Noninvasive brain stimulation for motor recovery after stroke: Mechanisms and future views

Stroke Research and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Takeuchi, Naoyuki ^a   Izumi, Shin Ichi ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONVALESCENCE; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEMISPHERE; HUMAN; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONINVASIVE BRAIN STIMULATION; ONSET AGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REHABILITATION CARE; REPEAT PROCEDURE; REVIEW; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84867826028     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20420056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/584727     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Kolominsky-Rabas P. L., Weber M., Gefeller O., Neundoerfer B., Heuschmann P. U., Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke 2001 32 12 2735 2740 2-s2.0-0035210949 (Pubitemid 33134456)
2. Kwakkel G., Kollen B. J., Wagenaar R. C., Long term effects of intensity of upper and lower limb training after stroke: a randomised trial. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2002 72 4 473 479 2-s2.0-0036221760 10.1136/jnnp.72.4.473 (Pubitemid 34289563)
3. Hankey G. J., Jamrozik K., Broadhurst R. J., Forbes S., Anderson C. S., Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990. Stroke 2002 33 4 1034 1040 2-s2.0-0036213795 10.1161/01.STR.0000012515.66889.24 (Pubitemid 34293588)
4. Johansson B. B., Current trends in stroke rehabilitation. A review with focus on brain plasticity. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2011 123 3 147 159 2-s2.0-79251509921 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01417.x
5. Langhorne P., Bernhardt J., Kwakkel G., Stroke rehabilitation. The Lancet 2011 377 9778 1693 1702 2-s2.0-79955887519 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60325-5
6. Reiss A. P., Wolf S. L., Hammel E. A., McLeod E. L., Williams E. A., Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT): current perspectives and future directions. Stroke Research and Treatment 2012 2012 8 159391
7. Hosp J. A., Luft A. R., Cortical plasticity during motor learning and recovery after ischemic stroke. Neural Plasticity 2011 2011 9 871296
8. Dayan E., Cohen L. G., Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning. Neuron 2011 72 3 443 454 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.008
9. Maldonado M. A., Allred R. P., Felthauser E. L., Jones T. A., Motor skill training, but not voluntary exercise, improves skilled reaching after unilateral ischemic lesions of the sensorimotor cortex in rats. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008 22 3 250 261 2-s2.0-40749159306 10.1177/1545968307308551 (Pubitemid 351561675)
10. Chen H., Epstein J., Stern E., Neural plasticity after acquired brain injury: evidence from functional neuroimaging. PM & R 2010 2 12 S306 S312 2-s2.0-79952278179
11. Dancause N., Nudo R. J., Shaping plasticity to enhance recovery after injury. Progress in Brain Research 2011 192 273 295 2-s2.0-79960230878 10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00015-4
12. Lefaucheur J. P., Methods of therapeutic cortical stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2009 39 1 1 14 2-s2.0-61349093023 10.1016/j.neucli. 2008.11.001
13. Huang Y. Z., Edwards M. J., Rounis E., Bhatia K. P., Rothwell J. C., Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 2005 45 2 201 206 2-s2.0-12344287391 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033 (Pubitemid 40128115)
14. Zaghi S., Acar M., Hultgren B., Boggio P. S., Fregni F., Noninvasive brain stimulation with low-intensity electrical currents: putative mechanisms of action for direct and alternating current stimulation. Neuroscientist 2010 16 3 285 307 2-s2.0-77952631010 10.1177/1073858409336227
15. Nitsche M. A., Paulus W., Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Physiology 2000 527 3 633 639 2-s2.0-0034666046
16. Takeuchi N., Izumi S. -I., Maladaptive plasticity for motor recovery after stroke: mechanisms and approaches. Neural Plasticity 2012 2012 9 359728
17. Murase N., Duque J., Mazzocchio R., Cohen L. G., Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Annals of Neurology 2004 55 3 400 409 2-s2.0-1442353755 10.1002/ana.10848 (Pubitemid 38269592)
18. Takeuchi N., Chuma T., Matsuo Y., Watanabe I., Ikoma K., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function after stroke. Stroke 2005 36 12 2681 2686 2-s2.0-33644672633 10.1161/01.STR.0000189658.51972.34
