A mechanistic ecohydrological model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled environments: 2. Spatiotemporal analyses

Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2012, Pages

  Fatichi, S ^a,b,c   Ivanov, V Y ^b   Caporali, E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATCHMENTS; DYNAMICS; PHASE SPACE METHODS; RUNOFF; VEGETATION; VIRTUAL REALITY; WATERSHEDS;

COMPLEX INTERACTION; DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING; ECO-HYDROLOGICAL MODELS; QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS; REYNOLDS CREEK EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED; SPATIO-TEMPORAL SCALE; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

LANDFORMS;

ASSESSMENT METHOD; BOUNDARY CONDITION; CATCHMENT; ECOHYDROLOGY; REYNOLDS NUMBER; SEMIARID REGION; SNOW COVER; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; VEGETATION COVER; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

ARIZONA; IDAHO; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84867723238     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19422466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011MS000087     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Adams, H. D., M. Guardiola-Claramonte, G. A. Barron-Gafford, J. C. Villegas, D. D. Breshears, C. B. Zou, P. A. Troch, and T. E. Huxman (2009), Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global changetype drought, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106(17), 7063-7066, doi:10.1073/pnas.0901438106.
2. Asbjornsen, H., et al. (2011), Ecohydrological advances and applications in plant-water relations research: A review, J. Plant Ecol., 4, 3-22, doi:10.1093/jpe/rtr005.
3. Baldocchi, D., et al. (2001), FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82(11), 2415-2434, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082,2415:FANTTS. 2.3.CO;2. (Pubitemid 33642006)
4. Baldocchi, D. D., L. Xu, and N. Kiang (2004), How plant functionaltype, weather, seasonal drought, and soil physical properties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak-grass savanna and an annual grassland, Agric. For. Meteorol., 123, 13-39, doi:10.1016/j. agrformet.2003.11.006. (Pubitemid 38498090)
5. Baldocchi, D. D., S. Ma, S. Rambal, L. Misson, J.-M. Ourcival, J.-M. Limousin, J. Pereira and D. Papale (2010), On the differential advantages of evergreenness and deciduousness in mediterranean oak woodlands: A flux perspective, Ecol. Appl., 20(6), 1583-1597, doi:10.1890/08-2047.1.
6. Bergstrom, S., G. Lindstrom, and A. Pettersson (2002), Multi-variable parameter estimation to increase confidence in hydrological modelling, Hydrol. Processes, 16(2), 413-421, doi:10.1002/hyp.332. (Pubitemid 34137760)
7. Berkowitz, B. (2002), Characterizing flow and transport in fractured geological media: A review, Adv. Water Resour., 25, 861-884, doi:10. 1016/S0309-1708(02)00042-8. (Pubitemid 36000076)
8. Bertoldi, G., C. Notarnicola, G. Leitinger, S. Endrizzi, M. Zebisch, S. DellaChiesa, and U. Tappeiner (2010), Topographical and ecohydrological controls on land surface temperature in an alpine catchment, Ecohydrology, 3, 189-204, doi:10.1002/eco.129.
9. Bewley, D., R. Essery, J. Pomeroy, and C. Ménard (2010), Measurements and modelling of snowmelt and turbulent heat fluxes over shrub tundra, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1331-1340, doi:10. 5194/hess-14-1331-2010.
10. Bhark, E. W., and E. E. Small (2003), Association between plant canopies and the spatial patterns of infiltration in shrubland and grassland of the Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico, Ecosystems, 6, 185-196, doi:10.1007/s10021-002- 0210-9. (Pubitemid 36453101)
11. Bonan, G. B., S. Levis, S. Sitch, M. Vertenstein, and K. W. Oleson (2003), A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: Concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics, Global Change Biol., 9, 1543-1566, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003. 00681.x. (Pubitemid 37481806)
12. Bonan, G. B., P. J. Lawrence, K. W. Oleson, S. Levis, M. Jung, M. Reichstein, D. M. Lawrence, and S. C. Swenson (2011), Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G02014, doi:10.1029/2010JG001593.
