Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of selected organophosphate pesticides: A review

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 42, Issue 22, 2012, Pages 2365-2407

  Sud, Dhiraj ^a   Kaur, Paramjeet ^a  

^a SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

analytical techniques; heterogeneous photocatalysis; intermediates; organophosphate pesticides; pesticide residues; toxicity

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES; HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS; INTERMEDIATES; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES; PESTICIDE RESIDUE;

DEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTODEGRADATION; TOXICITY; WATER SUPPLY;

PESTICIDES;

ACEPHATE; AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL; AMIDE; AZINPHOS METHYL; CHLORPYRIFOS; CLOFENVINFOS; CYANOFENPHOS; DICHLORVOS; DIMETHOATE; DIMPYLATE; ESTER DERIVATIVE; FENAMIPHOS; FENITROTHION; FENTHION; MALATHION; METHAMIDOPHOS; METRIFONATE; MEVINPHOS; MONOCROTOPHOS; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE; PARATHION; PARATHION METHYL; PHENYLPHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID O ETHYL O (4 NITROPHENYL) ESTER; PHORATE; PIRIMIPHOS METHYL; STIROFOS; TERBUFOS; THIOL DERIVATIVE; TRIAZOPHOS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

GROUNDWATER; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PESTICIDE; PHOTODEGRADATION; SHALLOW WATER; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCEDURES; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLASSIFICATION; DECOMPOSITION; DEGRADATION KINETICS; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MINERALIZATION; OXIDATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; SEMICONDUCTOR; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; TOXICITY; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84868225059     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: 15476537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2011.574184     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Akpan, U.G., and Hameed, B.H. (2009). Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2 based photocatalysts: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 170, 520-529.
2. Anandan, S., Vinu, A., Sheeja Lovely, K.L.P., Gokulakrishnan, N., Srinivasu, P., Mori, T., Murugesan, V., Sivamurugan, V., and Ariga, K. (2007). Photocatalytic activity of La-doped ZnO for the degradation of monocrotophos in aqueous suspension. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 266, 149-157.
3. Anandan, S., Kathiravan, K., Murugesan, V., and Ikuma, Y. (2009). Anionic (IO3 ?) non-metal doped TiO2 nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous pollutant in water. Catal. Commun. 10, 1014-1019.
4. Anonymous. (2000). NRC urges pesticide alternatives. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 373A.
5. Anonymous (2000). Very little known about pesticide usage in schools. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 169A.
6. Arques, A., Amat, A.M., Garca-Ripoll, A., and Vicente, R. (2007). Detoxification and/or increase of the biodegradability of aqueous solutions of dimethoate by means of solar photocatalysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 146, 447-452.
7. Aungpradit, T., Sutthivaiyakit, P., Martens, D., Sutthivaiyakit, S., and Kettrup, A.A.F. (2007). Photocatalytic degradation of triazophos in aqueous titanium dioxide suspension: Identification of intermediates and degradation pathways. J. Hazard. Mater. 146, 204-213.
8. Badawy, M.I., Ghaly, M.Y., and Gad-Allah, T.A. (2006). Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of organophosphorus pesticides from wastewater. Desalination 194, 166-175.
9. Bahnemann, D.W., Cunningham, J., Fox, M.A., Pelizzetti, E., Pichat, P., and Serpone, N. (1994). Photocatalytic treatment of waters. In G.R. Helz, R.G. Zepp, and D.G. Crosby, (Eds.), (Aquatic and surface photochemistry (pp. 261-316). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
10. Barcelo, D., and Hennion, M.C. (1997). Determination of pesticides and their degradation products in water: Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
11. Bertanza, G., Collivignarell, C., and Pedrazzen, I.R. (2001). The role of chemical oxidation in combined chemical-physical and biological processes: experience of industrial wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 44, 109-116.
12. Blair, A., Dosemeci, M., and Heineman, E.F. (1993). Cancer and other causes of death among male and female farmers from twenty-three states. Am. J. Ind. Med. 23, 729-742.