19. Nowak D. A., Grefkes C., Ameli M., Fink G. R., Interhemispheric competition after stroke: brain stimulation to enhance recovery of function of the affected hand. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009 23 7 641 656 2-s2.0-69449105635 10.1177/1545968309336661
20. Takeuchi N., Tada T., Toshima M., Matsuo Y., Ikoma K., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over bilateral hemispheres enhances motor function and training effect of paretic hand in patients after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009 41 13 1049 1054 2-s2.0-70449715500 10.2340/16501977-0454
21. Poreisz C., Boros K., Antal A., Paulus W., Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Research Bulletin 2007 72 46 208 214 2-s2.0-34247144933 10.1016/j.brainresbull. 2007.01.004 (Pubitemid 46602748)
22. Rossi S., Hallett M., Rossini P. M., Pascual-Leone A., Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology 2009 120 12 2008 2039 2-s2.0-70450273261 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016
23. Hummel F., Celnik P., Giraux P., Floel A., Wu W. H., Gerloff C., Cohen L. G., Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain 2005 128 3 490 499 2-s2.0-15044348999 10.1093/brain/awh369 (Pubitemid 40380185)
24. Kim Y. H., You S. H., Ko M. H., Park J. W., Lee K. H., Jang S. H., Yoo W. K., Hallett M., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke. Stroke 2006 37 6 1471 1476 2-s2.0-33745152342 10.1161/01.STR.0000221233. 55497.51 (Pubitemid 44305728)
25. Takeuchi N., Tada T., Toshima M., Chuma T., Matsuo Y., Ikoma K., Inhibition of the unaffected motor cortex by 1 HZ repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances motor performance and training effect of the paretic hand in patients with chronic stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008 40 4 298 303 2-s2.0-42649130996 10.2340/16501977-0181 (Pubitemid 351596991)
26. Di Lazzaro V., Profice P., Pilato F., Capone F., Ranieri F., Pasqualetti P., Colosimo C., Pravatã E., Cianfoni A., Dileone M., Motor cortex plasticity predicts recovery in acute stroke. Cerebral Cortex 2010 20 7 1523 1528 2-s2.0-77955947202 10.1093/cercor/bhp216
27. Pascual-Leone A., Tarazona F., Keenan J., Tormos J. M., Hamilton R., Catala M. D., Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroplasticity. Neuropsychologia 1998 37 2 207 217 2-s2.0-0032214269 10.1016/S0028-3932(98) 00095-5 (Pubitemid 29062325)
28. Muellbacher W., Zlemann U., Wissel J., Dang N., Kofler M., Facchini S., Boroojerdi B., Poewe W., Hallett M., Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature 2002 415 6872 640 644 2-s2.0-0037034001 10.1038/nature712 (Pubitemid 34136390)
29. Conchou F., Loubinoux I., Castel-Lacanal E., Le Tinnier A., Gerdelat-Mas A., Faure-Marie N., Gros H., Thalamas C., Calvas F., Berry I., Chollet F., Moreau M. S., Neural substrates of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during movement in healthy subjects and acute stroke patients. A PET study. Human Brain Mapping 2009 30 8 2542 2557 2-s2.0-67650480155 10.1002/hbm.20690
30. Ameli M., Grefkes C., Kemper F., Riegg F. P., Rehme A. K., Karbe H., Fink G. R., Nowak D. A., Differential effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex in cortical and subcortical middle cerebral artery stroke. Annals of Neurology 2009 66 3 298 309 2-s2.0-70350061592 10.1002/ana.21725
31. Carmichael S. T., Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves. Annals of Neurology 2006 59 5 735 742 2-s2.0-33646337394 10.1002/ana.20845 (Pubitemid 43673150)
32. Di Filippo M., Tozzi A., Costa C., Belcastro V., Tantucci M., Picconi B., Calabresi P., Plasticity and repair in the post-ischemic brain. Neuropharmacology 2008 55 3 353 362 2-s2.0-43449096979 10.1016/j.neuropharm. 2008.01.012
33. Khedr E. M., Ahmed M. A., Fathy N., Rothwell J. C., Therapeutic trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2005 65 3 466 468 2-s2.0-23244444485 10.1212/01.wnl.0000173067.84247. 36 (Pubitemid 41099816)
34. Fregni F., Boggio P. S., Valle A. C., Rocha R. R., Duarte J., Ferreira M. J. L., Wagner T., Fecteau S., Rigonatti S. P., Riberto M., Freedman S. D., Pascual-Leone A., A sham-controlled trial of a 5-day course of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Stroke 2006 37 8 2115 2122 2-s2.0-33747151925 10.1161/01.STR. 0000231390.58967.6b (Pubitemid 44309913)