13. Bréda, N. J. J. (2003), Ground-based measurements of leaf area index: A review of methods, instruments and current controversies, J. Exp. Bot., 54(392), 2403-2417, doi:10.1093/jxb/erg263. (Pubitemid 37379254)
14. Bréda, N., R. Huc, A. Granier, and E. Dreyer (2006), Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: A review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequence, Ann. For. Sci., 63, 625-644, doi:10.1051/forest:2006042. (Pubitemid 44553639)
15. Breshears, D. D., O. B. Myers, C. W. Meyer, F. J. Barnes, C. B. Zou, C. D. Allen, N. G. McDowell, and W. T. Pockman (2009), Tree dieoff in response to global change-type drought: Mortality insights from a decade of plant water potential measurements, Front. Ecol. Environ., 7(4), 185-189, doi:10.1890/080016.
16. Brooks, P. D., and E. R. Vivoni (2008), Mountain ecohydrology: Quantifying the role of vegetation in the water balance of montane catchments, Ecohydrology, 1, 187-192, doi:10.1002/eco.27.
17. Broxton, P. D., P. A. Troch, and S. W. Lyon (2009), On the role of aspect to quantify water transit times in small mountainous catchments, Water Resour. Res., 45, W08427, doi:10.1029/2008WR007438.
18. Brutsaert, W. (2005), Hydrology: An Introduction, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
19. Caylor, K. K., T. M. Scanlon, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe (2004), Feasible optimality of vegetation patterns in river basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13502, doi:10.1029/2004GL020260. (Pubitemid 39250766)
20. Caylor, K. K., S. Manfreda, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe (2005), On the coupled geomorphological and ecohydrological organization of river basins, Adv. Water Resour., 28, 69-86, doi:10.1016/j. advwatres.2004.08.013. (Pubitemid 40077368)
21. Chapin, F. S., III, J. T. Randerson, A. D. McGuire, J. A. Foley, and C. B. Field (2008), Changing feedbacks in the climate-biosphere system, Front. Ecol. Environ., 6(6), 313-320, doi:10.1890/080005.
22. Chew, R. M., and A. E. Chew (1965), The primary productivity of a desert-shrub (Larrea tridentata) community, Ecol. Monogr., 35(4), 355-375, doi:10.2307/1942146.
23. Clarke, H. D., D. S. Seigler, and J. E. Ebinger (1990), Acacia constricta (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) and related species from the southwestern U.S. and Mexico, Am. J. Bot., 77(3), 305-315, doi:10.2307/2444717.
24. Coop, J. D., and T. J. Givnish (2007), Spatial and temporal patterns of recent forest encroachment in montane grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA, J. Biogeogr., 34, 914-927, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01660.x. (Pubitemid 46624127)
25. Coop, J. D., and T. J. Givnish (2008), Constraints on tree seedling establishment in montane grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, Ecology, 89(4), 1101-1111, doi:10.1890/06-1333.1. (Pubitemid 351620074)
26. Cox, J. R., G. W. Fraiser, and K. G. Renard (1986), Biomass distribution at grassland and shrubland sites, Rangelands, 8(2), 67-69.
27. Daly, E., and A. Porporato (2005), A review of soil moisture dynamics: From rainfall infiltration to ecosystem response, Environ. Eng. Sci., 22(1), 9-24, doi:10.1089/ees.2005.22.9. (Pubitemid 40083090)
28. Drewry, D. T., P. Kumar, S. Long, C. Bernacchi, X.-Z. Liang, and M. Sivapalan (2010), Ecohydrological responses of dense canopies to environmental variability: 1. Interplay between vertical structure and photosynthetic pathway, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G04022, doi:10. 1029/2010JG001340.
29. Dunkerley, D. L. (2002), Infiltration rates and soil moisture in a groved mulga community near Alice Springs, arid central Australia: Evidence for complex internal rainwater redistribution in a runoff-runon landscape, J. Arid Environ., 51, 199-219, doi:10. 1006/jare.2001.0941.
30. Ellis, C. R., J. W. Pomeroy, T. Brown, and J. MacDonald (2010), Simulation of snow accumulation and melt in needleleaf forest environments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 925-940, doi:10.5194/hess-14-925-2010.
31. Emanuel, R. E., H. E. Epstein, B. L. McGlynn, D. L. Welsch, D. J. Muth, and P. D'Odorico (2010), Spatial and temporal controls on watershed ecohydrology in the northern Rocky Mountains, Water Resour. Res., 46, W11553, doi:10.1029/2009WR008890.
