Mechanisms of inflammation in proliferative vitreoretinopathy: From bench to bedside

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Moysidis, Stavros N ^a   Thanos, Aristomenis ^a   Vavvas, Demetrios G ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD68 ANTIGEN; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 1; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; CXCL2 CHEMOKINE; DAUNORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FLUOROURACIL; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; ISOTRETINOIN; LIGAND; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR; RANTES; SCLEROPROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VISUAL PIGMENT;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONNECTIVE TISSUE; DRUG EFFICACY; EPITHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; MACROPHAGE; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RETINA DETACHMENT; REVIEW; VISUAL ACUITY; VITREORETINAL SURGERY; VITREORETINOPATHY; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DAUNORUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; ISOTRETINOIN; RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; VITREORETINOPATHY, PROLIFERATIVE;

EID: 84867921401     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/815937     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Newsome D. A., Rodrigues M. M., Machemer R., Human massive periretinal proliferation. In vitro characteristics of cellular components. Archives of Ophthalmology 1981 99 5 873 880 2-s2.0-0019422396 (Pubitemid 11120562)
2. Aylward G. W., Ophthalmology Chapter 6. 41Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy 2008 3rd Mosby
3. Ryan S. J., The pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in its management. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1985 100 1 188 193 2-s2.0-0021864234 (Pubitemid 15003432)
4. AAO, Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 12: Retina and Vitreous. 2011-2012
5. Tseng W., Cortez R. T., Ramirez G., Stinnett S., Jaffe G. J., Prevalence and risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment but no previous vitreoretinal surgery. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2004 137 6 1105 1115 2-s2.0-2942537996 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.02.008 (Pubitemid 38759361)
6. Patel N. N., Bunce C., Asaria R. H., Charteris D. G., Resources involved in managing retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina 2004 24 6 883 887 2-s2.0-10644269873 10.1097/00006982-200412000-00007 (Pubitemid 39657484)
7. Hui Y. N., Sorgente N., Ryan S. J., Posterior vitreous separation and retinal detachment induced by macrophages. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1987 225 4 279 284 2-s2.0-0023234426 (Pubitemid 17092222)
8. Weller M., Heimann K., Wiedemann P., The pathogenesis of vitreoretinal proliferation and traction: a working hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 1990 31 2 157 159 2-s2.0-0025064206 10.1016/0306-9877(90)90012-4 (Pubitemid 20059457)
9. Hui Y. N., Goodnight R., Sorgente N., Ryan S. J., Fibrovascular proliferation and retinal detachment after intravitreal injection of activated macrophages in the rabbit eye. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1989 108 2 176 184 2-s2.0-0024348307 (Pubitemid 19197952)
10. Davis R. J., Czech M. P., Regulation of transferrin receptor expression at the cell surface by insulin-like growth factors, epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. The EMBO Journal 1986 5 4 653 658 2-s2.0-0022707291
11. Lin M. L., Li Y. P., Li Z. R., Lin J. X., Zhou X. L., Liang D., Macrophages acquire fibroblast characteristics in a rat model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmic Research 2011 45 4 180 190 2-s2.0-78049390749 10.1159/000320496
12. Algvere P., Kock E., Experimental fibroplasia in the rabbit vitreous. Retinal detachment induced by autologous fibroblasts. Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie 1976 199 3 215 222 2-s2.0-0017170703
13. Sugita G., Tano Y., Machemer R., Intravitreal autotransplantation of fibroblasts. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1980 89 1 121 130 2-s2.0-0018843575 (Pubitemid 10160114)
14. Chandler D. B., Quansah F. A., Hida T., Machemer R., A refined experimental model for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1986 224 1 86 91 2-s2.0-0022658117 (Pubitemid 16206831)
15. Hitchins C. A., Grierson I., Intravitreal injection of fibroblasts: the pathological effects on the ocular tissues of the rabbit following an intravitreal injection of autologous skin fibroblasts. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1988 72 7 498 510 2-s2.0-0023751411