35. Nowak D. A., Grefkes C., Dafotakis M., Eickhoff S., Küst J., Karbe H., Fink G. R., Effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralesional primary motor cortex on movement kinematics and neural activity in subcortical stroke. Archives of Neurology 2008 65 6 741 747 2-s2.0-45149105516 10.1001/archneur.65.6.741 (Pubitemid 351831452)
36. Grefkes C., Nowak D. A., Wang L. E., Dafotakis M., Eickhoff S. B., Fink G. R., Modulating cortical connectivity in stroke patients by rTMS assessed with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. NeuroImage 2010 50 1 233 242 2-s2.0-75449092611 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.029
37. Takeuchi N., Ikoma K., 1 Hz rTMS over unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients alters bilateral movements and coupling between motor areas. Clinical Neurophysiology 2010 121 supplement 1 s316
38. Ward N. S., Frackowiak R. S. J., The functional anatomy of cerebral reorganisation after focal brain injury. Journal of Physiology Paris 2006 99 46 425 436 2-s2.0-33744941095 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2006.03.002 (Pubitemid 43850797)
39. Talelli P., Greenwood R. J., Rothwell J. C., Arm function after stroke: neurophysiological correlates and recovery mechanisms assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006 117 8 1641 1659 2-s2.0-33746224277 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.01.016 (Pubitemid 44094245)
40. Hsu W. Y., Cheng C. H., Liao K. K., Lee I. H., Lin Y. Y., Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor functions in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2012 43 7 1849 1857 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111. 649756
41. Kumar S., Wagner C. W., Frayne C., Zhu L., Selim M., Feng W., Schlaug G., Noninvasive brain stimulation may improve stroke-related dysphagia: a pilot study. Stroke 2011 42 4 1035 1040 2-s2.0-79954572285 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110. 602128
42. Takeuchi N., Tada T., Matsuo Y., Ikoma K., Low-frequency repetitive TMS plus anodal transcranial DCS prevents transient decline in bimanual movement induced by contralesional inhibitory rTMS after stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012 26 8 988 998
43. Turton A., Wroe S., Trepte N., Fraser C., Lemon R. N., Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1996 101 4 316 328 2-s2.0-0001209026 10.1016/0924-980X(96)95560- 5 (Pubitemid 26252859)
44. Netz J., Lammers T., Hömberg V., Reorganization of motor output in the non-affected hemisphere after stroke. Brain 1997 120 9 1579 1586 2-s2.0-0030747003 10.1093/brain/120.9.1579 (Pubitemid 27389225)
45. Werhahn K. J., Conforto A. B., Kadom N., Hallett M., Cohen L. G., Contribution of the ipsilateral motor cortex to recovery after chronic stroke. Annals of Neurology 2003 54 4 464 472 2-s2.0-0141870057 10.1002/ana.10686 (Pubitemid 37176541)
46. Palmer E., Ashby P., Corticospinal projections to upper limb motoneurones in humans. Journal of Physiology 1992 448 397 412 2-s2.0-0026563215
47. Bawa P., Hamm J. D., Dhillon P., Gross P. A., Bilateral responses of upper limb muscles to transcranial magnetic stimulation in human subjects. Experimental Brain Research 2004 158 3 385 390 2-s2.0-4644295002 10.1007/s00221-004-2031-x (Pubitemid 39304305)
48. Muellbacher W., Artner C., Mamoli B., The role of the intact hemisphere in recovery of midline muscles after recent monohemispheric stroke. Journal of Neurology 1999 246 4 250 256 2-s2.0-0032892123 10.1007/s004150050343 (Pubitemid 29229350)
49. Eyre J. A., Taylor J. P., Villagra F., Smith M., Miller S., Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development. Neurology 2001 57 9 1543 1554 2-s2.0-0035856455 (Pubitemid 33055466)
50. Gerloff C., Braun C., Staudt M., Hegner Y. L., Dichgans J., Krägeloh-Mann I., Coherent corticomuscular oscillations originate from primary motor cortex: evidence from patients with early brain lesions. Human Brain Mapping 2006 27 10 789 798 2-s2.0-33749496178 10.1002/hbm.20220 (Pubitemid 44522567)
51. Gerloff C., Andres F. G., Bimanual coordination and interhemispheric interaction. Acta psychologica 2002 110 2-3 161 186 2-s2.0-0036599434
52. Stančák A., Cohen E. R., Seidler R. D., Duong T. Q., Kim S. G., The size of corpus callosum correlates with functional activation of medial motor cortical areas in bimanual and unimanual movements. Cerebral Cortex 2003 13 5 475 485 2-s2.0-0344406078 10.1093/cercor/13.5.475 (Pubitemid 36460874)