32. Emmerich, W. E. and C. L. Verdugo (2008), Long-term carbon dioxide and water flux database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S09, doi:10. 1029/2006WR005693.
33. Essery, R., N. Rutter, J. Pomeroy, R. Baxter, M. Sta hli, D. Gustafsson, A. Barr, P. Bartlett, and K. Elder (2009), SNOWMIP2 an evaluation of forest snow process simulations, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90(8), 1120-1135, doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2629.1.
34. Fatichi, S. (2010), The modeling of hydrological cycle and its interaction with vegetation in the framework of climate change, PhD thesis, Univ. of Florence, Florence, Italy.
35. Fatichi, S., V. Y. Ivanov, and E. Caporali (2011), Simulation of future climate scenarios with a weather generator, Adv. Water Resour., 34, 448-467, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.12.013.
36. Fatichi, S., V. Y. Ivanov, and E. Caporali (2012), A mechanistic ecohydrological model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled environments: 1. Theoretical framework and plot-scale analysis, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., doi:10.1029/2011MS000086, in press.
37. Flerchinger, G. N., D. Marks, M. L. Reba, Q. Yu, and M. S. Seyfried (2010), Surface fluxes and water balance of spatially varying vegetation within a small mountainous headwater catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 965-978, doi:10.5194/hess-14-965-2010.
38. Franco, A. C., A. G. deSoyza, R. A. Virginia, J. F. Reynolds, and W. G. Whitford (1994), Effects of plant size and water relations on gas exchange and growth of the desert shrub Larrea tridentata, Oecologia, 97, 171-178, doi:10.1007/BF00323146. (Pubitemid 2053653)
39. Friend, A. D., et al. (2007), FLUXNET and modelling the global carbon cycle, Global Change Biol., 13, 610-633, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01223.x. (Pubitemid 46444496)
40. Gleeson, T., L. Smith, N. Moosdorf, J. Hartmann, H. H. Du rr, A. H. Manning, L. P. H. van Beek, and A. M. Jellinek (2011), Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02401, doi:10.1029/ 2010GL045565.
41. Gough, C. M., C. E. Flower, C. S. Vogel, D. Dragoni, and P. S. Curtis (2009), Whole-ecosystem labile carbon production in a north temperate deciduous forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, 1531-1540, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04. 006.
42. Hamerlynck, E. P., and T. E. Huxman (2009), Ecophysiology of two Sonoran Desert evergreen shrubs during extreme drought, J. Arid Environ., 73, 582-585, doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.11.012.
43. Hanson, C. L. (2000), Precipitation monitoring at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, USA, Tech. Rep. 2000-4, Northwest Watershed Res. Cent., Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Agric., Boise, Idaho.
44. Hanson, C. L. (2001), Long-term precipitation database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2831-2834, doi:10.1029/2001WR000415. (Pubitemid 32996676)
45. Hanson, C. L., D. Marks, and S. S. VanVactor (2001), Long-term climate database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2839-2841, doi:10.1029/2001WR000417. (Pubitemid 32996678)
46. Housman, D. C., E. Naumburg, T. E. Huxman, T. N. Charlet, R. S. Nowak, and S. D. Smith (2006), Increases in desert shrub productivity under elevated carbon dioxide vary with water availability, Ecosystems, 9, 374-385, doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0124-4. (Pubitemid 43673500)
47. Howes, D. A., and A. D. Abrahams (2003), Modeling runoff and runon in a desert shrubland ecosystem, Jornada Basin, New Mexico, Geomorphology, 53, 45-73, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00347-1. (Pubitemid 36761969)
48. Hwang, T., L. Band, and T. C. Hales (2009), Ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Extending optimality theory from plot to catchment, Water Resour. Res., 45, W11425, doi:10.1029/2009 WR007775.
