Pan-African magmatism in the Menderes Massif: Geochronological data from leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses in western Turkey

International Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 101, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 2055-2081

  Koralay, O E ^a   Candan, O ^a   Chen, F ^b   Akal, C ^a   Oberhansli R ^c   Satir, M ^d   Dora, O Ö ^a  

^a DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Gondwana; Leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses; Menderes Massif; Mozambique Ocean; Pan African magmatism; Zircon U Pb and Pb Pb ages

Indexed keywords

BIOTITE; COUNTRY ROCK; DETRITAL DEPOSIT; GARNET; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GONDWANA; GRANITOID; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; LEAD-LEAD DATING; MAGMATISM; METAGABBRO; METASEDIMENTARY ROCK; MICA; MUSCOVITE; OROGENIC BELT; ORTHOGNEISS; PLUTON; PROVENANCE; QUARTZ; SCHIST; SOURCE ROCK; TOURMALINE; URANIUM-LEAD DATING;

ARABIAN SHIELD; MENDERES MASSIF; MOZAMBIQUE BELT; NUBIAN SHIELD; TURKEY;

EID: 84867865707     PISSN: 14373254     EISSN: 14373262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00531-012-0775-2     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Abdelsalam MG, Liégeois JP, Stern RJ (2002) The Saharan Metacraton. J Afr Earth Sci 34: 119-136.
2. Anders B, Reischmann T, Kostopoulos D (2007) Zircon geochronology of basement rocks from the Pelagonian Zone, Greece: constrains on the pre-Alpine evolution of the westernmost Internal Hellenides. Int J Earth Sci 96: 639-661.
3. 204Pb. Chem Geol 29: 59-79.
4. Andersson UB, Ghebreab W, Teklay M (2006) Crustal evolution and metamorphism in east-central Eritrea, south-east Arabian-Nubian Shield. J Afr Earth Sci 44: 45-65.
5. Andresen A, Augland LE, Boghdady GY, Lungmark AM, Elnady OM, Hassan MA, Abu El-Rus MA (2010) Structural constraints on the evolution of the Meatiq Gneiss Dome (Egypt), East-African Orogen. J Afr Earth Sci 57: 413-422.
6. Ayalew T, Gichile S (1990) Preliminary U-Pb ages from southern Ethiopia. In: Rocci G, Deschamps M (eds), Recent data in African Earth Sciences, vol 22. CIFEG Occassional Publications, pp 127-130.
7. Bandres A, Eguiluz L, Pin C, Paquette JL, Ordonez B, Le Fevre B, Ortega LA, Ibarguchi GJA (2004) The northern Ossa-Morena Cadomian batholith (Iberian Massif): magmatic arc origin and early evolution. Int J Earth Sci 93: 860-885.
8. Bozkaya Ö, Gürsu S, Göncüoǧlu MC (2006) Textural and mineralogical evidence for a Cadomian tectonothermal event in the eastern Mediterranean (Sandi{dotless}kli{dotless}-Afyon area, western Taurides, Turkey). Gondwana Res 10: 301-315.
9. Bozkurt E (1996) Metamorphic conditions in the Palaeozoic schists of the southern Menderes Massif: field, petrographic and textural evidence. Turkish J Earth Sci 5: 105-121.
10. Bozkurt E (2004) Granitoid rocks of the southern Menderes Massif: field evidence for Tertiary magmatism in an extensional shear zone. Int J Earth Sci 93: 52-71.
11. Bozkurt E (2007) Extensional v. contractional origin for the southern Menderes shear zone, SW Turkey: tectonic and metamorphic implications. Geol Mag 144(1): 191-210.
12. Bozkurt E, Park RG (1994) Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in Western Anatolia, Turkey. J Geo Soc Lond 151: 213-216.
13. Bozkurt E, Park RG (1997a) Evolution of a mid-Tertiary extensional shear zone in the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Bull Soc Géol France 168(1): 2-14.
14. Bozkurt E, Park RG (1997b) Microstructures of deformed grains in the augen gneisses of southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey) and their tectonic significance. Int J Earth Sci 86: 103-119.
15. Bozkurt E, Park RG (2001) Discussion on the evolution of the Southern Menderes Massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. J Geo Soc Lond 158: 393-395.