13. Blair, A., Malker, H., Cantor, K., Burmeister, L., and Wiklund, K. (1985). Cancer among farmers: A review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 11, 397-407.
14. Bolton, J.R., and Cater, S.R. (1994). Homogeneous photodegradation of pollutants in contaminated water: an introduction. In G.R. Helz, R.G. Zepp, and D.G. Crosby, (Eds.), (Aquatic and surface photochemistry (pp. 467-490). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
15. Burrows, H.D., Canle, L.M., Santaballa, J.A., and Steenken, S. (2002). Invited review: Reaction pathways and mechanisms of photodegradation of pesticides. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 67, 71-108.
16. Cabras, P., and Angioni, A. (2000). Pesticide residues in grapes, wine, and their processing products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 967-973.
17. Calza, P., Massolino, C., and Pelizzetti, E. (2008). Light induced transformations of selected organophosphorus pesticides on titanium dioxide: Pathways and byproducts evaluation using LC-MS technique. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 199, 42-49.
18. Camel, V., and Bermond, A. (1998). The use of ozone and associated oxidation processes in drinking water treatment. Water Res. 32, 3208-3222.
19. Carp, O., Huisman, C.L., and Reller, A. (2004). Photoinduced reactivity of titanium oxide. Solid State Chem. 32, 33-177.
20. Chen, J.-Q., Wang, D., Zhu, M.-X., Gao, C.-J. (2007). Photocatalytic degradation of dimethoate using nanosized, TiO2 powder. Desalination 207, 87-94.
21. Costa, L.G. (2006). Invited critical review: Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clin. Chim. Acta. 366, 1-13.
22. Daneshvar, N., Aber, S., Seyed Dorraji, M.S., Khataee, A.R., and Rasoulifard, M.H. (2007). Photocatalytic degradation of the insecticide diazinon in the presence of prepared nanocrystalline ZnO powders under irradiation of UV-C light. Sep. Purif. Technol. 58, 91-98.
23. Devi, L.G., Murthy, B.N., and Kumar, S.G. (2009). Photocatalytic activity of V5+, Mo6+ and Th4+ doped polycrystalline TiO2 for the degradation of chlorpyrifos under UV/solar light. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 308, 174-181.
24. Devipriya, S., and Yesodharan, S. (2005). Photocatalytic degradation of pesticide contaminants in water, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 86, 309-348.
25. Dionysiou, D.D., Khodadoust, A., Kern, A.M., Suidan, M.T., Baudin, I., and Laine, J.M. (2000). Continuous mode photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated phenols and pesticides in water, using a benchscale TiO2 rotating disk reactor. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 24, 139-155.
26. Dominguez, C., Garcia, J., Pedraz, M.A., Torres, A., and Galan, M.A. (1998). Photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants in water. Catal. Today. 40, 85-101.
27. Doong, R., and Chang, W. (1997). Photoassisted titanium dioxide mediated degradation of organophosphorus pesticides by hydrogen peroxide. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 107, 239-244.
28. Doong, R., and Chang, W. (1998). Photodegradation of parathion in aqueous titanium dioxide and zero valent iron solutions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 116, 221-228.
29. Drevenkar, V., Fingler, S., and Frobe, Z. (1994). Some organochlorine pollutants in the water environment and their influence on drinking water quality. In M. Richardson (Ed.), Chemical safety: International reference manual (pp. 297-310). Weinheim, Germany: VCH.
30. Echavia, G.R.M., Matzusawa, F., and Negishi, N. (2009). Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphate and phosphonoglycine pesticides using TiO2 immobilized on silica gel. Chemosphere 76, 595-600.
31. El-Dib, M.A., Badawy, M.I., and Razka, K.M. (2000). Alternative pre-oxidation procedures for the control of disinfection by-products. IV. Paper presented at the International Conference: Water Supply and Water Quality, Poland.
32. Eskenazi, B., Bradman, A., and Castorina, R. (1999). Exposures to children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environ. Health Perspect. 107, 409-419.
33. Evgenidou, E., Fytianos, K., and Poulios, I. (2005). Photocatalytic oxidation of dimethoate in aqueous solutions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 175, 29-38.