49. Ivanov, V. Y., R. L. Bras, and E. R. Vivoni (2008a), Vegetationhydrology dynamics in complex terrain of semiarid areas: 1. A mechanistic approach to modeling dynamic feedbacks, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03429, doi:10.1029/ 2006WR005588. (Pubitemid 351628558)
50. Ivanov, V. Y., R. L. Bras, and E. R. Vivoni (2008b), Vegetationhydrology dynamics in complex terrain of semiarid areas: 2. Energywater controls of vegetation spatiotemporal dynamics and topographic niches of favorability, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03430, doi:10.1029/2006WR005595. (Pubitemid 351628559)
51. Justice, C. O., et al. (1998), The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Land remote sensing for global change research, IEEE Trans. Geosci. IEEE Trans., 36, 1228-1249. (Pubitemid 128748531)
52. Kattge, J., and W. Knorr (2007), Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: A reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 1176-1190, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040. 2007.01690.x. (Pubitemid 47174276)
53. Katul, G. G., R. Leuning, and R. Oren (2003), Relationship between plant hydraulic and biochemical properties derived from a steadystate coupled water and carbon transport model, Plant Cell Environ., 26, 339-350, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00965.x. (Pubitemid 36380503)
54. Keefer, T. O., M. S. Moran, and G. B. Paige (2008), Long-term meteorological and soil hydrology database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S07, doi:10.1029/ 2006WR005702. (Pubitemid 351897341)
55. Kelleners, T. J., D. G. Chandler, J. P. McNamara, M. M. Gribb, and M. S. Seyfried (2010), Modeling runoff generation in a small snowdominated mountainous catchment, Vadose Zone J., 9, 517-527, doi:10.2136/vzj2009.0033.
56. Keller, M., D. S. Schimel, W. W. Hargrove, and F. M. Hoffman (2008), A continental strategy for the National Ecological Observatory Network, Front. Ecol. Environ., 6(5), 282-284, doi:10. 1890/1540-9295(2008)6[282:ACSFTN]2.0. CO;2. (Pubitemid 351770666)
57. King, D. M., S. M. Skirvin, C. D. Holifield Collins, M. S. Moran, S. H. Biedenbender, M. R. Kidwell, M. A. Weltz, and A. Diaz-Gutierrez (2008), Assessing vegetation change temporally and spatially in southeastern Arizona, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S15, doi:10.1029/2006WR005850. (Pubitemid 351897349)
58. Kirchner, J. W. (2006), Getting the right answers for the right reasons: Linking measurements, analyses, and models to advance the science of hydrology, Water Resour. Res., 42, W03S04, doi:10.1029/2005WR004362.
59. Knyazikhin, Y., J. V. Martonchik, R. B. Myneni, D. J. Diner, and S. W. Running (1998), Synergistic algorithm for estimating vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS and MISR data, J. Geophys. Res., 03, 32,257-32,275. (Pubitemid 128665636)
60. Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, J. Oge'e, J. Polcher, P. Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch, and I. C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB1015, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199. (Pubitemid 40801466)
61. Kurc, S. A. and E. E. Small (2004), Dynamics of evapotranspiration in semiarid grassland and shrubland ecosystems during the summer monsoon season, central New Mexico, Water Resour. Res., 40, W09305, doi:10.1029/2004WR003068. (Pubitemid 39385270)
62. Laio, F., A. Porporato, L. Ridolfi, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. (2001), Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrological processes and response to water stress. II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 707-723, doi:10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00005-7. (Pubitemid 32593048)
63. LeRoux, X., A. Lacointe, A. Escobar-Gutiérrez, and S. LeDizés (2001), Carbon-based models of individual tree growth: A critical appraisal, Ann. For. Sci., 58, 459-506, doi:10.1051/forest:2001140.
64. Litton, C. M., J. W. Raich, and M. G. Ryan (2007), Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems, Global Change Biol., 13, 2089-2109, doi:10. 1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01420.x. (Pubitemid 47528083)
65. Loague, K., and J. E. VanderKwaak (2004), Physics-based hydrologic response simulation: platinum bridge, 1958 Edsel, or useful tool, Hydrol. Processes, 18, 2949-2956, doi:10.1002/hyp.5737. (Pubitemid 39437693)
66. López-Moreno, J. I., and J. Latron (2008), Influence of canopy density on snow distribution in a temperate mountain range, Hydrol. Processes, 22, 117-126, doi:10.1002/hyp.6572. (Pubitemid 351149262)
67. Mackay, D. S. (2001), Evaluation of hydrologic equlibrium in a mountainous watershed: Incorporating forest canopy spatial adjustment to soil biogeochemical processes, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 1211-1227, doi:10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00040-9. (Pubitemid 34057251)
68. Marks, D. (2001), Introduction to Special Section: Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2817., doi:10. 1029/2001WR000941. (Pubitemid 32996673)
69. Marks, D., and A. Winstral (2001), Comparison of snow deposition, the snow cover energy balance, and snowmelt at two sites in a semiarid mountain basin, J. Hydrometeorol., 2(3), 213-227, doi:10. 1175/1525-7541(2001)002,0213: COSDTS.2.0.CO;2.