16. Bozkurt E, Park RG, Winchester JA (1993) Evidence against the core/cover interpretation of the southern sector of the Menderes Massif, west Turkey. Terra Nova 5: 445-451.
17. Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Park RG (1995) Geochemistry and tectonic significance of augen gneisses from the southern Menderes Massif (West Turkey). Geol Mag 132: 287-301.
18. Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Mittwede S, Ottley C (2006) Geochemistry and tectonic implications of leucogranites and tourmalines of the southern Menderes Massif, southwest Turkey. Geodin Acta 19(5): 363-390.
19. Candan O, Dora OÖ, Oberhänsli R, Çetinkaplan M, Partzsch JH, Warkus FC, Dürr S (2001) Pan-African high-pressure metamorphism in the Precambrian basement of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. Int J Earth Sci 89: 793-811.
20. Candan O, Çetinkaplan M, Oberhänsli R, Rimmele G, Akal C (2005) Alpine high-pressure/low temperature metamorphism of Afyon Zone and implication for metamorphic evolution of western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 84: 102-124.
21. Candan O, Koralay OE, Akal C, Kaya O, Oberhänsli R, Dora OÖ, Konak N, Chen F (2011a) Supra-Pan-African unconformity between core and cover series of the Menderes Massif/Turkey and its geological implications. Precambrian Res 184: 1-23.
22. Candan O, Oberhänsli R, Dora OÖ, Çetinkaplan M, Koralay OE, Rimmelé G, Chen F, Akal C (2011b) Polymetamorphic evolution of the Pan-African basement and Paleozoic: early tertiary cover series of the Menderes Masif. Bull Min Res and Exp, Turkey 142: 121-163.
23. Chen F, Siebel W, Sati{dotless}r M, Terzioǧlu MN (2002) Geochronology of the Karadere basement (NW Turkey) and implications for the geological evolution of the İstanbul Zone. Int J Earth Sci 91: 469-481.
24. 39Ar geochronology of metamorphic rocks of the Elat area (southern Israel). Precambrian Res 98: 107-127.
25. D'lemos RS, Miller BV, Samson SD (2001) Precise U-Pb zircon ages from Alderney, Channel Islands: growing evidence for discrete Neoproterozoic magmatic episodes in northern Cadomia. Geol Mag 138(6): 719-726.
26. Dannat C (1997) Geochemie, Geochronologie und Nd-Sr-Isotopie der granitoiden Kerngneise des Menderes Massivs. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, SW-Türkei.
27. Dora OÖ (1975) Structural interpretation of alkali feldspars in the Menderes Massif and their usage in the petrogenetic interpretation. Geol Soc of Turkey Bull 24: 91-94 (in Turkish with English Abstract).
28. Dora OÖ (1976) Die Feldspäte als petrogenetischer Indikator im Menderes Massiv/West Anatolien. Neu Jahrb Min Abh 127/3: 289-310.
29. Dora OÖ, Candan O, Kaya O, Koralay OE, Dürr S (2001) Revision of the so-called "leptite-gneisses" in the Menderes Massif: a supracrustal metasedimentary origin. Int J Earth Sci 89(4): 836-851.
30. Dora OÖ, Candan O, Kaya O, Koralay OE (2002) Tectonic setting, metamorphism and revision of the origin of the leptite-gneisses of the Menderes Massif. The Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Project Report, No: YDABÇAG-554, p 165 (in Turkish with English abstract).
31. Dora OÖ, Candan O, Kaya O, Koralay OE, Akal C (2005) The contact relationship between gneiss and schist extending along Koçarli{dotless}, Bafa, Yataǧan, Karacasu in Çine Submassif, Menderes Massif: a geological, structural, petrological and geochronological approach. The Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Project Report, No: YDABÇAG-101 Y 132, p 197 (in Turkish with English abstract).
32. Dörr W, Zulauf G, Fiala J, Franke W, Vejnar Z (2002) Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian history of an active plate margin n the Tepla′-Barrandian unit-a correlation of U-Pb isotopicdilution- TIMS ages (Bohemia, Czech Republic. Tectonophysics 352: 65-85.
