use. Clin. Chem. 1986, 32, 1448-1459.
134. Patko, T.A.D. Understanding Ion Selective Sensors. Available online: http://www.astisensor.com (accessed on 2 July 2012).
135. Adamchuk, V.I.; Lund, E.D.; Sethuramasamyraja, B.; Morgan, M.T.; Dobermann, A.; Marx, D.B. Direct measurement of soil chemical properties on-the-go using ion-selective electrodes. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2005, 48, 272-294.
136. Grygolowicz-Pawlak, E.; Plachecka, K.; Wolanin, B.; Malinowska, E. Towards miniaturized sensors for determination of exchangeable potassium in soil samples. Int. Agrophy. 2006, 20, 100-105.
137. Gutiérrez, M.; Alegret, S.; Cáceres, R.; Casadesús, J.; Marfà, O.; del Valle, M. Nutrient solution monitoring in greenhouse cultivation employing a potentiometric electronic tongue. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2008, 56, 1810-1817.
138. Hashimoto, Y.; Morimoto, T.; Fukuyama, T.; Watake, H.; Yamaguchi, S.; Kikuchi, H. Identification and control of hydroponic system using ion sensors. Acta Hortic. 1989, 245, 490-497.
139. Morgan, S. Bioregenerative Life Support Systems for Microgravity. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 1993; p. 72.
140. Heinen, M.; Harmanny, K. Evaluation of the performance of ion-selective electrodes in an automated NFT system. Acta Hortic. 1992, 304, 273-280.
141. Kim, H.J.; Hummel, J.W.; Birrell, S.J. Evaluation of nitrate and potassium ion-selective membranes for soil macronutrient sensing. Trans. ASABE 2006, 49, 597-606.
142. Van den Vlekkert, H.H.; Kouwenhoven, J.P.M.; van Wingerden, A.A.M. Application of ISFETs in closed-loop systems for horticulture. Acta Hortic. 1992, 304, 309-318.
143. Schröder, F.-G.; Lieth, J.H. Irrigation control in hydroponics. In Hydroponic Production of Vegetables and Ornamentals; Savvas, D., Passam, H., Eds.; Embryo Publications: Athens, Greece, 2002; pp. 263-298.
144. Offenbacher, H.; Wolfbeis, O.S.; Furlinger, E. Fluorescence optical sensors for continuous determination of near-neutral pH values. Sens. Actuators 1986, 9, 73-84.
145. Hauser, P.C.; Christopher, L.J. Flow-injection analysis with bulk extraction based optical sensor membranes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 294, 49-56.
146. Wolfbeis, O.S. Fluorescence optical sensors in analytical chemistry. TrAC. Trends Anal. Chem. 1985, 4, 184-188.
147. Taib, M.N.; Narayanaswamy, R. Solid-state instruments for optical fibre chemical sensors. Analyst 1995, 120, 1617-1625.
148. Weidgans, B.M. New Fluorescent Optical pH Sensors with Minimal Effects of Ionic Strength. Ph. D. Thesis, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, 2004.
149. CleanGrow, Multi-Ion Probe. Available online: http://www.cleangrow.com/products/ multi-ion-probe/ (accessed on 18 July 2012).
150. Bergveld, P. ISFET, Theory and Practise. In Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, 22-24 October 2003; pp. 1-26.
151. Bergveld, P. Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY: What happened in the past 30 years and what may happen in the next 30 years. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2003, 88, 1-20.
152. Janata, J. Historical review: Twenty years of ion-selective field-effect transistors. Analyst 1994, 119, 2275-2278.
153. Janata, J. Thirty years of CHEMFETs-A personal view. Electroanalysis 2004, 16, 1831-1835.
154. Artigas, J.; Beltran, A.; Jiménez, C.; Baldi, A.; Mas, R.; Domínguez, C.; Alonso, J. Application of ion sensitive field effect transistor based sensors to soil analysis. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2001, 31, 281-293.
155. Van den Vlekkert, H.H. Ion-sensitive field effect transistors. Acta Hortic. 1992, 304, 113-126.
156. Artigas, J.; Beltran, A.; Jiménez, C.; Bartrolí, J.; Alonso, J. Development of a photopolymerisable membrane for calcium ion sensors: Application to soil drainage waters. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 426, 3-10.