34. Evgenidou, E., Fytianos, K., and Poulios, I. (2005). Semiconductor- sensitized photodegradation of dichlorvos in water using TiO2 and ZnO as catalysts. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 59, 81-89.
35. Evgenidou, E., Konstantinou, I., and Fytianos, K. (2006). Study of the removal of dichlorvos and dimethoate in a titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic process through the examination of intermediates and the reaction mechanism Albanis. J. Hazard. Mater. B. 137, 1056-1064.
36. Evgenidou, E., Konstantinou, I., Fytianos, K., Poulios, I., and Albanis, T. (2007). Photocatalytic oxidation of methyl parathion over TiO2 and ZnO suspensions. Catal. Today. 124, 156-162.
37. Farŕe, M.J., Franch, M.I., Malato, S., Aylĺon, J.A., Peral, J., and Doḿenech, X. (2005). Degradation of some biorecalcitrant pesticides by homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation. Chemosphere 58, 1127-1133.
38. Ferńandez-Alba, A.R., Guil, L.H., Ĺopez, G.D., and Christi, Y. (2001). Toxicity of pesticides in wastewater: a comparative assessment of rapid bioassays. Anal. Chim. Acta. 426, 289-301.
39. Fernandez-Casalderrey, A., Ferrando, M.D., and Andreu-Moliner, E. (1992). Endosulfan and diazinon toxicity to the freshwater rotifier Brachionus calyciflorus. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B. 27, 155-164.
40. Foster, S.S.D., Chilton, P.J., and Stuart, M.E. (1991). Mechanisms of groundwater pollution by pesticides. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manag. 5, 186-193.
41. Galindo, C., Jacques, P., and Kalt, A. (2000). Photodegradation of the aminoazobenzene acid orange 52 by three advanced oxidation processes: UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and Vis/TiO2: Comparative mechanistic and kinetic investigations. J. Photochem Photobiol. A: Chem.130, 35-47.
42. Galindo, C., Jacques, P., and Kalt, A. (2001). Photooxidation of the phenylazonaphthol AO20 on TiO2: kinetic and mechanistic investigations. Chemosphere 45, 997-1005.
43. Gan, Q., and Jans, U. (2007). Nucleophilic reactions of phorate and terbufos with reduced sulfur species under anoxic conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 3546-3554.
44. Gaya, U.I., and Abdullah, A.H. (2008). Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: A review of fundamentals, progress and problems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 9, 1-12.
45. Gilliom, R.J., Barbash, J.E., Kolpin, D.W., and Larson, S.J. (1999). Testing water quality for pesticide pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 164A-169A.
46. Gray, L.E., Ostby, J.S., and Kelcee, W.R. (1994). Developmental effects of an environmental antiandrogen: The fungicide vinclozolin alters sex differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 129, 46-52.
47. Grover. R., and Cessna, A.J. (Eds.). (1991). Environmental chemistry of herbicides. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
48. Han, S.T., Jing, L., Xi, H.L., Xu, D.N., Zuo, Y., and Zhang, J.H. (2008). Photocatalytic decomposition of acephate in irradiated TiO2 suspensions. J. Hazard. Mater. 163, 1165-1172.
49. Hao, O.J., Shin, C.-J., Lin, C.-F., Jeng, F.-T., and Chen, Z.-C. (1996). Use of Microtox tests for screening industrial wastewater toxicity. Water Sci. Technol. 34, 43-50.
50. Harada, K., Hisanaga, T., and Tanka, K. (1990). Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphorous insecticides in aqueous semiconductor suspensions. Water Res. 24, 1415-1417.
51. Herrmann, J.-M. (1995). Heterogeneous photocatalysis: An emerging discipline involving multiphase systems. Catal. Today. 24, 157-164.
52. Herrmann, J.M., Disdier, J., Pichat, P., Malato, S., and Blanco, J. (1998). TiO2-based solar photocatalytic detoxification of water containing organic pollutants. Case studies of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D) and of benzofuran. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 17, 15-23.