33. Eichhom R, Höll R, Loth G, Kennedy A (1999) Implications of U-Pb SHRIMP zircon data on the age and evolution of the Felbertal tungsten deposit (Tauern Window, Austria. Int J Earth Sci 88: 496-512.
34. Erdoǧan B, Güngör T (2004) The problem of the core: cover boundary of the Menderes Masif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granite, Western Anatolia Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci 13: 15-36.
35. Eyal M, Litvinosky BA, Katzir Y, Zanvilevich AN (2004) The Pan-African high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous Elat granite from southern Israel: geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis. J African Earth Sci 40: 115-136.
36. Farahat ES, Mohamed HA, Ahmed AF, El Mahallawi MM (2007) Origin of I- and S-type granitoids from the Eastern Desert of Egypt: implications for crustal growth in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. J African Earth Sci 49: 43-58.
37. Friedl G, Finger F, Paquette JL, von Quadt A, McNaughton NJ, Fletcher IR (2004) Pre-Variscan geological events in the Austrian part of the Bohemian Massif deduced from U-Pb zircon ages. Int J Earth Sci 93: 802-823.
38. Gessner K, Piazolo S, Güngör T, Ring U, Kröner A, Passchier CW (2001) Tectonic significance of deformation in granitoid rocks of the Menderes nappes, Anatolide belt, southwest Turkey. Int J Earth Sci 89: 766-780.
39. Gessner K, Collins A, Ring U, Güngör T (2004) Structural and thermal history of a poly-orogenic basement: U/Pb geochronology of granitoids rocks in southern Menderes Masif, Western Turkey. J Geo Soc Lond 161: 93-101.
40. Goodenough KM, Thomas RJ, De Waele B, Key RM, Schofield DI, Bauer W, Tucker RD, Rafahatelo JM, Rabarimanana M, Ralison AV, Randriamananjara T (2010) Post-collisional magmatism in the central East African Orogen: the Maevarano Suite of north Madagascar. Lithos 116: 18-34.
41. Grantham GH, Manhica ADST, Armstrong RA, Kruger FJ, Loubser M (2011) New SHRIMP, Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd isotope and whole rock chemical data from central Mozambique and western droning Maud Land, Antarctica: Implications for the nature of the eastern margin of the Kalahari Craton and the amalgamation of Gondwana. JAfrican Earth Sci 59: 74-100.
42. Gürsu S, Göncüoǧlu MC (2006) Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Cadomian felsic igneous rocks, Sandi{dotless}kli{dotless} area of the western Taurides, Turkey. Int J Earth Sci 95: 741-757.
43. Gürsu S, Göncüoǧlu MC, Bayhan H (2004) Geology and geochemistry of Pre-early Cambrian rocks in the Sandi{dotless}kli{dotless} area: Implication fort he Pan-African evolution of NW Gondwana. Gondwana Res 7: 923-935.
44. Gürsu S, Göncüoǧlu MC, Turhan N (2005) Geology and petrology of Cadomian felsic magmatism in Afyon area, western central Turkey. International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Regions, Abstracts, pp 46-47.
45. Hasözbek A, Akay E, Erdoǧan B, Sati{dotless}r M, Siebel W (2010) Early Miocene granite formation by detachment tectonics or not? A case study from the northern Menderes Massif (western Turkey). J Geodyn 50: 67-80.
46. Hetzel R, Reischmann T (1996) Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation. Geol Mag 133(5): 565-572.
47. Hetzel R, Romer R, Candan O, Passchier CW (1998) Geology of the Bozdaǧ area, central Menderes Massif, SW Turkey: Pan-African basement and Alpine deformation. Geol Runds 87: 394-406.
48. Hölzl S, Hofmann AW, Todt W, Köhler H (1994) U-Pb geochronology of the Sri Lankan basement. Precambrian Res 66: 123-149.
49. Inglis JG, Samson SD, D'lemos RS, Miller V (2005) Timing of Cadomian deformation and magmatism within La Hague, NW France. J Geol Soc Lond 162: 389-400.
50. Keay S, Lister G (2002) African provenance for the metasediments and igneous rocks of the Cyclades, Aegean Sea. Greece. Geology 30(3): 235-238.
