Natural pipes in blanket peatlands: Major point sources for the release of carbon to the aquatic system

Global Change Biology

Volumn 18, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 3568-3580

  Holden, Joseph ^a   Smart, Richard P ^a   Dinsmore, Kerry J ^b   Baird, Andy J ^a   Billett, Mike F ^b   Chapman, Pippa J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Blanket peat; Carbon export; Dissolved organic carbon; Macropores; Particulate organic carbon; Pipeflow; Piping; Throughflow; Tunnel erosion

Indexed keywords

CARBON BALANCE; CARBON FLUX; CATCHMENT; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISCHARGE; DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; METHANE; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; PEATLAND; POINT SOURCE; STREAMFLOW; THROUGHFLOW;

EID: 84868199976     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12004     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Adamson JK, Scott WA, Rowland AP (1998) The dynamics of dissolved nitrogen in a blanket peat dominated catchment. Environmental Pollution, 99, 69-77.
2. Adamson JK, Scott WA, Rowland AP, Beard GR (2001) Ionic concentrations in a blanket peat bog in northern England and correlations with deposition and climate variables. European Journal of Soil Science, 52, 69-79.
3. Andersson JO, Nyberg L (2008) Spatial variation of wetlands and flux of dissolved organic carbon in boreal headwater streams. Hydrological Processes, 22, 1965-1975.
4. Baird AJ (1997) Field estimation of macropore functioning and surface hydraulic conductivity in a fen peat. Hydrological Processes, 11, 287-295.
5. Ball DF (1964) Loss on ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soils. Journal of Soil Science, 15, 84-92.
6. Billett MF, Charman DJ, Clark JM et al. (2010) Carbon balance of UK peatlands: current state of knowledge and future research challenges. Climate Research, 45, 13-29, doi: 10.3354/cr00903.
7. Billett MF, Deacon CM, Palmer SM, Dawson JJC, Hope D (2006) Connecting organic carbon in stream water and soils in a peatland catchment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, G02010, doi:02010.01029/02005JG000065.
8. Billett MF, Dinsmore KJ, Smart RP et al. (2012) Variable source and age of different forms of carbon released from natural peatland pipes during storm events. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 117, G02003, 10.1029/2011JG001807.
9. 4 in surface waters at Mer Bleue peatland, Canada. Hydrological Processes, 22, 2044-2054.
10. Billett MF, Palmer SM, Hope D et al. (2004) Linking land-atmosphere-stream carbon fluxes in a lowland peatland system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB1024.
11. Chapman PJ (1994) Hydrogeochemical processes influencing episodic stream water chemistry in a headwater catchment, Plynlimon, Mid-Wales, PhD thesis. Imperial College, University of London, London.
12. Clark JM, Lane SN, Chapman PJ, Adamson JK (2007) Export of dissolved organic carbon from an upland peatland during storm events: implications for flux estimates. Journal of Hydrology, 347, 438-447.
13. Clark JM, Lane SN, Chapman PJ, Adamson JK (2008) Link between DOC in near surface peat and stream water in an upland catchment. Science of the Total Environment, 404, 308-315.
14. Cole L, Bardgett RD, Ineson P, Adamson JK (2002) Relationships between enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta), climate change, and the release of dissolved organic carbon from blanket peat in northern England. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 34, 599-607.
15. Crisp DT, Robson S (1979) Some effects of discharge upon the transport of animals and peat in a north Pennine headstream. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 721-736.
16. Dawson JJC, Billett MF, Neal C, Hill S (2002) A comparison of particulate, dissolved and gaseous carbon in two contrasting upland streams in the UK. Journal of Hydrology, 257, 226-246.
17. Dawson JJC, Billett MF, Hope D, Palmer SM, Deacon CM (2004) Sources and sinks of aquatic carbon linked to a peatland stream continuum. Biogeochemistry, 70, 71-90.
18. Dinsmore KJ, Billett MF, Skiba UM, Rees RM, Drewer J, Helfter C (2010) Role of the aquatic pathway in the carbon and greenhouse gas budgets of a peatland catchment. Global Change Biology, 16, 2750-2762, doi: 2710.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02119.x.
19. 2O fluxes from a Scottish ombrotrophic peatland; implications for modelling and upscaling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41, 1315-1323.
20. Dinsmore KJ, Smart RP, Billett MF, Holden J, Baird AJ, Chapman PJ (2011) Greenhouse gas losses from peatland pipes: a major pathway for loss to the atmosphere? Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 116, G03041, doi: 03010.01029/02011JG001646.