157. Li, D.; Lin, J.; Wang, M.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L. Electrochemical sensors for soil nutrient detection: Opportunity and challenge. In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2008; Volume 259, pp. 1349-1353.
158. Bergveld, P. Future application of ISFETs. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1991, 4, 125-133.
159. Beemster, B.J.; Schlager, K.J. ChemScan-An on-line ultraviolet spectral process analyzer. In Space Technology and Applications International Form; Institute for Space and Nuclear Power Studies, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 1996.
160. Schlager, K.J.; Schloegel, K.M.; Owens, M.; Beemster, B.J. On-Line Monitoring of Nutrients and Microbiological Contaminants in Controlled Plant Growth Environments. In Proceedings of the 1991 Food Industry Environmental Conference, Georgia Tech Research Institute: Atlanta, GA, USA, November 1991.
161. Schlager, K.J.; WIlson, M.A. Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrometry (UVAS) and Liquid Atomic Emission Spectrometry (LAES) for Oceanographic Analysis Systems; Naval Research Laboratory: Washington, DC, USA, 1994; p. 84.
162. Alsulmi, A.S. Water Analysis by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Ph.D. Thesis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2008.
163. Soliman, M.; Tawfik, W.; Harith, M.A. Quantitative elemental analysis of agricultural drainage water using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the 1st Cairo Conference on Plasma Physics and Applications, Cairo, Egypt, 11-15 October 2003; Volume 34, pp. 240-242.
164. Supelco Bulletin 910: Guide to Solid Phase Extraction; Sigma Aldrich: Bellefonte, PA, USA, 1998.
165. Gazda, D.B. Development of Colorimetric Solid Phase Extraction (C-SPE) for in-Flight Monitoring of Spacecraft Water Supplies. Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, 2004.
166. Gazda, D.B.; Nolan, D.J.; Rutz, J.A.; Schultz, J.R.; Siperko, L.M.; Porter, M.D.; Lipert, R.J.; Flint, S.M.; McCoy, J.T. Design, Certification, and Deployment of the Colorimetric Water Quality Monitoring Kit (CWQMK). Technical Paper for ICES, AIAA: Barcelona, Spain, 2010; AIAA-2010-6044.
167. Simpson, N.J.K.; Wells, M.J.M. Introduction to solid-phase extraction. In Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications; Simpson, N.J.K., Ed.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2000.
168. Janata, J. Do optical sensors really measure pH? Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 1351-1356.
169. Weaver, M.R.; Harris, J.M. In situ fluorescence studies of aluminum ion complexation by 8-hydroxyquinoline covalently bound to silica. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 1001-1010.
170. Seiler, K.; Simon, W. Principles and mechanisms of ion-selective optodes. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1992, 6, 295-298.
171. Bamsey, M. Ion-Selective Optical Sensors for the Management of Plant Nutrient Solutions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2012.
172. Tabacco, M.B.; Zhou, Q.; DiGiuseppe, T.G. Optical sensors for monitoring and control of plant growth systems. Adv. Space Res. 1994, 14, 223-226.
173. Tabacco, M.B.; DiGiuseppe, T.G. Optical chemical sensors for environmental control and system management. Adv. Space Res. 1996, 18, 125-134.
174. NASA. Technical Support Package for pH Optrode System; KSC-11623; NASA KSC: Kennedy, FL, USA, 1995.
175. NASA. Technical Support Package for Ammonia and Ethylene Optrodes for Research on Plant Growth; NASA KSC: Kennedy, FL, USA, 1995.
176. Tabacco, M.B., Personal Communication, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada,2010.
177. Seiler, K. Ion-Selective Optode Membranes, 1st ed.; Fluka Chemie AG: Buchs, Switzerland, 1993.
178. INO. Ion-Selective Optical Fiber. Available online: http://www.ino.ca/IonSelectiveopticalfiber.pdf (accessed on 31 July 2012).
179. NASA. NASA Systems Engineering Handbook; NASA Headquarters: Washington, DC, USA, 2007.
180. NASA. Safety Policy and Requirements: For Payloads Using the Space Transportation System; NASA. JSC: Houston, TX, USA, 1989.
181. NASA Payload Developers and Principal Investigators Payload Planning, Integration and Operations Primer; NASA JSC-ISS National Laboratory Office: Houston, TX, USA, 2010.