53. Herrmann, J.-M. (1999). Heterogeneous photocatalysis: Fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants. Catal. Today. 53, 115-129.
54. Herrmann, J.M., Guillard, C., Arguello, M., Ag̈uera, A., Tejedor, A., Piedra, L., Ferńandez-Alba, A. (1999). Photocatalytic degradation of pesticide pirimiphosmethyl Determination of the reaction pathway and identification of intermediate products by various analytical methods. Catal. Today. 54, 353-367.
55. Herrmann, J.-M., and Guillard, C. (2000). Photocatalytic degradation of pesticides in agricultural used waters. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Serie IIc, Chimie: Chem. 3, 417-422.
56. Herrmann, J.M., Guillard, Ch., Disdier, J., Lehaut, C., Malato, S., and Blanco, J. (2002). New industrial titania photocatalysts for the solar detoxification of water containing various pollutant. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 35, 281-294.
57. Hileman, B. (1994). Environmental estrogens linked to reproductive abnormalities and cancer. Chem. Eng. News. 1, 19-23.
58. Hincapíe, M., Maldonado, M.I., Oller, I., Gernjak, W., Śanchez-Ṕerez, J.A., Ballesteros, M.M., and Malato, S. (2005). 1996. Solar photocatalytic degradation and detoxification of EU priority substances. Catal. Today, 101, 203-210.
59. Hodgson, E., and Levi, P.E. (1996). Pesticides: An important but underused model for the environmental health sciences. Environ. Health Perspect. 104, 97-106.
60. Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., and Bahnemann, D.W. (1995). Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95, 69-96.
61. Hormann, W.D., Tournayre, J.C., and Egli, H. (1979). Triazine herbicide residues in central european streams. Pestic. Monit. 13, 128-131.
62. Houas, A., Lachheb, H., Ksibi, M., Elaloui, E., Guillard, C., and Hermann, J.M
63. Hua, Z., Manping, Z., Zongfeng, X., and Low, G.K-C. (1995). Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of monocrotophos. Wat. Res. 29, 2681-2688.
64. Ikehata, K., and El-Din, M.G. (2005). Aqueous pesticide degradation by ozonation and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes: A review (Part I). Ozone: Sci. Eng. 27, 83-114.
65. Ikehata, K., and El-Din, M.G. (2005). Aqueous pesticide degradation by ozonation and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes: A review (Part II). Ozone: Sci. Eng. 27, 173-202.
66. Jardim, W.F., Moraes, S.G., and Takiyama, M.M.K. (1997). Photocatalytic degradation of aromatic chlorinated compounds using TiO2: Toxicity of intermediates. Water Res. 31, 1728-1732.
67. Jeannot, R., and Dagnac, T. (2006). Organophosphorus compounds in water, soils, waste and air. In L.M.L. Nollet (Ed.), Chromatographic analysis of the environment: Third edition (pp. 841-888). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
68. Jokanovic, M. (2001). Biotransformation of organophosphorus compounds. Toxicology. 166, 139-160.
69. Juarez, S.L.M, Sanchez, J. (1989). Toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide methamidophos to larvae of the freshwater prawn. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43, 302-308.
70. Kerzhentsev, M., Guillard, C., Herrmann, J.-M., and Pichat, P. (1996). Photocatalytic pollutant removal in water at room temperature: case study of the total degradation of the insecticide fenitrothion (phosphorothioic acid O, Odimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl) ester). Catal. Today. 27, 215-220.
71. Kim, T.-S., Kim, J.-K., Choi, K., Stenstrom, M.K., and Zoh, K.-D. (2006). Degradation mechanism and the toxicity assessment in TiO2 photocatalysis and photolysis of parathion. Chemosphere 62, 926-933.
72. Kolpin, D.W., Barbash, J.E., and Gilliom, R.J. (1998). Occurrence of Pesticides in Shallow Groundwater of the United States: Initial Results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 558-566.
73. Konstantinou, J.K., Sakellarides, T.M., Sakkas, V.A., and Albanis, T.A. (2001). Photocatalytic degradation of selected s-triazine herbicides and oganophosphorus insecticides over aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 398-405.