16. Abu El-Asrar A. M., Struyf S., Van Damme J., Geboes K., Circulating fibrocytes contribute to the myofibroblast population in proliferative vitreoretinopathy epiretinal membranes. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2008 92 5 699 704 2-s2.0-43649105699 10.1136/bjo.2007.134346 (Pubitemid 351684185)
17. Wiedemann P., Ryan S. J., Novak P., Sorgente N., Vitreous stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Experimental Eye Research 1985 41 5 619 628 2-s2.0-0022359869 (Pubitemid 16177622)
18. Hardwick C., Morris R., Witherspoon D., White M., Feist R., McFarland R., Guidry C., Pathologic human vitreous promotes contraction by fibroblasts: implications for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology 1995 113 12 1545 1553 2-s2.0-0028822176
19. Zheng X. Z., Du L. F., Wang H. P., A immunohistochemical analysis of a rat model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and a comparison of the expression of TGF- β and PDGF among the induction methods. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2010 10 3 204 209 2-s2.0-77957163116
20. Lei H., Rheaume M. A., Kazlauskas A., Recent developments in our understanding of how platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors contribute to proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Experimental Eye Research 2010 90 3 376 381 2-s2.0-77649186388 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.003
21. Andrews A., Balciunaite E., Leong F. L., Tallquist M., Soriano P., Refojo M., Kazlauskas A., Platelet-derived growth factor plays a key role in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1999 40 11 2683 2689 2-s2.0-0032831078 (Pubitemid 29455500)
22. Cui J. Z., Chiu A., Maberley D., Ma P., Samad A., Matsubara J. A., Stage specificity of novel growth factor expression during development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Eye 2007 21 2 200 208 2-s2.0-33947365123 10.1038/sj.eye.6702169 (Pubitemid 46454598)
23. Hinton D. R., He S., Jin M. L., Barron E., Ryan S. J., Novel growth factors involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Eye 2002 16 4 422 428 2-s2.0-0036330215 10.1038/sj.eye.6700190 (Pubitemid 34845970)
24. Ricker L. J., Dieudonné S. C., Kessels A. G., Rennel E. S., Berendschot T. T., Hendrikse F., Kijlstra A., La Heij E. C., Antiangiogenic isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor predominate in subretinal fluid of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina 2012 32 1 54 59
25. Lei H., Velez G., Hovland P., Hirose T., Gilbertson D., Kazlauskas A., Growth factors outside the PDGF family drive experimental PVR. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2009 50 7 3394 3403 2-s2.0-67649970870 10.1167/iovs.08-3042
26. Dieudonné S. C., La Heij E. C., Diederen R. M. H., Kessels A. G. H., Liem A. T. A., Kijlstra A., Hendrikse F., Balance of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelial growth factor prior to development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmic Research 2007 39 3 148 154 2-s2.0-34250843123 10.1159/000103234 (Pubitemid 46975980)
27. Dieudonné S. C., La Heij E. C., Diederen R., Kessels A. G. H., Liem A. T. A., Kijlstra A., Hendrikse F., High TGF- β 2 levels during primary retinal detachment may protect against proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2004 45 11 4113 4118 2-s2.0-6944253466 10.1167/iovs.04-0643 (Pubitemid 39411168)
28. Limb G. A., Little B. C., Meager A., Ogilvie J. A., Wolstencroft R. A., Franks W. A., Chignell A. H., Dumonde D. C., Cytokines in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Eye (London, England) 1991 5 6 686 693 2-s2.0-0026311105
29. Banerjee S., Savant V., Scott R. A. H., Curnow S. J., Wallace G. R., Murray P. L., Multiplex bead analysis of vitreous humor of patients with vitreoretinal disorders. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007 48 5 2203 2207 2-s2.0-34250160902 10.1167/iovs.06-1358 (Pubitemid 351261295)
30. Hui Y., Shi Y., Zhang X., Yang K., Yu C., TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-6 in the early inflammatory stage of experimental PVR model induced by macrophages. Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology 1999 35 2 140 143 2-s2.0-27844528050
31. Asaria R. H. Y., Kon C. H., Bunce C., Sethi C. S., Limb G. A., Khaw P. T., Aylward G. W., Charteris D. G., Silicone oil concentrates fibrogenic growth factors in the retro-oil fluid. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2004 88 11 1439 1442 2-s2.0-7044225898 10.1136/bjo.2003.040402 (Pubitemid 39424727)
32. La Heij E. C., Van de Waarenburg M. P. H., Blaauwgeers H. G. T., Kessels A. G. H., Liem A. T. A., Theunissen C., Steinbusch H., Hendrikse F., Basic fibroblast growth factor, glutamine synthetase, and interleukin-6 in vitreous fluid from eyes with retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2002 134 3 367 375 2-s2.0-0036741960 10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01536-2