51. Kebede T, Kloetzli US, Koeberl C (2001) U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon ages from granitoid rocks of Wallagga area: constraints on magmatic and tectonic evolution of Precambrian rocks of western Ethiopia. Miner Petrol 71: 251-271.
52. Key RM, Charsley TJ, Hackman BD, Wilkinson AF, Rundle CC (1989) Superimposed Upper Proterozoic collusion-controlled orogenies in the Mozambique orogenic belt of Kenya. Precambrian Res 44: 197-225.
53. Koralay OE, Dora OÖ, Chen F, Sati{dotless}r M, Candan O (2004) Geochemistry and geochronology of orthogneisses in the Derbent (Alaşehir) area, Eastern part of the Ödemiş: Kiraz submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African magmatic activity. Turkish J Earth Sci 13: 37-61.
54. Koralay OE, Chen F, Candan O, Dora OÖ, Sati{dotless}r M, Oberhänsli R (2005) Pb-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from Neoproterozoic paragneisses in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. In: International Earth Sciences College on the Aegean Regions, IESCA 2005, Abstracts, p 69-70.
55. Koralay OE, Chen F, Oberhänsli R, Wan Y, Candan O (2006) Age of granulite facies metamorphism in the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia/Turkey: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating. In: 59th Geological Congres Turkey, Abstracts book, p. 28-29.
56. Koralay OE, Candan O, Dora OÖ, Sati{dotless}r M, Oberhänsli R, Chen F (2007) Geology and geochronology of Pan-African and Triassic metamagmatic rocks in the Menderes Massif, W Anatolia, Turkey. Colloquium of the Menderes Massif, Extended Abstracts Book, p 24-31.
57. Koralay OE, Candan O, Akal C, Dora OÖ, Chen F, Sati{dotless}r M, Oberhänsli R (2011) Geology and geochronology of Pan-African and Triassic metagranitoids in the Menderes Massif, W-Anatolia, Turkey. Bull Min Res Expl Turkey 142: 69-119.
58. Kröner A, Şengör AMC (1990) Archean and Proterozoic ancestry in the Late Precambrian to early Palaeozoic crustal elements of southern Turkey as revealed by single zircon dating. Geology 18: 1186-1190.
59. Kröner A, Stern RJ (2005) Pan-African orogeny. Encyclopedia geology. vol I, A to E, pp 1-12, Elsevier.
60. Küster D, Liégeois JP (2001) Sr, Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the Bayuda Desert high-grade metamorphic basement (Sudan): an early Pan-African oceanic convergent margin, not the edge of the East Sharan ghost craton? Precambrian Res 109: 1-23.
61. Li XH, Chen F, Guo JH, Li QL, Xie LW, Siebel W (2007) South China provenance of the lower-grade Penglai Group north of the Sulu UHP orogenic belt, eastern China: Evidence from detrital zircon age and Nd-Hf isotopic composition. Geochem J 41: 29-45.
62. Liégeois JP, Stern RJ (2010) Sr-Nd isotopes and geochemistry of granite-gneiss complexes from the Meatig and Hafafit domes, Eastern Desert, Egypt: No evidence for pre-Neoproterozoic crust. J Afr Earth Sci 57: 31-40.
63. Liégeois JP, Berza T, Tatu M, Duchesne JC (1996) The Neoproterozoic Pan-African basement from the Alpine Lower Danubian nappe system (South Carpatians, Romania). Precambrian Res 80: 281-301.
64. Linnemann U, D'Lemos R, Drost K, Jeffries T, Gerdes A, Romer RL, Samson SD, Strachan RA (2008) Cadomian tectonics. In: McCann (Ed) The Geology of Central Europe vol 1: Precambrian and Palaeozoic. Geological Society London, pp 103-154.
65. Liu X, Jahn B, Zhao Y, Li M, Li H, Liu X (2006) Late Pan-African granitoids from the grove Mountains, East Antarctica: Age, origin and tectonic implications. Precambrian Res 145: 131-154.
66. Loos S (1995) Altersbestimmungen im SW Menderes Massiv, Türkei, mir der einzelzirkon-Pb-Pb-evaporatiosmethode. Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Dissertation, p 97.