74. Konstantinou, I.K., and Albanis, T.A. (2003). Photocatalytic transformation of pesticides in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions using artificial and solar light: intermediates and degradation pathways. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 42, 319-335.
75. Konstantinou. I.K., and Albanis, T.A. (2004). TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: Kinetic and mechanistic investigations: A review. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 49, 1-14.
76. Kormali, P., Dimoticali, D., Tsipi, D., Hiskia, A., and Papaconstantinou, E. (2004). Photolytic and photocatalytic decomposition of fenitrothion by PW12O3? 40 and TiO2: A comparative study. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 48, 175-183.
77. Kouloumbos, V.N., Tsipi, D.F., Hiskia, A.E., Nikolic, D., and van Breemen, R.B. (2003). Identification of photocatalytic degradation products of diazinon in TiO2 aqueous suspensions using GC/MS/MS and LC/MS with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrum. 14, 803-817.
78. Kralj, M.B., Trebse, P., and Franko, M. (2007). Applications of bioanalytical techniques in evaluating advanced oxidation processes in pesticide degradation. Trends Anal. Chem. 26, 1020-1031.
79. Kralj, M.B., Cernigoj, U., and Franko, M. (2007). Comparison of Photocatalysis and photolysis of malathion, isomalathion, malaoxon, and commercial malathion: Products and toxicity studies. Water Res. 41, 4504-4514.
80. Ku, Y., and Jung, I.-L. (1998). Decomposition of monocrotophos in aqueous solution by UV irradiation in the presence of titanium dioxide. Chemosphere 37, 2589-2597.
81. Kuo, W.S., and Ho, P.H. (2001). Solar photocatalytic decolorization of methylene blue in water. Chemosphere 45, 77-83.
82. Kuo, W.S. (2002). Photocatalytic oxidation of pesticide rinsate. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B. 37, 65-74.
83. Lapertot, M., Ebrahimi, S., Oller, I., Maldonado, M.I., Gernjak, W., Malato, S., and Pulgaŕn, C. (2008). Evaluating Microtox C-as a tool for biodegradability assessment of partially treated solutions of pesticides using Fe3+ and TiO2 solar photo-assisted processes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 69, 546-555.
84. Lee, C.M., Anderson, B., Elzerman, A.W. Photochemical oxidation of terbufos, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 1349-1353, 1999.
85. Linsebigler, A.L., Lu, G., and Yates J.T. Jr. (1995). Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: Principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem. Rev. 95, 735-758.
86. Liu, G., Wu, T. Zhao, J., Hidaka, H., and Serpone, N. (1999). Photoassisted degradation of dye pollutants. 8. Irreversible degradation of alizarin red under visible light radiation in air-equilibrated aqueous TiO2 dispersions. Environ. Sci.Technol. 33, 2081-2087.
87. Liu, W., Chen, S., Zhao, W., and Zhang, S. (2009). Study on the photocatalytic degradation of trichlorfon in suspension of titanium dioxide. Desalination 249, 1288-1293.
88. Lu, M.-C., Roam, G.-D., Chert, J.-N., and Huang, C.-P. (1993). Microtox bioassay of photodegradation products from photocatalytic oxidation of pesticides. Chemosphere 27, 1637-1647.
89. Lu, M.C., Roam, G.D., Chem, J.N., and Huang, C.P. (1993). Factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos over titanium dioxide supported on glass. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 76, 103-110.
90. Mahmoodi, N.M., Arami, M., Limaee, N.Y., and Gharanjig, K. (2007). Photocatalytic degradation of agricultural N-heterocyclic organic pollutants using immobilized nanoparticles of titania. J. Hazard. Mater. 145, 65-71.
91. Mahmoodi, N.M., Arami, M., Gharanjig, K., Nourmohammadian, F., and Bidokhti, A.Y. (2008). Purification of water containing agricultural organophosphorus pollutant using titania nanophotocatalysis: Laboratory studies and numerical modeling. Desalination 230, 183-192.