33. Mukherjee S., Guidry C., The insulin-like growth factor system modulates retinal pigment epithelial cell tractional force generation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007 48 4 1892 1899 2-s2.0-34248393072 10.1167/iovs.06-1095 (Pubitemid 351261379)
34. Liou G. I., Pakalnis V. A., Matragoon S., Samuel S., Behzadian M. A., Baker J., Khalil I. E., Roon P., Caldwell R. B., Hunt R. C., Marcus D. M., HGF regulation of RPE proliferation in an IL-1 β /retinal hole-induced rabbit model of PVR. Molecular Vision 2002 8 494 501 2-s2.0-0346949037 (Pubitemid 36153643)
35. Elner S. G., Elner V. M., Jaffe G. J., Stuart A., Kunkel S. L., Strieter R. M., Cytokines in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Current Eye Research 1995 14 11 1045 1053 2-s2.0-0028786675
36. Mitamura Y., Takeuchi S., Yamamoto S., Yamamoto T., Tsukahara I., Matsuda A., Tagawa Y., Mizue Y., Nishihira J., Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 2002 46 2 218 221 2-s2.0-0036226182 10.1016/S0021-5155(01) 00497-X (Pubitemid 34309039)
37. Strieter R. M., Kunkel S. L., Showell H. J., Remick D. G., Phan S. H., Ward P. A., Marks R. M., Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF- α LPS, and IL-1 β Science 1989 243 4897 1467 1469 2-s2.0-0024512985 (Pubitemid 19087129)
38. Bradley J. R., TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. Journal of Pathology 2008 214 2 149 160 2-s2.0-38549102077 10.1002/path.2287 (Pubitemid 351160153)
39. Limb G. A., Alam A., Earley O., Green W., Chignell A. H., Dumonde D. C., Distribution of cytokine proteins within epiretinal membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Current Eye Research 1994 13 11 791 798 2-s2.0-0028046404 (Pubitemid 24337749)
40. Crowe P. D., Walter B. N., Mohler K. M., Otten-Evans C., Black R. A., Ware C. F., A metalloprotease inhibitor blocks shedding of the 80-kD TNF receptor and TNF processing in T lymphocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1995 181 3 1205 1210 2-s2.0-0028919856 10.1084/jem.181.3.1205
41. Aderka D., Engelmann H., Shemer-Avni Y., Hornik V., Galil A., Sarov B., Wallach D., Variation in serum levels of the soluble TNF receptors among healthy individuals. Lymphokine and Cytokine Research 1992 11 3 157 159 2-s2.0-0026624754
42. Van Zee K. J., Kohno T., Fischer E., Rock C. S., Moldawer L. L., Lowry S. F., Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors circulate during experimental and clinical inflammation and can protect against excessive tumor necrosis factor α in vitro and in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992 89 11 4845 4849 2-s2.0-0026741275 10.1073/pnas.89.11.4845
43. Spoettl T., Hausmann M., Klebl F., Dirmeier A., Klump B., Hoffmann J., Herfarth H., Timmer A., Rogler G., Serum soluble TNF receptor I and II levels correlate with disease activity in IBD patients. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2007 13 6 727 732 2-s2.0-34250345556 10.1002/ibd.20107 (Pubitemid 46909987)
44. Limb G. A., Hollifield R. D., Webster L., Charteris D. G., Chignell A. H., Soluble TNF receptors in vitreoretinal proliferative disease. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2001 42 7 1586 1591 2-s2.0-0035013685 (Pubitemid 32520752)
45. Gerli R., Monti D., Bistoni O., Mazzone A. M., Peri G., Cossarizza A., Di Gioacchino M., Cesarotti M. E. F., Doni A., Mantovani A., Franceschi C., Paganelli R., Chemokines, sTNF-Rs and sCD30 serum levels in healthy aged people and centenarians. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2001 121 13 37 46 2-s2.0-0035915808 10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00195-0 (Pubitemid 32115398)
46. Rojas J., Fernandez I., Pastor J. C., Garcia-Gutierrez M. T., Sanabria M. R., Brion M., Coco R. M., Ruiz-Moreno J. M., Garcia-Arumi J., Elizalde J., Ruiz M., Gallardo J. M., Corrales R. M., Carracedo A., A strong genetic association between the tumor necrosis factor locus and proliferative vitreoretinopathy: the Retina 4 Project. Ophthalmology 2010 117 12 2417 e2 2-s2.0-78649897880 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.059
47. Mudhar H. S., Pollock R. A., Wang C., Stiles C. D., Richardson W. D., PDGF and its receptors in the developing rodent retina and optic nerve. Development 1993 118 2 539 552 2-s2.0-0027209234 (Pubitemid 23214040)
48. Fruttiger M., Calver A. R., Krüger W. H., Mudhar H. S., Michalovich D., Takakura N., Nishikawa S. I., Richardson W. D., PDGF mediates a neuron-astrocyte interaction in the developing retina. Neuron 1996 17 6 1117 1131 2-s2.0-0030448313 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80244-5 (Pubitemid 27021098)