21. Dittrich J (1952) Zur naturlichen Entwasserung der Moore. Wasser Boden, 4, 286-288.
22. Egglesmann R (1960) Uber den unterirdischen Abfluss aus Mooren. Wasserwirtschaft, 50, 149-154.
23. Evans M, Warburton J (2007) The Geomorphology of Upland Peat: Pattern, Process, Form. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
24. Evans MG, Burt TP, Holden J, Adamson JK (1999) Runoff generation and water table fluctuations in blanket peat: evidence from UK data spanning the dry summer of 1995. Journal of Hydrology, 221, 141-160.
25. Gilman K, Newson MD (1980) Soil Pipes and Pipeflow; A Hydrological Study in Upland Wales. Geo Books, Norwich.
26. Glaser PH (1998) The distribution and origin of mire pools. In: Patterned Mires and Mire Pools: Origin and Development; Flora and Fauna (eds Standen V, Tallis JH, Meade R), pp. 4-25. University of Durham, Durham.
27. Grayson R, Holden J (2012) Continuous sampling of spectrophotometric absorbance in peatland streamwater: implications for understanding fluvial carbon fluxes. Hydrological Processes, 26, 27-39.
28. Gunn J (2000) Introduction. In: The Geomorphology of Cuilcagh Mountain, Ireland: A Field Guide for the British Geomorpholical Research Group Spring Field Meeting, May 2000 (ed. Gunn J), pp. 1-3. Limestone Research Group, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield.
29. Holden J (2004) Hydrological connectivity of soil pipes determined by ground-penetrating radar tracer detection. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29, 437-442.
30. Holden J (2005a) Controls of soil pipe frequency in upland blanket peat. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, F01002, doi: 01010.01029/02004JF000143.
31. Holden J (2005b) Peatland hydrology and carbon cycling: why small-scale process matters. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 363, 2891-2913.
32. Holden J (2005c) Piping and woody plants in peatlands: cause or effect? Water Resources Research, 41, W06009, doi:06010.01029/02004WR003909.
33. Holden J (2006) Sediment and particulate carbon removal by pipe erosion increase over time in blanket peatlands as a consequence of land drainage. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 111, F02010, doi: 10.1029/2005JF000386.
34. Holden J (2009) Flow through macropores of different size classes in blanket peat. Journal of Hydrology, 364, 342-348.
35. Holden J, Burt TP (2002a) Infiltration, runoff and sediment production in blanket peat catchments: implications of field rainfall simulation experiments. Hydrological Processes, 16, 2537-2557.
36. Holden J, Burt TP (2002b) Piping and pipeflow in a deep peat catchment. Catena, 48, 163-199.
37. Holden J, Burt TP (2003a) Hydraulic conductivity in upland blanket peat: measurement and variability. Hydrological Processes, 17, 1227-1237.
38. Holden J, Burt TP (2003b) Hydrological studies on blanket peat: the significance of the acrotelm-catotelm model. Journal of Ecology, 91, 86-102.
39. Holden J, Burt TP, Vilas M (2002) Application of ground-penetrating radar to the identification of subsurface piping in blanket peat. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27, 235-249.
40. Holden J, Chapman PJ, Labadz JC (2004) Artificial drainage of peatlands: hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration. Progress in Physical Geography, 28, 95-123.
41. Holden J, Rose R (2011) Temperature and surface lapse rate change: a study of the UK's longest upland instrumental record. International Journal of Climatology, 31, 907-919, doi: 10.1002/joc.2136.
42. Holden J, Smart RP, Dinsmore K, Baird AJ, Billett MF, Chapman PJ (2012) Morphological change of natural pipe outlets in blanket peat. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 37, 109-118, doi: 110.1002/esp. 2239.
43. Hope D, Billett MF, Milne R, Brown TAW (1997) Exports of organic carbon in British rivers. Hydrological Processes, 11, 325-344.
44. Ingram HAP (1978) Soil layers in mires - function and terminology. Journal of Soil Science, 29, 224-227.
45. Ingram HAP (1983) Hydrology. In: Ecosystems of the World 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor (ed. Gore AJP), pp. 67-158. Elsevier, Oxford.
46. Ivanov KE (1981) Water Movement in Mirelands. Academic Press, New York.
47. Johnson GAL, Dunham KC (1963) The Geology of Moor House. Nature Conservancy, London.
48. Jones JAA (1981) The Nature of Soil Piping: A Review of Research. Geo Books, Norwich.
49. Jones JAA (1990) Piping effects in humid lands. In: Groundwater Geomorphology; The Role of Subsurface Water in Earth-Surface Processes and Landforms (eds Higgins CG, Coates DR), pp. 111-137. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