92. Malato, S. (1999). Solar photocatalytic decomposition of pentachlorophenol dissolved in water. Editorial CIEMAT; Madrid, Spain. ISBN 84-7834-336-9, 177.
93. Malato, S., Blanco, J., Richter, C., and Milow, B. (1999). Solar photocatalytic mineralization of commercial pesticides: methamidophos. Chemosphere 38, 1145-1156.
94. Malato, S., Blanco, J., Richter, C., and Maldonado, M.I. (2000). Optimization of pre-industrial solar photocatalytic mineralization of commercial pesticides Application to pesticide container recycling. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 25, 31-38.
95. Maldonado, M.I., Passarinho, P.C., Oller, I., Gernjak, W., Ferńandez, P., Blanco, J., and Malato, S. (2007). Photocatalytic degradation of EU priority substances: A comparison between TiO2 and Fenton plus photo-Fenton in a solar pilot plant. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 185, 354-363.
96. Maurino,V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E., and Vincenti, M. (1999). Photocatalytic transformation of sulfonylurea herbicides over irradiated titanium dioxide particles. Coll. Surf. A 151, 329-338.
97. Meister, R.T. (1995). Farm chemicals handbook '95. Willoughby, OH: Meister.
98. Mileson, B.E., Chambers, J.E., Chen, W.L., Dettbarn, W., Ehrich, M., Eldefrawi, A.T., Gaylor, D.W., Hamernik, K., Hodgson, E., Karczmar, A.G., Padilla, S., Pope, C.N., Richardson, R.J., Saunders, D.R., Sheets, L.P., Sultatos, L.G., and Wallace, K.B. (1998). Common mechanism of toxicity: A case study of organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicol. Sci. 41, 8-20.
99. Mills, A., Davies, R.H., and Worsley, D. (1993). Water purification by semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 22, 417-425.
100. Mills, A., and Hunte, S.L. (1997). An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 108, 1-35.
101. Moctezumaa, E., Leyva, E., Palestino, G., and de Lasa, H. 2007. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl parathion: Reaction pathways and intermediate reaction products. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 186, 71-84.
102. Mozia, S., Tomaszewska, M., and Morawski, A.W. (2007). Photocatalyticmembrane reactor (PMR) coupling photocatalysis and membrane distillation: Effectiveness of removal of three azo dyes from water. Catal. Today. 129, 3-8.
103. Muneer, M., and Bahnemann, D. (2002). Semiconductor-mediated photocatalyzed degradation of two selected pesticide derivatives, terbacil and 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole, in aqueous suspension. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 36, 95-111.
104. Munter, R. (2001). Advanced oxidation processes: Current status and prospects. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem. 50, 59-80.
105. Muszkat, L., Bir, L., and Feigelson, L. (1995). Solar photocatalytic mineralization of pesticides in polluted waters. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 87, 85-88.
106. Naman, S.A., Khammas, Z.A.-A., and Hussein, F.M. (2002). Photo-oxidative degradation of insecticide dichlorovos by a combined semiconductors and organic sensitizers in aqueous media. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 153, 229-236.
107. Neppolian, B., Choi, H.C., Sakthivel, S., Arabindoo, B., and Murugesan, V. (2002). Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4. Chemosphere 46, 1173-1181.
108. Oancea, P., and Oncescu, T. (2008). The photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos under solar irradiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 199, 8-13.
109. Oller, I., Gernjak, W., Maldonado, M.I., Fernandez-Ibanez, P., Blanco, J., Sanchez-Perez, J.A., and Malato, S. (2005). Degradation of the insecticide dimethoate by solar Photocatalysis at pilot plant scale. Environ Chem Lett. 3, 118-121.
110. Oller, I., Gernjak, W., Maldonado, M.I., Perez-Estrada, L.A., Sanchez-Perez, J.A., and Malato, S. (2006). Solar photocatalytic degradation of some hazardous water-soluble pesticides at pilot-plant scale. J. Hazard. Mater. B. 138, 507-517.
111. Oller, I., Malato, S., Sanchez-Perez, J.A., Maldonado, M.I., and Gasso, R. (2007). Detoxification of wastewater containing five common pesticides by solar AOPs-biological coupled system. Catal. Today. 129, 69-78.