70. Marks, D., K. R. Cooley, D. C. Robertson, and A. Winstral (2000), Snow measurements and monitoring, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, USA, Tech. Rep. 2000-5, Northwest Watershed Res. Cent., Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Agric., Boise, Idaho.
71. Marks, D., K. R. Cooley, D. C. Robertson, and A. Winstral (2001), Long-term snow database,Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2835-2838, doi:10.1029/2001WR000416. (Pubitemid 32996677)
72. Marks, D., A. Winstral, and M. Seyfried (2002), Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on patterns of snow deposition, snowmelt and runoff over a semi-arid mountain catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 16, 3605-3626, doi:10.1002/hyp.1237. (Pubitemid 36073129)
73. McNamara, J. P., D. Chandler, M. Seyfried, and S. Achet (2005), Soil moisture states, lateral flow, and streamflow generation in a semiarid, snowmelt-driven catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 4023-4038, doi:10.1002/hyp.5869. (Pubitemid 43092137)
74. Molnar, P., and P. Burlando (2005), Preservation of rainfall properties in stochastic disaggregation by a simple random cascade model, Atmos. Res., 77, 137-151, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.10.024. (Pubitemid 41487409)
75. Molnar, P. and P. Burlando (2008), Variability in the scale properties of high-resolution precipitation data in the Alpine climate of Switzerland, Water Resour. Res., 44, W10404, doi:10.1029/2007WR006142.
76. Muldavin, E. H., D. I. Moore, S. L. Collins, K. R. Wetherill, and D. C. Lightfoot (2008), Aboveground net primary production dynamics in a northern Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem, Oecologia, 155, 123-132, doi:10.1007/s00442-007- 0880-2. (Pubitemid 351169964)
77. Musselman, K. N., N. P. Molotch, and P. D. Brooks (2008), Effects of vegetation on snow accumulation and ablation in a mid-latitude sub-alpine forest, Hydrol. Processes, 22, 2767-2776, doi:10.1002/hyp.7050.
78. Myneni, R. B., et al. (2002), Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 214-231, doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00074-3. (Pubitemid 35307470)
79. Nardi, F., S. Grimaldi, M. Santini, A. Petroselli, and L. Ubertini (2008), Hydrogeomorphic properties of simulated drainage patterns using digital elevation models: The flat area issue, Hydrol. Sci. J., 53(6), 1176-1193, doi:10.1623/hysj.53.6.1176.
80. Nayak, A., D. Marks, D. G. Chandler, and M. Seyfried (2010), Long-term snow, climate, and streamflow trends at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Owyhee Mountains, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 46, W06519, doi:10.1029/2008 WR007525.
81. Nearing, M. A., M. H. Nichols, J. J. Stone, K. G. Renard, and J. R. Simanton (2007), Sediment yields from unit-source semiarid watersheds at Walnut Gulch, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06426, doi:10. 1029/2006WR005692.
82. Nichols, M. H., J. J. Stone, and M. A. Nearing (2008), Sediment database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S06, doi:10.1029/2006WR 005682. (Pubitemid 351897340)
83. Oishi, A. C., R. Oren, K. A. Novick, S. Palmroth, and G. G. Katul (2010), Interannual invariability of forest evapotranspiration and its consequence to water flow downstream, Ecosystems, 13, 421-436, doi:10.1007/s10021-010-9328-3.
84. Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette, and K. Belitz (1994), Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences, Science, 263(5147), 641-646, doi:10.1126/science.263. 5147.641.
85. Paola, C., E. Foufoula-Georgiou, W. E. Dietrich, M. Hondzo, D. Mohrig, G. Parker, M. E. Power, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, V. Voller, and P. Wilcock (2006), Toward a unified science of the Earth's surface: Opportunities for synthesis among hydrology, geomorphology, geochemistry, and ecology, Water Resour. Res., 42, W03S10, doi:10.1029/2005WR004336.
