Hydrological studies on blanket peat: The significance of the acrotelm-catotelm model

Journal of Ecology

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 86-102

  Holden, J ^a   Burt, T P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bog; Diplotelmic model; Ecohydrology; Hillsope hydrology; Macropores; Mire; Peat hydrology; Soil pipes; Wetlands

Indexed keywords

BLANKET BOG; HYDROLOGY; PIPE FLOW; RUNOFF; WATER FLOW; WETLAND;

UNITED KINGDOM;

SPHAGNUM;

EID: 0037324432     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00748.x     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Ankeny, M.D., Kaspar, T.C. & Horton, R. (1988) Design for an automated tension infiltrometer. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America, 52, 893-896.
2. Atkinson, T.C. (1978) Techniques for measuring subsurface flow on hillslopes. Hillslope Hydrology (ed. M.J. Kikby), pp. 73-120. John Wiley, Chichester.
3. Baird, A.J. (1995) Hydrological investigations of soil water and groundwater processes in wetlands. Hydrology and Hydrochemistry of British Wetlands (eds J.M.R. Hughes & A.L. Heathwaite), pp. 111-129. John Wiley, Chichester.
4. Baird, A.J. (1997a) Field estimation of macropore functioning and surface hydraulic conductivity in a fen peat. Hydrological Processes, 11, 287-295.
5. Baird, A.J. (1997b) Continuity in hydrological systems. Contemporary Hydrology: Towards Holistic Environmental Science (ed. R. Wilby), pp. 25-58. Wiley, Chichester.
6. Baird, A.J., Beckwith, C. & Heathwaite, A.L. (1998) Water movement in undamaged blanket peats. Blanket Mire Degradation, Proceedings (eds J.H. Tallis, R. Meade & P.D. Hulme), pp. 128-139. Mires Research Group, British Ecological Society, Manchester.
7. Baird, A.J. & Gaffney, S.W. (2000) Solute movement in a drained fen peat: a tracer study in a Somerset (UK) wetland. Hydrological Processes, 14, 2489-2503.
8. Betson, R.P. (1964) What is watershed runoff? Journal of Geophysical Research, 69, 1541-1552.
9. Beven, K.J. & Germann, P. (1982) Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resources Research, 18, 1311-1325.
10. Boelter, D.H. (1964) Water storage characteristics of several peats in situ. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 28, 433-435.
11. Bower, M.M. (1960) Peat erosion in the Pennines. Advancement of Science, 64, 323-331.
12. Bowyer-Bower, T.A.S. & Burt, T.P. (1989) Rainfall simulators for investigating soil response to rainfall. Soil Technology, 2, 1-16.
13. Bragg, O.M. & Tallis, J.H. (2001) The sensitivity of peat-covered upland landscapes. Catena, 42, 345-360.
14. Bromley, J. & Robinson, M. (1995) Groundwater in raised mire systems: models, mounds and myths. Hydrology and Hydrochemistry of British Wetlands (eds J.M.R. Hughes & A.L. Heathwaite), pp. 95-109. Wiley, Chichester.
15. Burt, T.P. (1988) A practical exercise to demonstrate the variable source area model. Journal for Geography in Higher Education, 12, 177-186.
16. Burt, T.P. (1996) The hydrology of headwater catchments. River Flows and Channel Forms (eds G.E. Petts & P. Calow), pp. 6-31. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
17. Burt, T.P., Adamson, J.K. & Lane, A.M.J. (1998) Long-term rainfall and streamflow records for north central England; putting the Environmental Change Network site at Moor House National Nature Reserve in context. Hydrological Science Journal, 43, 775-787.
18. Burt, T.P., Heathwaite, A.L. & Labadz, J.C. (1990) Runoff production in peat covered-catchments. Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology (eds M.G. Anderson & T.P. Burt), pp. 463-500. John Wiley, Chichester.
19. Chappell, N. & Ternan, L. (1992) Flow path dimensionality and hydrological modeling. Hydrological Processes, 6, 327-345.
20. Conway, V.M. & Millar, A. (1960) The hydrology of some small peat-covered catchments in the northern Pennines. Journal of the Institute of Water Engineers, 14, 415-424.
21. Crisp, D.T., Rawes, M. & Welch, D. (1964) A Pennine peat slide. Geographical Journal, 130, 519-524.
22. Eddy, A., Welch, D. & Rawes, M. (1969) The vegetation of Moor House National Nature Reserve in the North Pennines, England. Vegetatio, 16, 239-284.
23. Egglesmann, R., Heathwaite, A.L., Gross-Braukmann, G., Kuster, E., Naucke, W., Schich, M. & Schweikle, V. (1993) Physical processes and properties of mires. Mires, Process, Exploration and Conservation (eds A.L. Heathwaite & K.H. Gottlich), pp. 171-262. Wiley, Chichester.
24. Elgee, F. (1912) The moorlands of north-eastern Yorkshire. A Brown, London.
25. Evans, M.G., Burt, T.P., Holden, J. & Adamson, J. (1999) Runoff generation and water table fluctuations in blanket peat: evidence from UK data spanning the dry summer of 1995. Journal of Hydrology, 221, 141-160.