67. Loos S, Reischmann T (1999) The evolution of the southern Menderes massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. J Geo Soc Lond 156: 1021-1030.
68. Ludwig KR (2003) User's manual for Isoplot 300 a geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronol Center Special Publ 4: 1-74.
69. Moghazi AM (2002) Petrology and geochemistry of Pan-African granitoids, Kab Amiri area, Egypt: implications for tectonomagmatic stages in the Nubian Shield evolution. Miner Petrol 75: 41-67.
70. Monod O, Kozlu H, Ghienne W, Dean WT, Günay Y, Herisse A, Paris F (2003) Late Ordovician glajiation in southern Turkey. Terra Nova 15(4): 249-257.
71. Müller B, Klötzli US, Flisch M (1995) U-Pb and Pb-Pb zircon dating of the older orthogneiss suite in the Silvretta nappe, eastern Alps: Cadomian magmatism in the upper Austro-Alpine realm. Geol Runds 84: 457-465.
72. Neubauer F (2002) Evolution of Late Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic tectonic elements in central and southern European Alpine mountain belt: review and synthesis. Tectonophysics 352: 87-103.
73. Oberhänsli R, Candan O, Dora OÖ, Dürr S (1997) Eclogites within the Menderes Massif/western Turkey. Lithos 41: 135-150.
74. Oberhänsli R, Candan O, Wilke F (2010) Geochronological evidence of Pan-African eclogites from the central Menderes Massif, Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci 19: 431-447.
75. Okay AI (1984) Distribution and characteristics of the northwestern Turkish Blue schists. In: Dixon JE, Robertson AHF (eds) The geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, vol 17. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp 455-466.
76. Okay AI (2001) Stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions in the central Menderes Masif: a new structural modal. Int J Earth Sci 89: 709-727.
77. Okay AI, Bozkurt E, Sati{dotless}r M, Yiǧitbaş E, Crowley QG, Shang CK (2008) Defining the southern margin of Avalonia in the potides: geochronological data from the Late Proterozoic and Ordovician granitoids from NW Turkey. Techtonophysics 461: 252-264.
78. Paquette JL, Nedelec A, Monie B, Rakotondrazafy M (1994) U-Pb single zircon Pb-evaporation and Sm-Nd isotopic of granulitic domain in SE Madagascar. J Geol 102: 523-538.
79. Pourteau A, Candan O, Oberhänsli R (2010) High-pressure metasediments in central Turkey: constraints on the Neotethyan closure history. Tectonics, 29: TC5004. doi: 1029/2009TC002650.
80. Raharimahefa T, Kusky TM (2010) Temporal evolution of the Angavo and related shear zones in Gondwana: Constraints from LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of granitoids and gneiss from Central Madagascar. Precambrian Res 182: 30-42.
81. Régnier JL, Ring U, Passchier CW, Gessner K, Güngör T (2003) Contrasting metamorphic evolution of sedimentary rocks from the Çine and Selimiye nappes in the Anatolide belt, western Turkey. J Metamorphic Geol 21: 699-721.
82. Rimmelé G, Oberhänsli R, Goffé B, Jolivet L, Candan O, Çetinkaplan M (2003) First evidence of high-pressure metamorphism in the "cover series" of the southern Menderes Massif: tectonic and metamorphic implications for the evolution of SW Turkey. Lithos 71: 19-46.
83. Rimmelé G, Oberhänsli R, Candan O, Goffé B, Jolivet L (2006) The Wide Distribution of HP-LT rocks in the Lycian Belt (Western Turkey). Implications for the accretionary wedge geometry. J Geo Soc Lond Spe Pub 260: 447-466.
84. Ring U, Kröner A, Buchwald R, Toulkeridis T, Later P (2002) Shear zone patters and eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Mozambique belt of northern Malawi, east-central Africa: implication for assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Res 116: 19-56.
85. Sati{dotless}r M, Friedrichsen H (1986) The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W-Turkey: A rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geol Runds 75: 703-714.
86. Şengör AMC, Yi{dotless}lmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75: 181-241.
87. Şengör AMC, Sati{dotless}r M, Akkök R (1984) Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan-African basement in Turkey. Tectonics 3: 693-707.