182. Fishman, J.L.; Mudgett, P.D.; Packham, N.J.; Schultz, J.R.; Straub, J.E., II. Expert Water Quality Panel Review of Responses to the NASA Request for Information for the International Space Station on-Board Environmental Monitoring System; NASA: Houston, TX, USA, 2004.
183. NASA. Portable Clinical Blood Analyzer-i-STAT (PCBA). Available online: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/PCBA.html (accedssed on 2 March 2012)
184. Smith, S.M.; Davis-Street, J.E.; Fesperman, J.V.; Smith, M.D.; Rice, B.L.; Zwart, S.R. Nutritional status changes in humans during a 14-day saturation dive: The NASA extreme environment mission operations V project. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 1765-1771.
185. Smith, S.M.; Davis-Street, J.E.; Fontenot, T.B.; Lane, H.W. Assessment of a portable clinical blood analyzer during space flight. Clin. Chem. 1997, 43, 1056-1065.
186. Wang, J. Portable electrochemical systems. Trends Anal. Chem. 2002, 21, 226-232.
187. Hecht, M.H.; Kounaves, S.P.; Quinn, R.C.; West, S.J.; Young, S.M.M.; Ming, D.W.; Catling, D.C.; Clark, B.C.; Boynton, W.V.; Hoffman, J.; de Flores, L.P.; Gospodinova, K.; Kapit, J.; Smith, P.H. Detection of perchlorate and the soluble chemistry of martian soil at the Phoenix Lander site. Science 2009, 325, 64-67.
188. Kounaves, S.P.; Buehler, M.G.; Hecht, M.H.; West, S. Determination of geochemistry on Mars using an array of electrochemical sensors. In ACS Symposium Series; Taillefert, M., Rozen, T.F., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2002; Volume 811, pp. 306-319.
189. Kuhlman, K.; Buehler, M.G. Electronic Tongue. U.S. Patent 6,730,201, 4 May 2004.
190. Buehler, M.G.; Kounaves, S.P.; Martin, D.P.; West, S.J.; Kuhlman, G.M. Designing a Water-Quality Monitor with Ion Selective Electrodes. In Proceeding of the 2001 Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 10-17 March 2001; Volume 1, pp. 331-339.
191. Buehler, M.G.; Kuhlman, G.M.; Keymeulen, D.; Myung, N.; Kounaves, S.P. Planar REDOX and Conductivity Sensors for ISS Water Quality Measurements. In Proceedings of the 2003 Aerospace Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada, 8-12 September 2003; Volume 2, pp. 535-550.
192. Diamant, B.L.; Humphries, W.R. Past and Present Environmental Control and life Support Systems on Manned Spacecraft. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Williamsburg, VA, USA, 1990; Volume 901210.
193. Wieland, P. Designing for Human Presence in Space: An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems; NASA-MSFC: Huntsville, AL, USA, 1994.
194. Wieland, P. Designing for Human Presence in Space: An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) Appendix I, Update-Historical ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian space habitats; NASA-MSFC: Huntsville, AL, USA, 2005.
195. Smith, C.A.; Spieth, H. Stabilization of cadmium iodide-linear starch reagent. Anal. Chem. 1973, 45, 422-423.
196. Lambert, J.L.; Fina, G.T.; Dikeman, E.F. Quickly dissolving amylose indicator in cadmium iodide-linear starch colorimetric reagent. Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 828-830.
197. Whittle, G.P. Development of a Method for the Determination of Iodine in Spacecraft Potable Water; NASA JSC: Stillwater, OK, USA, 1972; p. 31.
198. National Research Council. Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2000.
199. National Research Council. Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants: Volume 2; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2006; p. 534.
200. National Research Council. Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants: Volume 3; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2008; p. 206.
201. National Research Council. Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants: Volume 1; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2004; p. 372.
202. McCoy, J.T. Spacecraft Water Monitoring: Adapting to an Era of Emerging Scientific Challenges. In Proceeding of the NASA Human Health and Performances Technology Workshop, Houston, TX, USA, October 2009.
203. Pierre, L.M.; Schultz, J.R.; Johnson, S.; Sauer, R.L.; Sinyak, Y.E.; Skuratov, V.M.; Protasov, N.N. Collection and Chemical Analysis of Reclaimed Water and Condensate from the Mir Space Station. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Monterey, CA, USA, 1996; Volume 961569.
