The role of small soluble aerosols in the microphysics of deep maritime clouds

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 69, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 2787-2807

  Khain, A P ^a   Phillips, V ^b   Benmoshe, N ^a   Pokrovsky, A ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUD BASE; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; DROPLET CONCENTRATION; HIGH CONCENTRATION; ICE CRYSTALS; MICROPHYSICS; OPTICAL DEPTH; SMALL DROPLETS; SUPERCOOLED WATER; SYNERGETIC EFFECT; VERTICAL VELOCITY;

AEROSOLS; DROP FORMATION; ICE; LIGHTNING; NUCLEATION; PHYSICS; SUPERCOOLING; SUPERSATURATION; TOOLS;

PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

AEROSOL; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; DROPLET; ICE CRYSTAL; LIGHTNING; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; NUCLEATION; OPTICAL DEPTH; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SUPERSATURATION;

EID: 84867934206     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2011JAS3649.1     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Andreae, M. O., D. Rosenfeld, P. Artaxo, A. A. Costa, G. P. Frank, K. M. Longlo, and M. A. F. Silva-Dias, 2004: Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science, 303, 1337-1342.
2. Black, R. A., and J. Hallett, 1999: Electrification of the hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2004-2028.
3. Blyth, A. M., J. Zhou, and J. Latham, 1998: Influence of ultra-giant nuclei on cumulus clouds observed during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study in Florida. Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, Everett, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 492-493.
4. Bott, A., 1989: A positive definite advection scheme obtained by nonlinear renormalization of the advective fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1006-1015.
5. Bott, A., 1998: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2284-2293.
6. CarriÓ, G. G., S. C. van den Heever, and W. R. Cotton, 2007: Impacts of nucleating aerosol on anvil-cirrus clouds: A modeling study. Atmos. Res., 84, 111-131.
7. Cecil, D. J., E. J. Zipser, and S. W. Nebitt, 2002a: Reflectivity, ice scattering, and lightning characteristics of hurricane eyewalls and rainbands. Part I: Quantitative description. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 769-784.
8. Cecil, D. J., E. J. Zipser, and S. W. Nebitt, 2002b: Reflectivity, ice scattering, and lightning characteristics of hurricane eyewalls and rainbands. Part II: Intercomparison of observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 785-801.
9. Chronis, T., E. Williams, E. Anagnostou, and W. Petersen, 2007: African lightning: Indicator of tropical Atlantic cyclone formation. Eos, Trans. Amer.Geophys. Union, 88, 397, doi:10.1029/ 2007EO400001.
10. Clarke, A. D., and V. Kapustin, 2002: A Pacific aerosol survey. Part I: A decade of data on particle production, transport, evolution, and mixing in the troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 363-382.
11. Clarke, A. D., S. R. Owens, and J. C. Zhou, 2006: An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06202, doi:10.1029/2005JD006565.
12. Covert, D. S., V. N. Kapustin, P. K. Quinn, and T. S. Bates, 1992: New particle formation in the marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 97 (D18), 20 581-20 589.
13. Demetriades, N. W. S., and R. L. Holle, 2006: Long-range lightning nowcasting applications for tropical cyclones. Preprints, Conf. on Meteorological Application of Lightning Data, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 9 pp.
14. Ferrier, B. S., and R. A. Houze, 1989: One-dimensional timedependent modeling of GATE cumulonimbus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 330-352.
15. Fierro, A. O., L. Leslie, E. Mansell, J. Straka, D. MacGorman, and C. Ziegler, 2007:Ahigh-resolution simulation of microphysics and electrification in an idealized hurricane-like vortex. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 98, 13-33, doi:10.1007/s00703-006-0237-0.
16. Fierro, A. O., X.-M. Shao, T. Hamlin, J. M. Reisner, and J. Harlin, 2010: Evolution of eyewall convective events as indicated by intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning activity during the rapid intensification of Hurricanes Rita and Katrina. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1492-1504.
17. Freud,E.,D.Rosenfeld,M.O.Andreae,A.A.Costa, and P. Artaxo, 2008: Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1661-1675.
18. Fridlind, A., and Coauthors, 2004: Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei. Science, 304, 718-722.
19. Fukuta, N., 1993: Water supersaturation in convective clouds. Atmos. Res., 30, 105-126.
20. Hallett, J., and S. C. Mossop, 1974: Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature, 249, 26-28.
21. Heymsfield, A. J., L. M. Miloshevich, C. Schmitt, A. Bansemer, C. Twohy, M. R. Poellot, A. Fridlind, and H. Gerber, 2005: Homogeneous ice nucleation in subtropical and tropical convection and its influence on cirrus anvil microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 41-64.
22. Heymsfield A.J., A. Bansemer, G. Heymsfield, and A. O. Fierro, 2009: Microphysics of maritime tropical convective updrafts at temperatures from 2208C to 2608C. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3530-3562.
23. Hobbs, P. V., 1993: Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions. Academic Press, 236 pp.
24. Hudson, J. G., and S. S. Yum, 2002: Cloud condensation nuclei spectra and polluted and clean clouds over the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8022, doi:10.1029/2001JD000829.
25. Jaenicke, R., 1993: Tropospheric aerosols. Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, P. Hobbs, Ed., Academic Press, 1-31.