112. Ollis, D.F., and Al-Ekabi, H. (Eds.). (1993). Photocatalytic purification and treatment of water and air. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
113. Parra, S., Sarria, V., Malato, S., Ṕeringer, P., and Pulgarin, C. (2000). Photochemical versus coupled photochemical-biological flow system for the treatment of two biorecalcitrant herbicides: metobromuron and isoproturon. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 27, 153-168.
114. Pelizzetti, E., Minero, C., Carlin, V., Vincenti, M., and Pramauro, E. (1992). Identification of photocatalytic degradation pathways of 2-Cl-s-triazine herbicides and detection of their decomposition intermediates. Chemosphere 24, 891-910.
115. Pera-Titus, M., Garcia-Molina, V., Baños, M.A., Giḿenez, J., and Esplugas, S. (2004). Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: A general review. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 47, 219-256.
116. Pirkanniemi, K., and Sillanpaa, M. (2002). Heterogeneous water phase catalysis as an environmental application: A review. Chemosphere 48, 1047-1060.
117. Prevot, A.B., Baiocchi, C., Brussino, M.C., Pramauro, E., Savarino, P., Augugliaro, V., Marci, G., and Palmisano, L. (2001). Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue 80 in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 suspensions. Environ. Sci.Technol. 35, 971-976.
118. Ra, J.S., Lee, B.C., Chang, N.I., and Kim, S.D. (2008). Comparative whole effluent toxicity assessment of wastewater treatment plant effluents using Daphnia magna. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 80, 196-200.
119. Racke, K.D. (1992). Degradation of organophosphorus insecticides in environmental matrices. In: J.E. Chambers and P.Z. Levy (Eds.), Organophosphates: Chemistry, fate, and effects (pp. 48-78). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
120. Ragnarsdottir, K.V. (2000). Environmental fate and toxicology of organophosphate pesticides. J. Geol. Soc. 157, 859-876.
121. Rajeshwar, K., Osugi, M.E., Chanmanee, W., Chenthamarakshan, C.R., Zanoni, M.V.B., Kajitvichyanukul, P., and Krishnan-Ayer, R. (2008). Review: Heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes in air and aqueous media. J. Photochem. Photobiol., C. 9, 171-192.
122. Rahman, M.A., and Muneer, M. (2005). Photocatalysed degradation of two selected pesticide derivatives, dichlorvos and phosphamidon, in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide. Desalination 181, 161-172.
123. Rahman, M.A., Qamar, M., and Muneer, M. (2006). Semiconductor mediated photocatalysed degradation of a pesticide derivative, acephate in aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide. J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 9, 103-109.
124. Ray, A.K., and Ghosh, M.C. (2006). Aquatic toxicity of carbamates and organophosphates. Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds 657-672.
125. Reutergarth, L.B., and Iangphasuk, M. (1997). Photocatalytic decolourization of reactive azo dye: A comparison between TiO2 and CdS photocatalysis. Chemosphere 35, 585-596.
126. Robertson, P. (1996). Semiconductor photocatalysis: An environmentally acceptable alternative production technique and effluent treatment process. J. Cleaner Prod. 4, 203-212.
127. Sakkas, V.A., Lambropoulou, D.A., Sakellarides, T.M., and Albanis, T.A. (2002). Application of solid-phase microextraction for monitoring the photocatalytic decomposition of fenthion and parathion in aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Anal. Chim. Acta. 467, 233-243.
128. Sakthivel, S., Neppolian, B., Shankar, M.V., Arabindoo, B., Palanichamy, M., and Murugesan, V. (2003). Solar photocatalytic degradation of azo dye: comparison of photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO and TiO2. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 77, 65-82.
129. Saien, J., and Soleymani, A.R. (2007). Degradation and mineralization of Direct Blue 71 in a circulating upflow reactor by UV/TiO2 process and employing a new method in kinetic study. J. Hazard. Mater. 144, 506-512.