204. Gazda, D.B.; Nolan, D.J.; Rutz, J.A.; Schultz, J.R.; Siperko, L.M.; Porter, M.D.; Lipert, R.J.; Flint, S.M.; McCoy, J.T. Using Color to Monitor the Spacecraft Environment. In Proceedings of the 6th BYK-Gardner User Meeting, Dearborn, MI, USA, 12-13 April 2011.
205. Gazda, D.B.; Fritz, J.S.; Porter, M.D. Determination of nickel(II) as the nickel dimethylglyoxime complex using colorimetric solid phase extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 508, 53-59.
206. Straub, J.E., II.; Plumlee, D.K.; Schultz, J.R. ISS Expeditions 16 Thru 20: Chemical Analysis Results for Potable Water. Technical Paper for ICES, AIAA: Barcelona, Spain, 2010; Volume AIAA-2010-6042.
207. NASA International Space Station Flight Crew Integration Standard; NASA JSC: Houston, TX, USA, 1999.
208. Carter, D. Status of the Regenerative ECLSS Water Recovery System. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: Naples, Italy, 2009; Volume 2009-01-2352.
209. Clements, A.L.; Stinson, R.G.; van Wie, M.; Warren, E. Development of the second generation International Space Station (ISS) Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOCA). SAE Int. J. Aero. 2009, 4, 219-228.
210. Arena, M.; Porter, M.D.; Fritz, J.S.; Mudgett, P.; Rutz, J.A.; Schultz, J.R. A Rapid Method for Determining Biocide Concentration in a Spacecraft Water Supply. Technical Paper for ICES, SAE: San Antonio, TX, USA, 2002; Volume 2002-01-2535.
211. Arena, M.P.; Porter, M.D.; Fritz, J.S. Rapid, low level determination of silver(I) in drinking water by colorimetric-solid phase extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 482, 197-207.
212. Uhran, M.L. International Space Station-NAC Space Operations Committee-Briefing to the NASA Advisory Council; NASA: Stillwater, OK, USA, 2011.
213. Hurlbert, K.; Bagdigian, B.; Carroll, C.; Jeevarajan, A.S.; Kliss, M.; Singh, B. Draft Human Health, Life Support and Habitation Systems-Technology Area 06; NASA: Stillwater, OK, USA, 2010.
214. Hwang, E.Y.; Pappas, D.; Jeevarajan, A.S.; Anderson, M.M. Evaluation of the Paratrend multi-analyte sensor for potential utilization in long-duration automated cell culture monitoring. Biomed. Microdev. 2004, 6, 241-249.
215. Binot, R.A.; O'Leary, P.; Reininger, F.; Kolle, C.; Trettnak, W.; Gruber, W.; Brechignac, F. Optrodes: Opto-chemical sensors with superior performance for space biology (part 1). Preparing for the Future 1996, 6, 10-11.
216. Trettnak, W.; Gruber, W.; Reininger, F.; O'Leary, P.; Klimant, I. New instrumentation for optical measuring of oxygen in gas or dissolved in liquids. Adv. Space Res. 1996, 18, 139-148.
217. Legako, J.A.; White, B.J.; Harmon, H.J. Detection of cynaide using immobilized porphyrin and myoglobin surfaces. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2003, 91, 128-132.
218. White, B.J. Porphyrins as Colorimetric Indicators for Detection and Identification of Chemical and Biological Agents. Bachelor Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA, 2004.
219. Johnson, B.J.; Oliver, A.; Harmon, H.J. Chapter 12: Reversible inhibition of enzymes for optical detection of chemical analytes. In Sensors for Chemical and biological Applications; Ram, M.K., Bhethanabotla, V.R., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010; pp. 315-332.
220. Wu, A.H.B.; Gornet, T.G.; Schenkel, O.; Smith-Cronin, L.; Graham, G.A.; Tonnesen, A.S.; McKinley, B.A. Preliminary evaluation of an experimental clinical chemistry analyzer developed for space medicine. Clin. Chem. 1993, 39, 37-44.
221. Beegle, L.W.; Feldman, S.; Johnson, P.V.; Dreyer, C.B. Instruments for in situ sample analysis. In Drilling in Extreme Environments: Penetration and Sampling on Earth and Other Planets; Bar-Cohen, Y., Zacny, K., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2009.