Histologic Findings in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Clinics in Liver Disease

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 699-716

  Crawford, James M ^a  

^a DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcoholic hepatitis; Cirrhosis; Fibrosis; Mallory bodies; Steatosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYL COENZYME A SYNTHETASE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ALCOHOL; CALCIUM; CATALASE; CYTOCHROME P450; CYTOKERATIN; CYTOKERATIN 8; DNA; GLUTATHIONE; GLYCEROL; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; MALONALDEHYDE; NITRIC OXIDE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PROTEIN P62; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; SUCCINIC ACID; SUCCINYL COENZYME A; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UBIQUITIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL LIVER CIRRHOSIS; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ALCOHOL METABOLISM; ALCOHOLISM; APOPTOSIS; CATABOLISM; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL SWELLING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOSOL; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS; FATTY LIVER; HEPATITIS; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; KUPFFER CELL; LIVER CELL; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER INJURY; LIVER PARENCHYMA; LIVER REGENERATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MALLORY BODY; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PEROXISOME; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; STEATOSIS;

APOPTOSIS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FATTY LIVER, ALCOHOLIC; HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS; HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC; HEPATOCYTES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOLIC; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; LIVER REGENERATION; MALLORY BODIES; NECROSIS;

EID: 84867927510     PISSN: 10893261     EISSN: 15578224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Bosra S., Anand B.S. Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis. World J Hepatol 2011, 3:108-113.
2. Lefkowitch J.H. Morphology of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005, 9:37-53.
3. Niemelä O., Parkkila S., Ylä-Herttuala S., et al. Covalent protein adducts in the liver as a result of ethanol metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Lab Invest 1994, 70:537-546.
4. Peters T.J., Cairns S.R. Analysis and subcellular localization of lipid in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 1985, 2:447-451.
5. Christoffersen P., Braendstrup O., Juhl E., et al. Lipogranulomas in human liver biopsies with fatty change. A morphological, biochemical and clinical investigation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 1971, 79:150-158.
6. Schiless F., Häussinger D. Osmosensing and signaling in the regulation of liver function. Contrib Nephrol 2006, 152:190-209.
7. Farber J.L., Kyle M.E., Coleman J.B. Mechanisms of cell injury by activated oxygen species. Lab Invest 1990, 762:670-679.
8. Ficker P., Trauner M., Fuchsbichler A., et al. Oncosis represents the main type of cell death in mouse models of cholestasis. J Hepatol 2005, 42:378-385.
9. Lackner C., Gogg-Kamerer M., Zatloukal K., et al. Ballooned hepatocytes in steatohepatitis: the value of keratin immunohistochemistry for diagnosis. J Hepatol 2008, 48:821-828.
10. Jaeschke H., LeMasters J.J. Apoptosis versus oncotic necrosis in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:1246-1257.
11. Zhu H., Jia Z., Misra H., et al. Oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease. Updated experimental and clinical evidence. J Dig Dis 2012, 13:133-142.
12. Malhi H., Gores G.H., LeMasters J.J. Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver: a tale of two deaths?. Hepatology 2006, 43:S31-S44.
13. +-ATPase and constant membrane potential in hepatocytes: support for channel arrest. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:R1020-R1025.