53. Wagner T., Fregni F., Eden U., Ramos-Estebanez C., Grodzinsky A., Zahn M., Pascual-Leone A., Transcranial magnetic stimulation and stroke: a computer-based human model study. NeuroImage 2006 30 3 857 870 2-s2.0-33645736296 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.046
54. Wagner T., Valero-Cabre A., Pascual-Leone A., Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2007 9 527 565 2-s2.0-35348847711 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100 (Pubitemid 350246667)
55. Izumi S. -I., Oouchida Y., Okita T., Development and utility of an integrating circuit to measure a pulsed magnetic field in comparison with its theoretical magnetic field structure. Japanese Journal of Comprehensive Rehabilitation. In press
56. Touge T., Gerschlager W., Brown P., Rothwell J. C., Are the after-effects of low-frequency rTMS on motor cortex excitability due to changes in the efficacy of cortical synapses? Clinical Neurophysiology 2001 112 11 2138 2145 2-s2.0-0034778615 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00651-4 (Pubitemid 32995982)
57. Fitzgerald P. B., Brown T. L., Daskalakis Z. J., Chen R., Kulkarni J., Intensity-dependent effects of 1 Hz rTMS on human corticospinal excitability. Clinical Neurophysiology 2002 113 7 1136 1141 2-s2.0-0036092820 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00145-1 (Pubitemid 34667153)
58. Peinemann A., Reimer B., Löer C., Quartarone A., Münchau A., Conrad B., Siebner H. R., Long-lasting increase in corticospinal excitability after 1800 pulses of subthreshold 5 Hz repetitive TMS to the primary motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004 115 7 1519 1526 2-s2.0-2942556742 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.02.005 (Pubitemid 38760298)
59. Iyer M. B., Mattu U., Grafman J., Lomarev M., Sato S., Wassermann E. M., Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology 2005 64 5 872 875 2-s2.0-14744277607 (Pubitemid 40326256)
60. Schambra H. M., Sawaki L., Cohen L. G., Modulation of excitability of human motor cortex (M1) by 1 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralateral M1. Clinical Neurophysiology 2003 114 1 130 133 2-s2.0-0037213722 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00342-5 (Pubitemid 35454181)
61. Werhahn K. J., Conforto A. B., Kadom N., Hallett M., Cohen L. G., Contribution of the ipsilateral motor cortex to recovery after chronic stroke. Annals of Neurology 2003 54 4 464 472 2-s2.0-0141870057 10.1002/ana.10686 (Pubitemid 37176541)
62. Kobayashi M., Hutchinson S., Théoret H., Schlaug G., Pascual-Leone A., Repetitive TMS of the motor cortex improves ipsilateral sequential simple finger movements. Neurology 2004 62 1 91 98 2-s2.0-0346461757 (Pubitemid 38082876)
63. Yozbatiran N., Alonso-Alonso M., See J., Demirtas-Tatlidede A., Luu D., Motiwala R. R., Pascual-Leone A., Cramer S. C., Safety and behavioral effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke. Stroke 2009 40 1 309 312 2-s2.0-60549097913 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.522144
64. Kirton A., Chen R., Friefeld S., Gunraj C., Pontigon A. M., deVeber G., Contralesional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic hemiparesis in subcortical paediatric stroke: a randomised trial. The Lancet Neurology 2008 7 6 507 513 2-s2.0-43249090767 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70096-6
65. Moll G. H., Heinrich H., Wischer S., Tergau F., Paulus W., Rothenberger A., Motor system excitability in healthy children: developmental aspects from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Supplement 1999 51 243 249 2-s2.0-0032614488
66. Ridding M. C., Ziemann U., Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects. Journal of Physiology 2010 588 13 2291 2304 2-s2.0-77954521828 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190314
67. Sawaki L., Yaseen Z., Kopylev L., Cohen L. G., Age-dependent changes in the ability to encode a novel elementary motor memory. Annals of Neurology 2003 53 4 521 524 2-s2.0-0037382235 10.1002/ana.10529 (Pubitemid 36373264)
68. Liepert J., Zittel S., Weiller C., Improvement of dexterity by single session low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the contralesional motor cortex in acute stroke: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2007 25 5-6 461 465 2-s2.0-42149105635 (Pubitemid 351525709)