26. Gilman, K. (1994) Hydrology and wetland conservation. John Wiley, Chichester.
27. Gilman, K. & Newson, M.D. (1980) Soil pipes and pipeflow; a hydrological study in upland Wales. British Geomorphological Research Group Research Monograph no. 1. Geo Books, Norwich.
28. Hammond, R.F., Van der Krogt, G. & Osinga, T. (1990) Vegetation and water-tables on two raised bog remnants in County Kildare. Ecology and Conservation of Irish Peatlands (ed. G.J. Doyle), pp. 121-134. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.
29. Heal, O.W & Smith, R. (1978) The Moor House Program: introduction and site description. Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands (eds O.W Heal & D.F. Perkins), pp. 3-16. Springer, Berlin.
30. Hewlett, J.D. (1961) Watershed management. Report for 1961 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, pp. 62-66. US Forest Service, Ashville, North Carolina.
31. Hilbert, D.W., Roulet, N. & Moore, T. (2000) Modelling and analysis of peatlands as dynamical systems. Journal of Ecology, 88, 230-242.
32. Holden, N.M. (1998) By-pass of water through laboratory columns of milled peat. International Peat Journal, 8, 13-22.
33. Holden, J. (2000) Runoff production in blanket peat covered catchments. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Durham, Durham.
34. Holden, J. & Adamson, J. (2001) Gordon Manley and the north Pennines. Journal of Meteorology, 26, 329-333.
35. Holden, J. & Burt, T.P. (2002a) Infiltration, runoff and sediment production in blanket peat catchments: implications of field rainfall simulation experiments. Hydrological Processes, 16, 2537-2557.
36. Holden, J. & Burt, T.P. (2002b) Piping and pipeflow in a deep peat catchment. Catena, 48, 163-199.
37. Holden, J. & Burt, T.P. (2002c) Laboratory experiments on drought and runoff in blanket peat. European Journal of Soil Science, 53, 675-689.
38. Holden, J. & Burt, T.P. (in press) Hydraulic conductivity in upland blanket peat: measurement and variability. Hydrological Processes.
39. Holden, J., Burt, T.P. & Cox, N.J. (2001) Macroporosity and infiltration in blanket peat: the implications of tension disc infiltrometer measurements. Hydrological Processes, 15, 289-303.
40. Holden, J., Burt, T.P. & Vilas, M. (2002) Application of ground penetrating radar to the identification of subsurface piping in blanket peat. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27, 235-249.
41. Hulme, M. (1998) The climate in the UK from November 1994 to October 1995. Weather, 53, 242-257.
42. Ingram (1983) Hydrology. Ecosystems of the World 4A, Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor (ed. A.J.P. Gore), pp. 67-158. Elsevier, Oxford.
43. Ingram, H.A.P. (1967) Problems of hydrology and plant distribution in mires. Journal of Ecology, 55, 711-724.
44. Ingram, H.A.P. (1978) Soil layers in mires: function and terminology. Journal of Soil Science, 29, 224-227.
45. Ingram, H.A.P. (1982) Size and shape in raised mire ecosystems: a geophysical model. Nature, 297, 300-303.
46. Ingram, H.A.P. (1991) Introduction to the ecohydrology of mires in the context of cultural perturbation. Peatland ecosystems and man: an impact assessment (eds O.M. Bragg, PD. Hulme, H.A.P Ingram & R.A. Robertson), pp. 67-93. Department of Biological Sciences, Dundee University/International Peat Society, Helsinki.
47. Ingram, H.A.P. & Bragg, O.M. (1984) The diptotelmic mire: some hydrological consequences reviewed. Proceedings of the Seventh International Peat Congress, Dublin, pp. 220-234. International Peat Society, Dublin.
48. Ivanov, K.E. (1948) Filtration in the top layer of convex mire massifs. Meteorologiya. I. Gidrologiya, 2, 46-59. (In Russian).
49. Ivanov, K.E. (1953) Gidrologiya bolot. [Hydrology of mires]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad.
50. Ivanov, K.E. (1981) Water movement in mirelands. Academic Press, London.
51. Johnson, G.A.L. & Dunham, K.C. (1963) The Geology of Moor House. Monographs of nature conservancy, 2. HMSO, London.
52. Jones, J.A.A. (1981) The nature of soil piping: a review of research. British Geomorphological Research Group Monograph Series 3. Geo Books, Norwich.
53. Jones, J.A.A. (1994) Subsurface flow and subsurface erosion. Process and form in geomorphology (ed. D.R. Stoddart), pp. 74-120. Routledge, London.
54. Jones, J.A.A. & Crane, F.G. (1984) Pipeflow and pipe erosion in the Maesnant experimental catchment. Catchment Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology (eds T.P. Burt & D.E. Walling), pp. 55-72. Geobooks, Norwich.