86. Pokhrel, P., H. V. Gupta, and T. Wagener (2008), A spatial regularization approach to parameter estimation for a distributed watershed model, Water Resour. Res., 44, W12419, doi:10.1029/2007WR006615.
87. Rasmussen, C., P. A. Troch, J. Chorover, P. Brooks, J. Pelletier, and T. E. Huxman (2011), An open system framework for integrating critical zone structure and function, Biogeochemistry, 102, 15-29, doi:10.1007/s10533-010- 9476-8.
88. Reba, M. L., D. Marks, M. Seyfried, A. Winstral, M. Kumar, and G. Flerchinger (2011), A long-term data set for hydrologic modeling in a snow-dominated mountain catchment, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07702, doi:10.1029/2010WR010030.
89. Renard, K. G., M. H. Nichols, D. A. Woolhiser, and H. B. Osborn (2008), A brief background on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S02, doi:10.1029/2006WR 005691. (Pubitemid 351897336)
90. Riveros-Iregui, D. A., and B. L. McGlynn (2009), Landscape structure control on soil CO2 efflux variability in complex terrain: Scaling from point observations to watershed scale fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G02010, doi:10.1029/2008JG000885.
91. Rodriquez-Iturbe, I., P. D'Odorico, A. Porporato, and L. Ridolfi (1999), On the spatial and temporal links between vegetation, climate, and soil moisture, Water Resour. Res., 35, 3709-3722, doi:10.1029/1999WR900255.
92. Rupp, D. E., R. F. Keim, M. Ossiander, M. Brugnach, and J. S. Selker (2009), Time scale and intensity dependency in multiplicative cascades for temporal rainfall disaggregation, Water Resour. Res., 45, W07409, doi:10.1029/2008WR007321.
93. Rutter, N., et al. (2009), Evaluation of forest snow processes models (SnowMIP2), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06111, doi:10.1029/2008JD011063.
94. Sala, A., F. Piper, and G. Hoch (2010), Physiological mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality are far from being resolved, New Phytol., 186, 274-281, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03167.x.
95. Saxton, K. E., and W. J. Rawls (2006), Soil water characteristic estimates by texture and organic matter for hydrologic solutions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1569-1578, doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0117. (Pubitemid 44373285)
96. Scanlon, B. R., D. G. Levitt, R. C. Reedy, K. E. Keese, and M. J. Sully (2005), Ecological controls on water-cycle response to climate variability in deserts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 102(17), 6033-6038, doi:10.1073/pnas.0408571102. (Pubitemid 40594250)
97. Scott, R. L., W. J. Shuttleworth, T. O. Keefer, and A. W. Warrick (2000), Modeling multiyear observations of soil moisture recharge in the semiarid American Southwest, Water Resour. Res., 36(8), 2233, doi:10.1029/2000WR900116.
98. Seibert, J. and J. J. McDonnell (2002), On the dialog between experimentalist and modeler in catchment hydrology: Use of soft data for multicriteria model calibration, Water Resour. Res., 38(11), 1241, doi:10.1029/2001WR000978.
99. Seyfried, M. S., R. C. Harris, D. Marks, and B. Jacob (2000), A geographic database for watershed research: Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, USA, Tech. Rep. 2000-3, Northwest Watershed Res. Cent., Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Agric., Boise, Idaho.
100. Seyfried, M., R. Harris, D. Marks, and B. Jacob (2001a), Geographic database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2825-2829, doi:10.1029/2001WR000414. (Pubitemid 32996675)
101. Seyfried, M. S., M. D. Murdock, C. L. Hanson, G. N. Flerchinger, and S. V. Vactor (2001b), Long-term soil water content database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2847-2851, doi:10.1029/2001WR 000419. (Pubitemid 33001676)
102. Seyfried, M. S., L. E. Grant, D. Marks, A. Winstral, and J. McNamara (2009), Simulated soil water storage effects on streamflow generation in a mountainous snowmelt environment, Idaho, USA, Hydrol. Processes, 23, 858-873, doi:10.1002/hyp.7211.
103. Siqueira, M., G. Katul, and A. Porporato (2008), Onset of water stress, hysteresis in plant conductance, and hydraulic lift: Scaling soil water dynamics from millimeters to meters, Water Resour. Res., 44, W01432, doi:10.1029/2007WR006094. (Pubitemid 351304157)
104. Siqueira, M., G. Katul, and A. Porporato (2009), Soil moisture feedbacks on convection triggers: The role of soil-plant hydrodynamics, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 96-112, doi:10.1175/2008JHM 1027.1.