69. Khedr E. M., Abdel-Fadeil M. R., Farghali A., Qaid M., Role of 1 and 3 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function recovery after acute ischaemic stroke. European Journal of Neurology 2009 16 12 1323 1330 2-s2.0-70450181793 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02746.x
70. Khedr E. M., Etraby A. E., Hemeda M., Nasef A. M., Razek A. A. E., Long-term effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function recovery after acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2010 121 1 30 37 2-s2.0-74049137955 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01195.x
71. Seniów J., Bilik M., Lesniak M., Waldowski K., Iwanski S., Czlonkowska A., Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with physiotherapy in rehabilitation of poststroke hemiparesis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurorehabilitation Neural and Repair. In press
72. Pascual-Leone A., Amedi A., Fregni F., Merabet L. B., The plastic human brain cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2005 28 377 401 2-s2.0-23244454156 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216 (Pubitemid 41098910)
73. Picconi B., Tortiglione A., Barone I., Centonze D., Gardoni F., Gubellini P., Bonsi P., Pisani A., Bernardi G., Di Luca M., Calabresi P., NR2B subunit exerts a critical role in postischemic synaptic plasticity. Stroke 2006 37 7 1895 1901 2-s2.0-33745938435 10.1161/01.STR.0000226981.57777.b0 (Pubitemid 44297748)
74. Fregni F., Boggio P. S., Mansur C. G., Wagner T., Ferreira M. J. L., Lima M. C., Rigonatti S. P., Marcolin M. A., Freedman S. D., Nitsche M. A., Pascual-Leone A., Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. NeuroReport 2005 16 14 1551 1555 2-s2.0-27644490517 10.1097/01.wnr.0000177010.44602.5e (Pubitemid 41783121)
75. Talelli P., Greenwood R. J., Rothwell J. C., Exploring Theta Burst Stimulation as an intervention to improve motor recovery in chronic stroke. Clinical Neurophysiology 2007 118 2 333 342 2-s2.0-33845942977 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.10.014 (Pubitemid 46038821)
76. Boggio P. S., Alonso-Alonso M., Mansur C. G., Rigonatti S. P., Schlaug G., Pascual-Leone A., Fregni F., Hand function improvement with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in a severe case of stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 85 11 927 930 2-s2.0-33750618025 10.1097/01.phm.0000242635.88129.38 (Pubitemid 44690757)
77. Málly J., Dinya E., Recovery of motor disability and spasticity in post-stroke after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Brain Research Bulletin 2008 76 4 388 395 2-s2.0-43849106049 10.1016/j.brainresbull. 2007.11.019
78. Izumi S. I., Kondo T., Shindo K., Transcranial magnetic stimulation synchronized with maximal movement effort of the hemiplegic hand after stroke: a double-blinded controlled pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008 40 1 49 54 2-s2.0-38849176201 10.2340/16501977-0133 (Pubitemid 351200733)
79. Tanaka S., Takeda K., Otaka Y., Kita K., Osu R., Honda M., Sadato N., Hanakawa T., Watanabe K., Single session of transcranial direct current stimulation transiently increases knee extensor force in patients with hemiparetic stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2011 25 6 565 569 2-s2.0-79959314354 10.1177/1545968311402091
80. Madhavan S., Weber K. A., Stinear J. W., Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances fine motor control of the hemiparetic ankle: implications for rehabilitation. Experimental Brain Research 2011 209 1 9 17 2-s2.0-79952449646 10.1007/s00221-010-2511-0
81. Jayaram G., Stinear J. W., The effects of transcranial stimulation on paretic lower limb motor excitability during walking. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 2009 26 4 272 279 2-s2.0-70349784019
82. Hallett M., Surround inhibition. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology 2003 56 153 159 2-s2.0-23044513751 10.1016/S1567-424X(09)70216-8
83. Jeffery D. T., Norton J. A., Roy F. D., Gorassini M. A., Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the excitability of the leg motor cortex. Experimental Brain Research 2007 182 2 281 287 2-s2.0-36849022625 10.1007/s00221-007-1093-y (Pubitemid 350218897)
84. Carey J. R., Evans C. D., Anderson D. C., Bhatt E., Nagpal A., Kimberley T. J., Pascual-Leone A., Safety of 6-Hz primed low-frequency rTMS in stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008 22 2 185 192 2-s2.0-39649085780 10.1177/1545968307305458 (Pubitemid 351287595)