55. Jones, J.A.A., Lawton, M., Wareing, D.P. & Crane, F.G. (1984) An economical data logging system for field experiments. British Geomorphological Research Group, Technical Bulletin, 31.
56. Jones, J.A.A., Richardson, J.M. & Jacob, H.J. (1997) Factors controlling the distribution of piping in Britain: a reconnaissance. Geomorphology, 20, 289-306.
57. Khan, A.A.H. & Org, C.K. (1997) Design and calibration of tipping bucket system for field runoff and sediment quantification. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 52, 437-443.
58. Kirkby, M.J. (1985) Hillslope Hydrology. Hydrological Forecasting (eds M.G. Anderson & T.P. Burt), pp. 37-75. Wiley, Chichester.
59. Kirkby, M.J., Kneale, P.E., Lewis, S.L. & Smith, R.T. (1995) Modelling the form and distribution of peat mires. Hydrology and Hydrochemistry of British Wetlands (eds J.M.R. Hughes & A.L. Heathwaite), pp. 83-93. John Wiley, Chichester.
60. Lopatin, A.V. (1949) The hydrological significance of raised mires. Vest. Leningrad. Gos. University, 2, 37-49. (In Russian).
61. MacAlister, C. & Parkin, G. (1998) Towards a whole-system model for the hydrology of peat mires. Patterned Mires and Mire Pools: Origin and Development; Flora and Fauna. Proceedings: University of Durham, 6-7 April, 1998 (eds V. Standen, J.H. Tallis & R. Meade), pp. 116-126. British Ecological Society, Durham.
62. Manley, G. (1942) Meteorological observations on Dun Fell, a mountain station in northern England. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 68, 151-165.
63. Marsh, T.J. & Turton, P.S. (1996) The 1995 drought - a water resources perspective. Weather, 51, 46-53.
64. McCaig, M. (1983) Contributions to storm quickflow in a small headwater catchment - the role of natural pipes and soil macropores. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8, 239-252.
65. McKillop, R., Kouwen, N. & Soulis, E.D. (1999) Modeling the rainfall-runoff response of a headwater wetland. Water Resources Research, 35, 1165-1177.
66. Ogunkoya, O.O. & Jenkins, A. (1991) Analysis of runoff pathways and flow contributions using deuterium and stream chemistry. Hydrological Processes, 5, 271-282.
67. Pearsall, W.H. (1950) Mountains and moorlands. Collins, London.
68. Price, J.S. (1992) Blanket bog in Newfoundland: Part 2. Hydrological processes. Journal of Hydrology, 135, 103-119.
69. Rawes, M. & Welch, D. (1969) Further studies on sheep grazing in the northern Pennines. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 19, 56-61.
70. Reynolds, E.D. & Elrick, D.E. (1991) Determination of hydraulic conductivity using a tension infiltrometer. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America, 55, 633-639.
71. Rodwell, J.S. (1991) British plant communities volume 2: mires and heaths. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
72. Romanov, V.V. (1968) Hydrophysics of bogs. (Translated by N. Kaner). Israel Program of Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
73. Rycroft, D.W., Williams, D.J.A. & Ingram, H.A.P. (1975) The transmission of water through peat. II. Field Experiments. Journal of Ecology, 63, 557-568.
74. Smit, H. (1996) The runoff generation of a Scottish raised mire: an ecohydrological study. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Univeristy of Dundee, Dundee.
75. Sykes, J.M. & Lane, A.M.J. (1996) The United Kingdom Environmental Change Network: Protocols for standard measurements of terrestial sites. Natural Environmental Research Council, London.
76. Tallis, J.H. (2001) Bog bursts. Biologist, 48, 218-223.
77. Tallis, J.H., Meade, R. & Hulme, P.D. (1998) Introduction. Blanket Mire Degradation, Proceedings (eds J.H. Tallis, R. Meade & P.D. Hulme), pp. 1-2. Mires Research Group, British Ecological Society, Manchester.
78. Terajima, T., Sakamoto, T. & Shirai, T. (2000) Morphology, structure and flow phases in soil pipes developing in forested hillslopes underlain by a Quaternary sand-gravel formation, Hokkaido, northern main island in Japan. Hydrological Processes, 14, 713-726.
79. Thomas, G.W. & Phillips, R.E. (1979) Consequences of water movement in macropores. Journal of Environmental Quality, 8, 149-152.
80. Tomlinson, R.W. (1979) Water levels in peatlands and some implications for runoff and erosional processes. Geographical Approaches to Fluvial Processes (ed. A.F. Pitty), pp. 149-162. Geo Books, Norwich.
81. Verry, E.S. (1984) Microtopography and water table fluctuation in a sphagnum mire. Proceedings of the 7th International Peat Congress, Dublin 1984, Volume 2, pp. 11-31.
82. Von Post, L. (1922) SGU peat inventory and some preliminary results. Svenska Mosskulturforeningens Tidskrift, Jonkoping, Sweden, 36, 1-37.