14. LeMasters J.J., Stemkowski C.J., Ji S., et al. Cell surface changes and enzyme release during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the isolated, perfused rat liver. J Cell Biol 1983, 97:778-786.
15. Gateau-Roesch O., Pavlov E., Lazareva A.V., et al. Calcium-binding properties of the mitochondrial channel-forming hydrophobic component. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2000, 32:105-110.
16. Kim J.S., He L., Qian T., et al. Role of the mitochondrial permeability transition in apoptotic and necrotic death after ischemia/reperfusion injury to hepatocytes. Curr Mol Med 2004, 3:527-535.
17. Lazarides E. Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space. Nature 1980, 283:249-256.
18. Schachter D. The hepatocyte plasma membrane: organization and differentiation. The liver: biology and pathobiology 1988, 131-140. Raven Press, New York. I.M. Arias, W.B. Jakoby, H. Popper (Eds.).
19. Denk H., Stumptner C., Zatloukal K. Mallory bodies revisited. J Hepatol 2000, 32:689-702.
20. Stumptner C., Omary M.B., Fickert P., et al. Hepatocyte cytokeratins are hyperphosphorylated at multiple sites in human alcoholic hepatitis and in a Mallory body mouse model. Am J Pathol 2000, 156:77-90.
21. Zatloukal K., Stumptner C., Fuchsbichler A., et al. The keratin cytoskeleton in liver diseases. J Pathol 2004, 204:367-376.
22. Caulin C., Ware C.F., Magin T.M., et al. Keratin-dependent, epithelial resistance to tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biol 2000, 149:17-22.
23. Ramaiah S., Jaeschke H. Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory liver injury. Toxicol Pathol 2007, 35:757-766.
24. Suh Y.G., Jeong W.I. Hepatic stellate cells and innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011, 17:2543-2551.
25. Gao B., Seki E., Brenner D.A., et al. Innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastroenterol Liver Physiol 2011, 300:G516-G525.
26. Saba T.M. Physiology and physiopathology of the reticuloendothelial system. Arch Intern Med 1970, 126:1031-1052.
27. Sakaguchi S., Takahashi S., Sasaki T., et al. Progression of alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: common metabolic aspects of innate immune system and oxidative stress. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011, 26:30-46.
28. Monshouwer M., Hoebe K.H. Hepatic (dys-)function during inflammation. Toxicology. In Vitro 2003, 17:681-686.
29. Nagata K., Suzuki H., Sakaguchi S. Common pathogenic mechanism in development progression of liver injury caused by non-alcoholic or alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Toxicol Sci 2007, 5:453-468.
30. Gores G., Ren Y., Savill J. Apoptosis: the importance of being eaten. Cell Death Differ 1998, 5:563-569.
31. Casini A. Alcohol-induced fatty liver and inflammation: where do Kupffer cells act?. J Hepatol 2000, 32:1026-1030.
32. LeMasters J.J., Qian T., He L., et al. Role of mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilization in necrotic cell death, apoptosis, and autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002, 4:769-781.
33. Day C.P. Apoptosis in alcoholic hepatitis: a novel therapeutic target?. J Hepatol 2001, 34:330-333.
34. Lin H.I., Wang D., Leu F.J., et al. Ischemia and reperfusion of liver induces eNOS and iNOS expression: effects of a NO donor and NOS inhibitor. Chin J Physiol 2004, 47:121-127.
35. Lee V.G., Johnson M.L., Baust J., et al. The roles of iNOS in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 2001, 16:355-360.
36. Kerr J.F. History of the events leading to the formulation of the apoptosis concept. Toxicology 2002, 181:471-474.
37. Jaeschke H., Gujral J.S., Bajt M.L. Apoptosis and necrosis in liver disease. Liver Int 2004, 24:85-89.
38. Bai J., Odin J.A. Apoptosis and the liver: relation to autoimmunity and related conditions. Autoimmunity Rev 2003, 2:36-42.
39. Roychowdhury S., McMullen M.R., Pritchard M.T., et al. An early complement-dependent and TLR-4 independent phase in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2009, 49:1326-1334.
40. Cohen J.I., Roychowdhury S., McMullen M.R., et al. Complement and alcoholic liver disease: role of C1q in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:664-674.