49. Robbins S. G., Mixon R. N., Wilson D. J., Hart C. E., Robertson J. E., Westra I., Planck S. R., Rosenbaum J. T., Platelet-derived growth factor ligands and receptors immunolocalized in proliferative retinal diseases. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1994 35 10 3649 3663 (Pubitemid 24337978)
50. Ikuno Y., Kazlauskas A., An in vivo gene therapy approach for experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy using the truncated platelet-derived growth factor α receptor. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2002 43 7 2406 2411 2-s2.0-0036288026 (Pubitemid 34700675)
51. Cui J., Lei H., Samad A., Basavanthappa S., Maberley D., Matsubara J., Kazlauskas A., PDGF receptors are activated in human epiretinal membranes. Experimental Eye Research 2009 88 3 438 444 2-s2.0-61549117508 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.020
52. Lei H., Hovland P., Velez G., Haran A., Gilbertson D., Hirose T., Kazlauskas A., A potential role for PDGF-C in experimental and clinical proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007 48 5 2335 2342 2-s2.0-34250155972 10.1167/iovs.06-0965 (Pubitemid 351261314)
53. Lei H., Velez G., Hovland P., Hirose T., Kazlauskas A., Plasmin is the major protease responsible for processing PDGF-C in the vitreous of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2008 49 1 42 48 2-s2.0-39549100205 10.1167/iovs.07-0776
54. Agrawal R. N., He S., Spee C., Cui J. Z., Ryan S. J., Hinton D. R., In vivo models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Nature Protocols 2007 2 1 67 77 2-s2.0-34347209972 10.1038/nprot.2007.4 (Pubitemid 47040070)
55. Ikuno Y., Leong F. L., Kazlauskas A., Attenuation of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy by inhibiting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2000 41 10 3107 3116 2-s2.0-0033828125
56. Zheng Y., Ikuno Y., Ohj M., Kusaka S., Jiang R., eki O., Sawa M., Tano Y., Platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor AG1295 and inhibition of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 2003 47 2 158 165 2-s2.0-0037624768 10.1016/S0021-5155(02)00698-6 (Pubitemid 36547825)
57. Li X., Pontén A., Aase K., Karlsson L., Abramsson A., Uutela M., Bäckström G., Hellström M., Boström H., Li H., Soriano P., Betsholtz C., Heldin C. H., Alitalo K., Östman A., Eriksson U., PDGF-C is a new protease-activated ligand for the PDGF α -receptor. Nature Cell Biology 2000 2 5 302 307 2-s2.0-0033776193 10.1038/35010579
58. Lei H., Kazlauskas A., Growth factors outside of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family employ reactive oxygen species/Src family kinases to activate PDGF receptor α and thereby promote proliferation and survival of cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2009 284 10 6329 6336 2-s2.0-65249157149 10.1074/jbc.M808426200
59. Pennock S., Kazlauskas A., Vascular endothelial growth factor A competitively inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-dependent activation of PDGF receptor and subsequent signaling events and cellular responses. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2012 32 10 1955 1966
60. Lei H., Velez G., Kazlauskas A., Pathological signaling via platelet-derived growth factor receptor α involves chronic activation of Akt and suppression of p53. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2011 31 9 1788 1799 2-s2.0-79955435599 10.1128/MCB.01321-10
61. Akiyama H., Kachi S., Lima E Silva R., Umeda N., Hackett S. F., McCauley D., McCauley T., Zoltoski A., Epstein D. M., Campochiaro P. A., Intraocular injection of an aptamer that binds PDGF-B: a potential treatment for proliferative retinopathies. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2006 207 2 407 412 2-s2.0-33645689371 10.1002/jcp.20583
62. Lei H., Velez G., Cui J., Samad A., Maberley D., Matsubara J., Kazlauskas A., N-acetylcysteine suppresses retinal detachment in an experimental model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. American Journal of Pathology 2010 177 1 132 140 2-s2.0-77954579454 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090604
63. Pennock S., Rheaume M. A., Mukai S., Kazlauskas A., A novel strategy to develop therapeutic approaches to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The American Journal of Pathology 2011 179 6 2931 2940 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.043
64. Blumenkranz M., Hernandez E., Ophir A., Norton E. W. D., 5-fluorouracil: new applications in complicated retinal detachment for an established antimetabolite. Ophthalmology 1984 91 2 122 130 2-s2.0-0021360271 (Pubitemid 14193854)
65. Blumenkranz M. S., Hartzer M. K., Iverson D., An overview of potential applications of heparin in vitreoretinal surgery. Retina 1992 12 3 S71 S74 2-s2.0-0026675777
66. Blumenkranz M. S., Ophir A., Claflin A. J., Hajek A., Fluorouracil for the treatment of massive periretinal proliferation. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1982 94 4 458 467 2-s2.0-0019966720 (Pubitemid 12032504)