26. Jordan, C. L., 1958: Mean soundings for the West Indies area. J. Meteor., 15, 91-97.
27. Jorgensen, D. P., and M. A. LeMone, 1989: Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 621-640.
28. Jorgensen, D. P., E. J. Zipser, and M. A. LeMone, 1985: Vertical motions in intense hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 839-856.
29. Khain, A. P., 2009: Notes on state-of-the-art investigations of aerosol effects on precipitation: A critical review. Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 015004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/015004.
30. Khain, A. P., and I. Sednev, 1996: Simulation of precipitation formation in the eastern Mediterranean coastal zone using a spectral microphysics cloud ensemble model. Atmos. Res., 43, 77-110.
31. Khain, A. P., M. Ovtchinnikov, M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and H. Krugliak, 2000: Notes on the state-of-the-art numerical modeling of cloud microphysics. Atmos. Res., 55, 159-224.
32. Khain, A. P.,M.B. Pinsky, M. Shapiro, and A. Pokrovsky, 2001a: Graupel- drop collision efficiencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2571-2595.
33. Khain, A. P., D. Rosenfeld, and A. Pokrovsky, 2001b: Simulating convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to237.58C using a spectral microphysics model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3887-3890.
34. Khain, A. P., A. Pokrovsky, M. Pinsky, A. Seifert, and V. Phillips, 2004: Effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep convective clouds as seen from simulations using a spectral microphysics mixedphase cumulus cloud model. Part I: Model description. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2963-2982.
35. Khain, A. P., N. Benmoshe, and A. Pokrovsky, 2008a: Factors determining the impact of aerosols on surface precipitation from clouds: An attempt at classification. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1721-1748.
36. Khain, A. P., N. Cohen, B. Lynn, and A. Pokrovsky, 2008b: Possible aerosol effects on lightning activity and structure of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3652-3667.
37. Khain, A. P., B. Lynn, and J. Dudhia, 2010: Aerosol effects on intensity of landfalling hurricanes as seen from simulations with WRF model with spectral bin microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 365-384.
38. Korolev, A. V., 1994: A study of bimodal droplet size distributions in stratiform clouds. Atmos. Res., 32, 143-170.
39. Korolev, A. V., and I. Mazin, 2003: Supersaturation of water vapor in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2957-2974.
40. Lay, E. H., A. R. Jacobson, R. H. Holzworth, C. J. Rodger, and R. L. Dowden, 2007: Local time variation in land/ocean lightning flash density as measured by the World Wide Lightning Location Network. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13111, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007944.
41. Leary, L. A., and E. A. Ritchie, 2009: Lightning flash rates as an indicator of tropical cyclone genesis in the eastern North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3456-3470.
42. Levin, Z., and W. R. Cotton, Eds., 2009: Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation: A Scientific Review. Springer, 386 pp.
43. Ludlam, F. H., 1980: Clouds and Storms. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 405 pp.
44. Meyers, M. P., P. DeMott, and W. R. Cotton, 1992: Evaluation of the potential for wintertime quantitative precipitation forecasting over mountainous terrain with an explicit cloud model. Part I: Two-dimensional sensitivity experiments. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 26-50.
45. Molinari, J., P. Moore, and V. Idone, 1999: Convective structure of hurricanes as revealed by lightning locations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 520-534.
46. Ochs, H. T., 1978: Moment-conserving techniques for warm cloud microphysical computation. Part II: Model testing and results. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1959-1973.
47. Orville, R. E., and J. M. Coyne, 1999: Cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical cyclones (1986-1996). Preprints, 23rd Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 123-127.
48. Ovtchinnikov, M., Y. L. Kogan, and A. M. Blyth, 2000: An investigation of ice production mechanisms in small cumuliform clouds using a 3Dcloud model with explicit microphysics. Part II: Case study of New Mexico cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3004-3020.
49. Petersen, W. A., R. C. Cifelli, S. A. Rutledge, B. S. Ferrier, and B. F. Smull, 1999: Shipborne dual-Doppler operations during TOGACOARE: Integrated observations of storm kinematics and electrification. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 81-97.
50. Phillips, V. T. J., and Coauthors, 2005: Anvil glaciation in a deep cumulus updraft over Florida simulated with an explicit microphysics model. I: The impact of various nucleation processes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2019-2046.
51. Phillips, V. T. J., L. J. Donner, and S. Garner, 2007a: Nucleation processes in deep convection simulated by a cloud-system resolving model with double-moment bulk microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 738-761.
52. Phillips, V. T. J., A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2007b: The influence of timedependent melting on the dynamics and precipitation production in maritime and continental storm clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 338-359.
53. Phillips, V. T. J., and Coauthors, 2009: Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically. Biogeosciences, 6, 987-1014.
54. Pinsky, M., and A. P. Khain, 2002: Effects of in-cloud nucleation and turbulence on droplet spectrum formation in cumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 501-533.