50. Jones JAA (1994) Subsurface flow and subsurface erosion. In: Process and Form in Geomorphology (ed. Stoddart DR), pp. 74-120. Routledge, London.
51. Jones JAA (1997) Pipeflow contributing areas and runoff response. Hydrological Processes, 11, 35-41.
52. Jones JAA (2004) Implications of natural soil piping for basin management in upland Britain. Land Degradation & Development, 15, 325-349.
53. Jones JAA, Crane FG (1984) Pipeflow and pipe erosion in the Maesnant experimental catchment. In: Catchment Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology (eds Burt TP, Walling DE), pp. 55-72. Geo Books, Norwich.
54. Jones JAA, Richardson JM, Jacob HJ (1997) Factors controlling the distribution of piping in Britain: a reconnaissance. Geomorphology, 20, 289-306.
55. Limpens J, Berendse F, Blodau C et al. (2008) Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global implications - a synthesis. Biogeosciences, 5, 1475-1491.
56. Manley G (1936) The climate of the northern Pennines: the coldest part of England. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 62, 103-115.
57. Manley G (1942) Meteorological observations on Dun Fell, a mountain station in northern England. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 68, 151-165.
58. Markov VD, Khoroshev PI (1988) Contemporary estimation of the USSR peat reserves. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Peat Congress. International Peat Society, Lenningrad.
59. McCaig M (1983) Contributions to storm quickflow in a small headwater catchment - the role of natural pipes and soil macropores. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8, 239-252.
60. 2 exchange on a cutover bog. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 354-367.
61. Miller JD, Adamson JK, Hirst D (2001) Trends in stream water quality in Environmental Change Network upland catchments: the first 5 years. The Science of the Total Environment, 265, 27-38.
62. Morris PJ, Waddington JM, Bescoter BW, Turetsky MR (2011) Conceptual frameworks in peatland ecohydrology: looking beyond the two-layered (acrotelm-catotelm) model. Ecohydrology, 4, 1-11, doi:10.1002/eco.1191.
63. Norrstrom AC, Jacks G (1996) Water pathways and chemistry at the groundwater surface water interface to Lake Skjervatjern, Norway. Water Resources Research, 32, 2221-2229.
64. Pawson RR, Lord DR, Evans MG, Allott TEH (2008) Fluvial organic carbon flux from an eroding peatland catchment, southern Pennines, UK. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 12, 625-634.
65. Price JS (1992) Blanket bog in Newfoundland. Part 2. Hydrological processes. Journal of Hydrology, 135, 103-119.
66. Rapson GL, Sykes MT, Lee WG, Hewitt AE, Agnew ADQ, Wilson JB (2006) Subalpine gully-head ribbon fens of the Lammerlaw and Lammermoor Ranges, Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 44, 351-375.
67. Rosa E, Larocque M (2008) Investigating peat hydrological properties using field and laboratory methods: application to the Lanoraie peatland complex (southern Quebec, Canada). Hydrological Processes, 22, 1866-1875.
68. Rudolf K, Firbas F (1927) Die Moore des Riesengebirges. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt, 43, 69-144.
69. Smart RP, Holden J, Dinsmore K, AJB, MFB, Chapman PJ, Grayson R (in press) The dynamics of natural pipe hydrological behaviour in blanket peat. Hydrological Processes, doi: 10.1002/hyp.9242.
70. Strack M, Waddington JM, Bourbonniere RA, Buckton EL, Shaw K, Whitttington P, Price JS (2008) Effect of water table drawdown on peatland dissolved organic carbon export and dynamics. Hydrological Processes, 22, 3373-3385, doi: 10.1002/hyp. 6931.
71. Thorp M, Glanville P (2003) Mid-Holocene sub-blanket peat alluvia and sediment sources in the upper Liffet Valley, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28, 1013-1024.
72. Tipping E, Billett MF, Bryant CL, Buckingham S, Thacker SA (2010) Sources and ages of dissolved organic matter in peatland streams: evidence from chemistry mixture modelling and radiocarbon data. Biogeochemistry, 100, 121-137, doi: 110.1007/s10533-10010-19409-10536.
73. Verhoff FH, Yaksich SM, Melfi DA (1980) River nutrient and chemical transport estimates. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10, 591-608.
74. Walling DE (1983) The sediment delivery problem. Journal of Hydrology, 65, 209-237.
75. Walling DE, Webb BW (1985) Estimating the discharge of contaminants to coastal waters by rivers: some cautionary comments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 16, 488-492.
76. Woo M-K, DiCenzo P (1988) Pipe flow in James Bay coastal wetlands. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25, 625-629.
77. Worrall F, Burt TP, Adamson J (2006) The rate of and controls upon DOC loss in a peat catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 231, 311-325.