67. Ward T., Hartzer M., Blumenkranz M., Lin L. R., A comparison of 5-Fluorouridine and 5-Fluorouracil in an experimental model for the treatment of vitreoretinal scarring. Current Eye Research 1993 12 5 397 401 2-s2.0-0027216907 (Pubitemid 23206218)
68. Asaria R. H. Y., Kon C. H., Bunce C., Charteris D. G., Wong D., Khaw P. T., Aylward G. W., Adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and heparin prevents proliferative vitreoretinopathy: results from a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2001 108 7 1179 1183 2-s2.0-0034977919 10.1016/S0161- 6420(01)00589-9 (Pubitemid 32568123)
69. Charteris D. G., Aylward G. W., Wong D., Groenewald C., Asaria R. H. Y., Bunce C., A randomized controlled trial of combined 5-fluorouracil and low-molecular-weight heparin in management of established proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2004 111 12 2240 2245 2-s2.0-9644259068 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.05.036 (Pubitemid 39575594)
70. Wickham L., Bunce C., Wong D., McGurn D., Charteris D. G., Randomized controlled trial of combined 5-fluorouracil and low-molecular-weight heparin in the management of unselected rhegmatogenous retinal detachments undergoing primary vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 2007 114 4 698 704 2-s2.0-33947595650 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.08.042 (Pubitemid 46483695)
71. Sundaram V., Barsam A., Virgili G., Intravitreal low molecular weight heparin and 5-Fluorouracil for the prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy following retinal reattachment surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) 2010 7, article CD006421 2-s2.0-77955504704
72. Verdoorn C., Renardel de Lavalette V. W., Dalma-Weizhausz J., Cellular migration, proliferation, and contraction. An in vitro approach to a clinical problemproliferative vitreoretinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology 1986 104 8 1216 1219 2-s2.0-0022504878 (Pubitemid 16033927)
73. Wiedemann P., Sorgente N., Bekhor C., Daunomycin in the treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Effective doses in vitro and in vivo. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1985 26 5 719 725 2-s2.0-0021874102 (Pubitemid 15067813)
74. Wiedemann P., Lemmen K., Schmiedl R., Heimann K., Intraocular daunorubicin for the treatment and prophylaxis of traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1987 104 1 10 14 2-s2.0-0023191880 (Pubitemid 17088758)
75. Wiedemann P., Hilgers R. D., Bauer P., Heimann K., Adjunctive daunorubicin in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: results of a multicenter clinical trial. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1998 126 4 550 559 2-s2.0-0032189992 10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00115-9 (Pubitemid 28475919)
76. Tano Y., Chandler D., Machemer R., Treatment of intraocular proliferation with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1980 90 6 810 816 2-s2.0-0019215723 (Pubitemid 11199134)
77. Koerner F., Merz A., Gloor B., Wagner E., Postoperative retinal fibrosisa controlled clinical study of systemic steroid therapy. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1982 219 6 268 271 2-s2.0-0020456706 (Pubitemid 13171091)
78. Campochiaro P. A., Hackett S. F., Conway B. P., Retinoic acid promotes density-dependent growth arrest in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1991 32 1 65 72 2-s2.0-0026025783
79. Wu W. C., Hu D. N., Mehta S., Chang Y. C., Effects of retinoic acid on retinal pigment epithelium from excised membranes from proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005 21 1 44 54 2-s2.0-14044263557 (Pubitemid 40280241)
80. Chang Y. C., Hu D. N., Wu W. C., Effect of oral 13-cis-retinoic acid treatment on postoperative clinical outcome of eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2008 146 3 440 e1 2-s2.0-49749103241 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.002
81. Wu P. C., Tai M. H., Hu D. N., Lai C. H., Chen Y. H., Wu Y. C., Tsai C. L., Shin S. J., Kuo H. K., Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rabbit retinal pigment epithelial cells. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2008 24 1 25 33 2-s2.0-38549144644 10.1089/jop.2007.0044 (Pubitemid 351156631)
82. Falkenstein I. A., Cheng L., Wong-Staal F., Tammewar A. M., Barron E. C., Silva G. A., Li Q. X., Yu D., Hysell M., Liu G., Ke N., Macdonald J. E., Freeman W. R., Toxicity and intraocular properties of a novel long-acting anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic compound IMS2186. Current Eye Research 2008 33 7 599 609 2-s2.0-46749109602 10.1080/02713680802226582 (Pubitemid 351948487)