55. Pinsky, M., and A. P. Khain, and M. Shapiro, 2001: Collision efficiency of drops in a wide range of Reynolds numbers: Effects of pressure on spectrum evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 742-764.
56. Pinsky, M., A. Khain, and H. Krugliak, 2008: Collisions of cloud droplets in a turbulent flow. Part V: Application of detailed tables of turbulent collision rate enhancement to simulation of droplet spectra evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 357-374.
57. Prabha, T., A. Khain, R. S. Maheshkumar, G. Pandithurai, J. R. Kulkarni, M. Konwar, and B. N. Goswami, 2011: Microphysics of premonsoon and monsoon clouds as seen from in situ measurements during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX). J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1882-1901.
58. Price, C., M. Asfur, and Y. Yair, 2009: Maximum hurricane intensity preceded by increase in lightning frequency. Nature Geosci. Lett., 2, 329-332, doi:10.1038/NGEO477; Corrigendum, 2, 444.
59. Pruppacher, H. R., 1995: A new look at homogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled water drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1924-1933.
60. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1997: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 963 pp.
61. Rodgers, E., J. Weinman, H. Pierce, and W. Olson, 2000: Tropical cyclone lightning distribution and its relationship to convection and intensity change. Preprints, 24th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 537-541.
62. Rosenfeld, D., and W. L. Woodley, 2000: Deep convective clouds with sustained highly supercooled liquid water until 237.58C. Nature, 405, 440-442.
63. Rosenfeld, D., R. Lahav, A. Khain, and M. Pinsky, 2002: The role of sea spray in cleansing air pollution over ocean via cloud processes. Science, 297, 1667-1670.
64. Rosenfeld, D., A. Khain, B. Lynn, and W. L. Woodley, 2007: Simulation of hurricane response to suppression of warm rain by sub-micron aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 5647-5674.
65. Saunders, C. P. R., 1993: A review of thunderstorm electrification processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 642-655.
66. Segal, Y., M. Pinsky, A. Khain, and C. Erlick, 2003: Thermodynamic factors influencing the bimodal spectrum formation in cumulus clouds. Atmos. Res., 66, 43-64.
67. Shao, X. M., and Coauthors, 2005: Katrina and Rita were lit up with lightning. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 86, 398-399.
68. Sherwood, S. C., V. Phillips, and J. S. Wettlaufer, 2006: Small ice crystals and the climatology of lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05804, doi:10.1029/2005GL025242.
69. Shpund, J., M. Pinsky, and A. Khain, 2011: Microphysical structure of marine boundary layer under strong wind and spray formation as seen from simulations using a 2D explicit microphysical model. Part I: The impact of large eddies. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2366-2384.
70. Squires, K., and S. Businger, 2008: The morphology of eyewall lightning outbreaks in two category 5 hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1706-1726.
71. Squires, P., 1952: The growth of cloud drops by condensation. I. General characteristics. Aust. J. Sci. Res., 5, 59-86.
72. Takahashi, T., 1978: Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548.
73. Takahashi, T., and K. Kuhara, 1993: Precipitation mechanisms of cumulonimbus clouds at Pohnpei, Micronesia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 21-31.
74. Takahashi, T., T. Endoh, and G.Wakahama, 1991: Vapor diffusional growth of free-falling snow crystals between238 and2238C. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 69, 15-30.
75. Toba, Y., 1965: On the giant sea-salt particles in the atmosphere. II: Theory of the vertical distribution in the 10-m layer over the ocean. Tellus, 17, 365-382.
76. Twohy, C. H., and Coauthors, 2009: Saharan dust particles nucleate droplets in eastern Atlantic clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01807, doi:10.1029/2008GL035846.
77. Vali, G., 1994: Freezing rate due to heterogeneous nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1843-1856.
78. Warner, J., 1969a: The microstructure of cumulus cloud. Part I: General features of the droplet spectrum. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1049-1059.
79. Warner, J., 1969b: The microstructure of cumulus cloud. Part II: The effect of droplet size distribution of the cloud nucleus spectrum and updraft velocity. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1272-1282.
80. Warner, J., 1973: The microstructure of cumulus cloud. Part IV: The effect on the droplet spectrum of mixing between cloud and environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 256-261.
81. Williams, E., and S. Stanfill, 2002: The physical origin of the land- ocean contrast in lightning activity. C. R. Phys., 3, 1277-1292.
82. Williams, E., T. Chan, and D. Boccippio, 2004: Islands as miniature continents: Another look at the land-ocean lightning contrast. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16206, doi:10.1029/2003JD003833.
83. Williams, E., V. Mushtak, D. Rosenfeld, S. Goodman, and D. Boccippio, 2005: Thermodynamic conditions favorable to superlative thunderstorm updraft, mixed phase microphysics and lightning flash rate. Atmos. Res., 76, 288-306.
84. Yin, Y., Z. Levin, T. Reisin, and S. Tzivion, 2000: The effects of giant cloud condensational nuclei on the development of precipitation in convective clouds: A numerical study. Atmos. Res., 53, 91-116.
85. Yin, Y., K. S. Carslaw, and G. Feingold, 2005: Vertical transport and processing of aerosols in a mixed-phase convective cloud and the feedback on cloud development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 221-245.