105. Skirvin, S., M. Kidwell, S. Biedenbender, J. P. Henley, D. King, C. H. Collins, S. Moran, and M. Weltz (2008), Vegetation data, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S08, doi:10.1029/2006WR005724. (Pubitemid 351897342)
106. Slaughter, C. W., D. Marks, G. N. Flerchinger, S. S. VanVactor, and M. Burgess (2001), Thirty-five years of research data collection at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States, Water Resour. Res., 37(11), 2819-2823, doi:10.1029/2001WR 000413. (Pubitemid 32996674)
107. Sperry, J. S., U. G. Hacke, R. Oren, and J. P. Comstock (2002), Water deficits and hydraulic limits to water supply, Plant Cell Environ., 25, 251-264, doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00799.x.
108. Stone, J. J., M. H. Nichols, D. C. Goodrich, and J. Buono (2008), Long-term runoff database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05S05, doi:10.1029/2006WR005733. (Pubitemid 351897339)
109. Strasser, U., M. Bernhardt, M. Weber, G. E. Liston, and W. Mauser (2008), Is snow sublimation important in the alpine water balance? Cryosphere, 2, 53-66, doi:10.5194/tc-2-53-2008. (Pubitemid 351746582)
110. Su, Z., T. Schmugge, W. P. Kustas, and W. J. Massman (2001), An evaluation of two models for estimation of the roughness height for heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1933-1951, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040,1933: AEOTMF.2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 33127827)
111. Tribbeck, M. J., R. J. Gurney, and E. M. Morris (2006), The radiative effect of a fir canopy on a snowpack, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 880-895, doi:10.1175/JHM528.1. (Pubitemid 44734303)
112. Veatch, W., P. D. Brooks, J. R. Gustafson, and N. P. Molotch (2009), Quantifying the effects of forest canopy cover on net snow accumulation at a continental, mid-latitude site, Ecohydrology, 2(2), 115-128, doi:10.1002/eco.45.
113. Vico, G., and A. Porporato (2008), Modelling C3 and C4 photosynthesis under water-stressed conditions, Plant Soil, 313, 187-203, doi:10.1007/s11104- 008-9691-4.
114. Vivoni, E. R. (2012), Spatial patterns, processes and predictions in ecohydrology: Integrating technologies to meet the challenge, Ecohydrology, doi:10.1002/eco.1248, in press.
115. Vivoni, E. R., et al. (2008), Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, during the North American monsoon, Ecohydrology, 1, 225-238, doi:10.1002/eco. 11.
116. Vivoni, E. R., J. C. Rodríguez, and C. J. Watts (2010), On the spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture and evapotranspiration in a mountainous basin within the North American monsoon region, Water Resour. Res., 46, W02509, doi:10.1029/2009WR 008240.
117. Voinov, A. A., C. DeLuca, R. R. Hood, S. Peckham, C. R. Sherwood, W. Hole, and J. P. M. Syvitski (2010), A community approach to Earth systems modeling, Eos Trans. AGU, 91(13), 117-118, doi:10. 1029/2010EO130001.
118. Weltz, M. A., J. C. Ritchie, and H. D. Fox (1994), Comparison of laser and field measurements of vegetation height and canopy cover, Water Resour. Res., 30(5), 1311-1319, doi:10.1029/93WR 03067. (Pubitemid 24406195)
119. White, M. A., P. E. Thornton, S. W. Running, and R. R. Nemani (2000), Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of the BIOMEBGC terrestrial ecosystem model: Net primary production controls, Earth Interact., 4(3), 1-85, doi:10.1175/1087-3562(2000)004,0003: PASAOT.2.0.CO;2.
120. Winstral, A., and D. Marks (2002), Simulating wind fields and snow redistribution using terrain-based parameters to model snow accumulation and melt over a semi-arid mountain catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 16, 3585-3603, doi:10.1002/hyp.1238. (Pubitemid 36073128)
121. Wood, E. F., et al. (2011), Hyperresolution global land surface modeling: Meeting a grand challenge for monitoring Earth's terrestrial water, Water Resour. Res., 47, W05301, doi:10.1029/2010WR010090.