88. Shang CK, Sati{dotless}r M, Morteani G, Taubald H (2010) Zircon and titanite age evidence for coeval granitization and migmatization of the early Middle and early Late Proterozoic Saharan Metacraton; example from the central North Sudan basement. J African Earth Sci 57: 492-524.
89. Shiraishi EDJ, Hiroi Y, Fanning CM, Motoyoshi Y, Nakai Y (1994) Cambrian orogenic belt in east Antartica and Sri Lanka: implications for Gondwana assembly. J Geol 102: 47-65.
90. Stacey JS, Kramers JD (1975) Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26: 207-221.
91. Stern RJ (1994) Arc assembly and continental collusion in the Proterozoic east African orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 22: 319-351.
92. Stoeser DB, Camp VE (1985) Pan-African microplate accretion of the Arabian Shield. Geol Soc Am Bull 96: 817-826.
93. Sunal G, Sati{dotless}r M, Natal'in BA, Toraman E (2006) Paleotectonic of the Strandja Massif and surrounding continental blocks based on zircon Pb-Pb age studies. Int Geol Review 50: 519-545.
94. Tadese-Alemu A (1998) Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic granitoids from the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. J Afr Earth Sci 27(3-4): 437-460.
95. Teklay M, Kröner A, Mezger K, Oberhänsli R (1998) Geochemistry, Pb-Pb single zircon ages and Nd-Sr isotope composition of Precambrian rocks from southern and eastern Ethiopia: implications for crustal evolution in East Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 26(2): 207-227.
96. Teklay M, Kröner A, Mezger K (2001) Geochemistry, geochronology of nakfa intrusive rocks, northern Eritrea: products of a tectonically thickened Neoproterozoic arc crust. J Afr Earth Sci 33(2): 283-301.
97. Ustaömer PA, Mundil R, Renne PR (2005) U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon ages for arc-related intrusions of the Bolu Massif (W Pontides, NW Turkey): evidence for Late Precambrian (Cadomian) age. Terra Nova 17(3): 215-223.
98. Ustaömer PA, Ustaömer T, Collins AS, Robertson AHF (2009) Cadomian (Ediacaran-Cambrian) arc magmatism in the Bitlis Massif, SE Turkey: Magmatism along the developing northern margin of Gondwana. Tectonophysics 473: 99-112.
99. Ustaömer PA, Ustaömer T, Robertson AHF (2012) Ion Probe U-Pb dating of the Central Sakarya Basement: a peri-Gondwana terrane intruded by Late Lower Carboniferous subduction/collision-related granitic rocks. Turkish J Earth Sci 21: 1-28. doi: 10. 30906/yer-1103-1.
100. Vogt M, Kröner A, Poller U, Sommer H, Muhongo S, Wingate MTD (2006) Archean and Palaeoproterozoic gneisses reworked during a Neoproterozoic (Pan-African) high-grade event in the Mozambique belt of East Africa: structural relationships and zircon ages from the Kidatu area, central Tanzania. J Afr Earth Sci 45(2): 139-155.
101. 206Pb dating method with static measurement mode. Rock Min Anal 25(3): 201-205.
102. Whitney DL, Bozkurt E (2002) Metamorphic history of the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Geol Soc Am Bull 114-7: 829-838.
103. Wilson TJ, Grunow AM, Hanson RE (1997) Gondwana assembly: The view from southern Africa and East Gondwana. J Geody 23 (3/4): 263-286.
104. Yibas B, Reimold WU, Armstrong R, Koeberl C, Anhaeusser CR, Phillips D (2002) The tectonostratigraphy, granitoid geochronology and geological evolution of the Precambrian of southern Ethiopia. J Afr Earth Sci 34: 57-84.
105. Yuan HL, Gao S, Liu XM (2004) Accurate U-Pb age and trace element determinations of zircon by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geostand Geoanal Res 28: 353-370.
106. Zelazniewicz A, Dörr W, Bylina P, Franke W, Haack U, Heinisch H, Schastok J, Grandmontagne K, Kulicki C (2004) The eastern continuation of the Cadomian orogen: U-Pb zircon evidence from Saxo-Thuringian granitoids in south-western Poland and the northern Czech Republic. Int J Earth Sci 93: 773-781.