41. Riehle K.J., Dan Y.Y., Campbell J.S., et al. New concepts in liver regeneration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 26(Suppl 1):203-212.
42. Stirling G.A., Laughlin J., Washington S.L. Effects of starvation on the proliferative response after partial hepatectomy. Exp Mol Pathol 1973, 19:44-52.
43. Rigotti P., Peters J.C., Tranberg K.G., et al. Effects of amino acid infusions on liver regeneration after hepatectomy in the rat. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1986, 10:17-20.
44. Novo E., di Bonzo L.V., Canito S., et al. Hepatic myofibroblasts: a heterogeneous population of multifunctional cells in liver fibrogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009, 41:2089-2093.
45. Zhao L., Burt A.D. The diffuse stellate cell system. J Mol Histol 2007, 38:53-64.
46. Frideman S.L. Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev 2008, 88:125-172.
47. Friedman S.L. Hepatic fibrosis-overview. Toxicology 2008, 254:120-129.
48. Housset C., Rockey D.C., Bissell D.M. Endothelin receptors in rat liver: lipocytes as a contractile target for endothelin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:9266-9270.
49. Kawada N., Tran-Thi T.A., Klein H., et al. The contraction of hepatic stellate (Ito) cells stimulated with vasoactive substances: possible involvement of endothelin 1 and nitric oxide in the regulation of sinusoidal tonus. Eur J Biochem 1993, 213:815-823.
50. Enzan H., Himeno H., Iwamura S., et al. Sequential changes in human Ito cells and their relation to postnecrotic liver fibrosis in massive and submassive hepatic necrosis. Virchows Arch 1995, 426:95-101.
51. Worner T.M., Lieber C.S. Perivenular fibrosis as precursor lesion of cirrhosis. J Am Med Assoc 1985, 254:627-630.
52. Vollmar B., Siegmund S., Menger M.D. An intravital fluorescence microscopic study of hepatic microvascular and cellular derangements in developing cirrhosis in rats. Hepatology 1998, 27:1544-1553.
53. Yokoi Y., Namihisa T., Matsuzaki K., et al. Distribution of Ito cells in experimental hepatic fibrosis. Liver 1988, 8:48-52.
54. Sherman I.A., Pappas S.C., Fisher M.M. Hepatic microvascular changes associated with development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 1990, 258:H460-H465.
55. Lin X.Z., Horng M.H., Sun Y.N., et al. Computer morphometry for quantitative measurement of liver fibrosis: comparison with Knodell's score, colorimetry and conventional description reports. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998, 13:75-80.
56. Martinez-Hernandez A., Martinez J. The role of capillarization in hepatic failure: studies in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. Hepatology 1991, 14:864-874.
57. James J., Bosch K.S., Zuyderhoudt F.M., et al. Histophotometric estimation of volume density of collagen as an indication of fibrosis in rat liver. Histochemistry 1986, 85:129-133.
58. Hall A., Germani G., Isgrò G., et al. Fibrosis distribution in explanted cirrhotic livers. Histopathology 2012, 60:270-277.
59. Mori T., Okanoue T., Sawa Y., et al. Defenestration of the sinusoidal endothelial cell in a rat model of cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993, 17:891-897.
60. Tuchweber B., Desmoulière A., Bochaton-Piallat M.L., et al. Proliferation and phenotypic modulation of portal fibroblasts in the early stages of cholestatic fibrosis in the rat. Lab Invest 1996, 74:265-278.
61. Desmouliere A., Darby I., Costa A.M.A., et al. Extracellular matrix deposition, lysyl oxidase expression, and myofibroblastic differentiation during the initial stages of cholestatic fibrosis in the rat. Lab Invest 1997, 76:765-778.
62. Bhunchet E., Wake K. Role of mesenchymal cell populations in porcine serum-induced rat liver fibrosis. Hepatology 1992, 16:1452-1473.
63. Kinnman N., Francoz C., Barbu V., et al. The myofibroblast conversion of peribiliary fibrogenic cells distinct from hepatic stellate cells is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor during liver fibrogenesis. Lab Invest 2003, 83:163-173.
64. Yerian L. Histopathological evaluation of fatty and alcoholic liver diseases. J Dig Dis 2011, 12:17-24.