85. Lindenberg R., Renga V., Zhu L. L., Nair D., Schlaug G., Bihemispheric brain stimulation facilitates motor recovery in chronic stroke patients. Neurology 2010 75 24 2176 2184 2-s2.0-78650831650 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318202013a
86. Mahmoudi H., Haghighi A. B., Petramfar P., Jahanshahi S., Salehi Z., Fregni F., Transcranial direct current stimulation: electrode montage in stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation 2011 33 15-16 1383 1388 2-s2.0-79959449105 10.3109/09638288.2010.532283
87. Hesse S., Werner C., Schonhardt E. M., Bardeleben A., Jenrich W., Kirker S. G. B., Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: a pilot study. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2007 25 1 9 15 2-s2.0-34247388889 (Pubitemid 46631009)
88. Edwards D. J., Krebs H. I., Rykman A., Zipse J., Thickbroom G. W., Mastaglia F. L., Pascual-Leone A., Volpe B. T., Raised corticomotor excitability of M1 forearm area following anodal tDCS is sustained during robotic wrist therapy in chronic stroke. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2009 27 3 199 207 2-s2.0-68149166563 10.3233/RNN-2009-0470
89. Celnik P., Paik N. J., Vandermeeren Y., Dimyan M., Cohen L. G., Effects of combined peripheral nerve stimulation and brain polarization on performance of a motor sequence task after chronic stroke. Stroke 2009 40 5 1764 1771 2-s2.0-65549100484 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.540500
90. Bolognini N., Vallar G., Casati C., Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of tDCS combined with constraint-induced movement therapy in poststroke patients. Neurorehabilitation Neural and Repair 2011 25 9 819 829 10.1177/1545968311411056
91. Malcolm M. P., Triggs W. J., Light K. E., Gonzalez Rothi L. J., Wu S., Reid K., Nadeau S. E., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an adjunct to constraint-induced therapy: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 86 9 707 715 2-s2.0-34548126460 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31813e0de0 (Pubitemid 47300967)
92. Theilig S., Podubecka J., Bösl K., Wiederer R., Nowak D. A., Functional neuromuscular stimulation to improve severe hand dysfunction after stroke: does inhibitory rTMS enhance therapeutic efficiency? Experimental Neurology 2011 230 1 149 155 2-s2.0-79958022683 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.010
93. Ziemann U., Meintzschel F., Korchounov A., Ilić T. V., Pharmacological modulation of plasticity in the human motor cortex. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006 20 2 243 251 2-s2.0-33646498332 10.1177/1545968306287154
94. Nitsche M. A., Jaussi W., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W., Consolidation of human motor cortical neuroplasticity by D-cycloserine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004 29 8 1573 1578 2-s2.0-3242804412 10.1038/sj.npp.1300517 (Pubitemid 38982250)
95. Kuo M. F., Paulus W., Nitsche M. A., Boosting focally-induced brain plasticity by dopamine. Cerebral Cortex 2008 18 3 648 651 2-s2.0-39349096184 10.1093/cercor/bhm098 (Pubitemid 351264236)
96. Nitsche M. A., Lampe C., Antal A., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W., Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 2006 23 6 1651 1657 2-s2.0-33645105048 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006. 04676.x
97. Lang N., Speck S., Harms J., Rothkegel H., Paulus W., Sommer M., Dopaminergic potentiation of rTMS-induced motor cortex inhibition. Biological Psychiatry 2008 63 2 231 233 2-s2.0-37349007824 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.033 (Pubitemid 350299329)
98. Swayne O. B. C., Teo J. T. H., Greenwood R. J., Rothwell J. C., The facilitatory effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on corticospinal excitability are enhanced by nicotine. Clinical Neurophysiology 2009 120 8 1610 1615 2-s2.0-68249159973 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.013
99. Nitsche M. A., Grundey J., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W., Catecholaminergic consolidation of motor cortical neuroplasticity in humans. Cerebral Cortex 2004 14 11 1240 1245 2-s2.0-6344246161 10.1093/cercor/bhh085 (Pubitemid 39391201)
100. Nitsche M. A., Kuo M. F., Karrasch R., Wächter B., Liebetanz D., Paulus W., Serotonin affects transcranial direct current-induced neuroplasticity in humans. Biological Psychiatry 2009 66 5 503 508 2-s2.0-68049137331 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.022