130. Sauer, T., Neto, G.C., Jose, H.J., and Moreira, R.F.P.M. (2002). Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in a TiO2 slurry reactor. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 149, 147-154.
131. Serpone, N., and Pelizzetti, E. (Eds.). (1989). Photocatalysis, fundamentals and applications. New York, NY: Wiley.
132. Shifu, C., Mengyue, Z., and Yaowu, T. (1996). Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphoros pesticides using TiO2 supported on fiberglass. Microchem. J. 54, 54-58.
133. Shifu, C., and Gengyu, C. (2005). Study on the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate and photocatalytic oxidation of dichlorvos. Chemosphere 60, 1308-1315.
134. Shifu, C., and Gengyu, C. (2005). Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphorus pesticides using floating photocatalyst TiO2.SiO2/beads by sunlight. Solar Energy. 79, 1-9.
135. Sikka, S.C., and Gurbuz, N. (2006). Reproductive toxicity of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds 447-462.
136. Tang, W.Z., and An, H. (1995). UV/TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation of commercial dyes in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 31, 4157-4170.
137. Tanner, R.W., and Laangston, J.W. (1990). Do environmental toxins cause parkinson's disease? A critical review. Neurology. 40, 17-31.
138. Tomlin, C.D.S. (Ed.) (2009). The pesticide manual (15th Ed.). Hampshire, England: BCPC.
139. Topalov, A., Molńar-Ǵabor, D., Kosanic, M., and Abramovic, B. (2000). Photomineralization of the herbicide mecoprop dissolved in water sensitized by TiO2. Water Res. 34, 1473-1478.
140. Topalov, A., Molńar-Ǵabor, D., Abramovi, B., Korom, S., and Pericin, D. (2003). Photocatalytic removal of the insecticide fenitrothion from water sensitized with TiO2. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 160, 195-201.
141. Tothill, I.E., and Turner, A.P.F. (1996). Developments in bioassay methods for toxicity testing in water treatment. Trends Anal. Chem. 15, 178-188.
142. Turchi, C.S., Ollis, D.F. (1989). Mixed reactant photocatalysis: Intermediates and mutual rate inhibition, J. Catalysis. 119, 483-496.
143. Vidal, A., Dinya, Z., Mogyorodi Jr., F., and Mogyorodi, F. (1999). Photocatalytic degradation of thiocarbamate herbicide active ingredients in water. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 21, 259-267.
144. Wang, J., Ma, T., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., Dong, D., Zhang, P., and Li, Y. (2006). Investigation on the sonocatalytic degradation of parathion in the presence of nanometer rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. B. 137, 972-980.
145. Wei, L., Shifu, C., Wei, Z., and Sujuan, Z. (2009). Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of methamidophos in aqueous phase. J. Hazard. Mater. 164, 154-160.
146. Wilcock, B., and Fox, M. (1987). Water and pesticides, how well do they mix? Soil Water. 1, 18-21.
147. Wu, R.-J., Chen, C.-C., Chen, M.-H., and Lua, C.-S. (2009). Titanium dioxidemediated heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of terbufos: Parameter study and reaction pathways. J. Hazard. Mater. 162, 945-953.
148. Zhang, F., Zhao, J., Shen, T., Hidaka, H., Pelizzetti, E., and Serpone, N. (1998). TiO2-assisted photodegradation of dye pollutants II. Adsorption and degradation kinetics of eosin in TiO2 dispersions under visible light irradiation. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 15, 147-156.
149. Zhang, L., Yan, F., and Wang, Y. (2006). Photocatalytic degradation of methamidophos by UV irradiation in the presence of nano-TiO2. J. Inorg. Mater. 42, 1379-1387.
150. Zhang, L., Guo, X., Yan, F., Su, M., and Li, Y. (2007). Study of the degradation behaviour of dimethoate under microwave irradiation. J. Hazard. Mater. 149, 675-679.
151. Zhang, L., Yan, F., Su, M., Han, G., and Kang, P.A. (2009). Study on the degradation of methamidophos in the presence of nano-TiO2 catalyst doped with Re1. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 54, 1210-1216.